ASTM D5735-95(2001)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Tearing Strength on Nonwoven Fabrics by the Tongue (Single Rip) Procedure (Constant-Rate-of-Extension Tensile Testing Machine) (Withdrawn 2009)
Standard Test Method for Tearing Strength on Nonwoven Fabrics by the Tongue (Single Rip) Procedure (Constant-Rate-of-Extension Tensile Testing Machine) (Withdrawn 2009)
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the tearing strength of nonwoven fabrics by the tongue (single rip) procedure using a recording constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) tensile testing machine.
1.1.1 The CRE-type tensile testing machine has become the preferred test apparatus for determining tongue tearing strength. It is recognized that some constant-rate-of-traverse (CRT) tensile testing machines continue to be used. As a consequence, these test instruments may be used when agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier. The conditions for the CRT-type tensile tester as used with this test are included in Appendix X1.
1.2 This test method applies to most nonwoven fabrics including those that are treated or untreated, including those heavily sized, coated or resin treated, provided that during the test, the fabric does not tear in the direction crosswise to the direction of the force applied. This test method may not be useful for highloft nonwoven fabrics. If the tear is not substantially lengthwise, the fabric shall be described as untearable in that direction by this test.
1.3 Tongue tear strength as measured in this method is the maximum single-peak force required to continue or propagate a tear started previously in the specimen. The reported value includes the simultaneous force required to shift fibers, break fibers, break fiber bonds and break fiber interlocks in nonwoven fabric. The reported value is not directly related to the force required to initiate or start a tear.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses may be approximate.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covers the measurement of the tearing strength of nonwoven fabrics by the tongue (single rip) procedure using a recording constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) tensile testing machine.
This test method is being withdrawn with no replacement because D13 no longer has the technical expertise to maintain.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles, this test method was withdrawn in April 2009.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D5735–95 (Reapproved 2001)
Standard Test Method for
Tearing Strength on Nonwoven Fabrics by the Tongue
(Single Rip) Procedure (Constant-Rate-of-Extension Tensile
Testing Machine)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5735; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the tearing
strength of nonwoven fabrics by the tongue (single rip)
2. Referenced Documents
procedure using a recording constant-rate-of-extension (CRE)
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tensile testing machine.
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Tex-
1.1.1 The CRE-type tensile testing machine has become the
tiles
preferred test apparatus for determining tongue tearing
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
strength. It is recognized that some constant-rate-of-traverse
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing
(CRT) tensile testing machines continue to be used. As a
D 4848 Terminology of Force and Deformation Properties
consequence, these test instruments may be used when agreed
for Textiles
upon between the purchaser and the supplier. The conditions
for the CRT-type tensile tester as used with this test are
3. Terminology
included in Appendix X1.
3.1 Definitions:
1.2 This test method applies to most nonwoven fabrics
3.1.1 lengthwise direction, n—in textiles, the direction in a
including those that are treated or untreated, including those
machine-made fabric parallel to the direction of movement the
heavily sized, coated or resin treated, provided that during the
fabric followed in the manufacturing machine.
test, the fabric does not tear in the direction crosswise to the
3.1.1.1 Discussion—For nonwovens, an easily distinguish-
direction of the force applied. This test method may not be
able pattern for orientation may not be apparent, especially if
useful for highloft nonwoven fabrics. If the tear is not
removed from the roll. Care should be taken to maintain the
substantially lengthwise, the fabric shall be described as
directionality by clearly marking the direction.
untearable in that direction by this test.
3.1.2 nonwoven fabric, n—a textile structure produced by
1.3 Tongue tear strength as measured in this method is the
bonding or interlocking of fibers, or both, accomplished by
maximum single-peak force required to continue or propagate
mechanical, chemical, thermal, or solvent means and combi-
a tear started previously in the specimen. The reported value
nation thereof.
includes the simultaneous force required to shift fibers, break
3.1.3 tearing force, n—the average force required to con-
fibers, break fiber bonds and break fiber interlocks in non-
tinue a tear previously started in a fabric.
woven fabric. The reported value is not directly related to the
3.1.3.1 Discussion—For nonwovens, the tearing force is
force required to initiate or start a tear.
recorded as the maximum force required to continue a tear
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
previously started in a fabric. The tearing force may appear as
standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses may be
a single peak or a series of peaks on a force-extension curve,
approximate.
depending on the nature of the material. Typically for non-
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
woven fabrics, if a small decrease in force occurs at a time
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
when the applied force is increasing, it is not considered as a
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
peak unless the indicated force exceeds the force required to
break, individually or collectively, the fibers, fiber bonds, or
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.90 on Executive. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
Current edition approved June 15, 1995. Published September 1995. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D5735–95 (2001)
fiber interlocks. Lower shifts corresponding to fiber movement tation in the direction of the applied force, the maximum
do not qualify as peaks since the fibers, fiber bonds, or fiber tongue tearing strength is reached when the resistance to
interlocks are not broken. The tongue tearing force may be further reorientation is greater than the force required to shift
calculated from a single-peak or multiple-peak force-extension and rupture one or more fibers, or the fiber interlocking,
curve. simultaneously.Thetearingstrengthisdeterminedprimarilyby
3.1.4 tearing strength, n—the force required either to start the bonding or interlocking of fibers in this structure.
or to continue or propagate a tear in a fabric under specified 5.4 Depending on the nature of the specimen, the data
conditions. recording devices usually will show the tearing force in the
3.1.5 widthwise direction, n—in textiles, the direction in a form of a single-peak. The highest peak appears to reflect the
machine-made fabric perpendicular to the direction of move- strength of the fibers, fiber bonds, or fiber interlocks, individu-
ment the fabric followed in the manufacturing machine. ally or in combination, needed to stop a tear in a fabric of the
3.1.6 For other definitions of other textile terms used in this same construction.
test method, refer to Terminology D 123 and Terminology
5.5 Most nonwoven fabrics can be tested by this test
D 4848. method. Some modification of clamping techniques may be
necessary for a given fabric, depending upon its structure.
4. Summary of Test Method
Special adaptation may be necessary with strong fabrics, or
4.1 A rectangular specimen, cut in the center of the shorter
fabrics made from glass fibers, to prevent them from slipping
edgetoformatwo-tongue(trousertype)specimen.Onetongue
in the clamps or being damaged as a result of being gripped in
of the specimen is gripped in the upper jaw and the other
the clamps.
tongue is gripped in the lower jaw of a tensile testing machine.
5.6 The CRE-type is the preferred tensile testing machine.
The separation of the jaws is continuously increased to apply a
This test method allows the use of the CRT-type tensile
forcetopropagatethetearinarippingaction.Atthesametime,
machine when agreed upon between the purchaser and sup-
the force developed is recorded. The maximum force to
plier. However, there may be no overall correlation between
continue the tear is calculated from autographic chart record-
the results obtained with the CRT machine and the CRE
ers, or microprocessor data collection systems.
machine. Consequently, these two tensile testers cannot be
used interchangeably unless the degree of quantitative corre-
5. Significance and Use
lation has been established between the purchaser and supplier.
5.1 This test method is used in the trade for acceptance
In any event, the CRE machine shall prevail.
testing of commercial shipments of nonwoven fabrics, how-
ever, caution is advised since information about between-
6. Apparatus
laboratory precision is incomplete. Comparative test as di-
6.1 Tensile Testing Machine, of the constant-rate-of-
rected in 5.1.1 may be advisable.
extension (CRE) type conforming to the requirements of
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
Specification D76 with autographic recorder, or automatic
reported test results when using this test method for acceptance
microprocessor data gathering systems.
testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-
6.2 Clamps, having all jaw surfaces parallel, flat, and
plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is
capable of preventing slippage of the specimen during a test,
a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis-
andmeasuringatleast25by75mm(1by3in.)withthelonger
tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.
dimension perpendicular to the direction of application of the
As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test
force.
specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are
6.2.1 The use of hydraulic pneumatic clamping systems
from a lot of material of the type in question. Test specimens
with a minimum of 50 by 75 mm (2 by 3 in.) serrated or rubber
should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each
jaw faces having a clamping force at the grip faces of 13 to 14
laboratory for testing. The average results from the two
kN (2900 to 3111 lbf) is recommended. Manual clamping is
laboratories should be compared using the appropriate Stu-
permitted providing no slippage of the specimen is observed.
dent’s t-test and an acceptable probability level chosen by the
6.2.2 For some materials, to prevent slippage when using
two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its
jaw faces other than serrated, such as rubber faced jaws, they
cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the
maybecoveredwithaNo.80to120mediumgripemerycloth.
suppliermustagreetointerpretfuturetestresultsinviewofthe
Secure the emery cloth to the jaw faces with pressure sensitive
known bias.
tape.
5.2 The force registered in a tear test is irregular, and as a
6.3 Cutting Die or Template, having essentially the shape
consequence empirical methods have had to be developed to
and dimensions with tolerances of 0.5 % shown in Fig. 1.
obtain usable values related to tear strength. In spite of the
empirical nature of the reported values, they are considered to
7. Sampling and Test Specimens
reflect comparative performance of similar nonwoven fabrics
tested and measured in the same way. No procedure is 7.1 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing,
available that can be used with all fabrics to determine the take at random the number of rolls, or pieces, of nonwoven
minimum tearing strength. fabric directed in an applicable material specification or other
5.3 For nonwoven fabrics, because the individual fibers are agreement between the purchaser and the supplier. Consider
more or less randomly oriented and capable of some reorien- the rolls, or pieces, of nonwoven fabric to be the primary
D5735–95 (2001)
NOTE 1—All tolerances 60.5 %.
FIG. 1 Template for Cutting and Marking Tongue Test Specimens
sampling units. In the absence of such an agreement, take the direction with the shorter dimension parallel to the lengthwise
number of nonwoven fabric rolls specified in Table 1. direction. Make a preliminary cut 75 mm (3 in.) long at the
center of the 75 mm (3 in.) width as shown in Fig. 1. When
NOTE 1—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
specimens are to be tested wet, take the specimens from areas
purchaserandsupplierrequirestakingintoaccountthevariabilitybetween
adjacent to the dry test specimens. Label to maintain specimen
rolls or pieces of fabric and between specimens from a swatch from a roll
or pieces of fabric to provide a sampling plan with a meaningful identity.
producer’s risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting
7.3.2.1 Cut specimens representing a broad distribution
quality level.
across the width of the laboratory sample and no nearer the
7.2 Laboratory Sample—For the laboratory sample, take a edge than one-tenth its width. Ensure specimens are free of
folds, creases, or wrinkles.Avoid getting oil, water, grease, etc.
swatch extending the width of the fabric and approximately 1
m (1 yd) along the lengthwise direction from each roll, or on the specimens when handling.
piece, in the lot sample. For rolls of fabric, take a sample that
will exclude fabric from the outer wrap of the roll or the inner 8. Preparation of Apparatus
wrap around the core.
8.1 Set the distance between the clamps at the start of the
7.3 Test Specimens—From each laboratory sampling unit,
test at 75 61mm(3 6 0.05 in.). Select the full-scale force
take five specimens from the lengthwise direction and five
range of the testing machine such that the maximum force
specimensfromthewidthwisedirection,foreachtestcondition
occurs between 15 and 85 % of full-scale force.
described in 8.1, 8.2, and 8.3, as applicable to a material
8.2 Set the testing speed to 50 6 2 mm/min (26 0.1
specification or contract order.
in./min). When agreed upon between the purchaser and the
7.3.1 Direction of Test—Consider the long direction as the
supplier, the testing speed may be set to 300 6 10 mm/min (12
direction of the test.
6 0.5 in./min).
7.3.2 Cutting Test Specimens—Take the specimens for the
8.3 Verify calibration of the tensile testing machine as
measurement of the lengthwise direction from different posi-
directed in the manufacturer’s instructions and Test Method
tions across the fabric width. Use the cutting die or template
D76.
described in 6.3 and shown in Fig. 1. Take the specimens for
8.4 When using microprocessor automatic data gathering
the measurement of the widthwise direction from different
systems, set the appropriate parameters as defined in the
positions along the length of the fabric. Cut rectangular
manufacturer’s instructions.
specimens 75 by 200 mm (3 by 8 in.). Cut the specimens to be
used for the measurement of the lengthwise direction, with the
9. Conditioning
shorter dimension parallel to the widthwise direction. Cut the
9.1 Condition 1, Unspecified Testing Conditioning—No
specimens to be used for the measurement of the widthwise
conditioning is required unless otherwise specified in a mate-
rial specification or contract order.
TABLE 1 Number of Rolls, or Pieces, of Nonwoven Fabric in the
9.2 Condition 2, Standard Testing Conditions:
Lot Sample
9.2.1 When specified, precondition the specimens by bring-
Number of Rolls, Number of Rolls or Pieces in Lot Sample
Pieces in Lot, Inclusive
ing them to approximate moisture equilibrium in the standard
atmosphere for preconditioning textiles as directed in Practice
1to3 all
4to24 4
D 1776.
25 to 50 5
9.2.2 After preconditioning, bring the test specimens to
over 50 10 % to a maximum of ten rolls or pieces
moisture equilibrium for testing in the standard atmosphere for
D5735–95 (2001)
testing textiles as directed in Practice D 1776 or, if applicable, modified. If any of the modifications listed above are used,
in the specified atmosphere in which the testing is to be s
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