ASTM E4-14
(Practice)Standard Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
Standard Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Testing machines that apply and indicate force are used in many industries, in many ways. They may be used in a research laboratory to measure material properties, and in a production line to qualify a product for shipment. No matter what the end use of the machine may be, it is necessary for users to know that the amount of force applied and indicated is traceable to the International System of Units (SI) through a National Metrology Institute (NMI). The procedures in Practices E4 may be used to verify these machines so that the indicated forces are traceable to the SI. A key element of traceability to the SI is that the devices used in the verification have known force characteristics, and have been calibrated in accordance with Practice E74.
4.2 The procedures in Practices E4 may be used by those using, manufacturing, and providing calibration service for testing machines and related instrumentation.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices cover procedures for the force verification, by means of standard calibration devices, of tension or compression, or both, static or quasi-static testing machines (which may, or may not, have force-indicating systems). These practices are not intended to be complete purchase specifications for testing machines. Testing machines may be verified by one of the three following methods or combination thereof:
1.1.1 Use of standard weights,
1.1.2 Use of equal-arm balances and standard weights, or
1.1.3 Use of elastic calibration devices.
Note 1: These practices do not cover the verification of all types of testing machines designed to measure forces, for example, the constant-rate-of-loading type which operates on the inclined-plane principle. This type of machine may be verified as directed in the applicable appendix of Specification D76.
1.2 The procedures of 1.1.1 – 1.1.3 apply to the verification of the force-indicating systems associated with the testing machine, such as a scale, dial, marked or unmarked recorder chart, digital display, etc. In all cases the buyer/owner/user must designate the force-indicating system(s) to be verified and included in the report.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3.1 Since conversion factors are not required in this practice, either inch-pound units, SI units, or metric values can be used as the standard.
1.4 Forces indicated on displays/printouts of testing machine data systems—be they instantaneous, delayed, stored, or retransmitted—which are verified with provisions of 1.1.1, 1.1.2, or 1.1.3, and are within the ±1 % accuracy requirement, comply with Practices E4.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:E4 −14 AmericanAssociation State
Highway and Transportation Officials Standards
AASHTO No: T67
Standard Practices for
1
Force Verification of Testing Machines
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E4; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 1.1.2,or 1.1.3, and are within the 61% accuracy requirement,
comply with Practices E4.
1.1 These practices cover procedures for the force
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
verification, by means of standard calibration devices, of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
tension or compression, or both, static or quasi-static testing
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
machines (which may, or may not, have force-indicating
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
systems). These practices are not intended to be complete
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
purchase specifications for testing machines.Testing machines
may be verified by one of the three following methods or
2. Referenced Documents
combination thereof:
2
1.1.1 Use of standard weights,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1.2 Use of equal-arm balances and standard weights, or
D76Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
1.1.3 Use of elastic calibration devices.
E74Practice of Calibration of Force-Measuring Instruments
for Verifying the Force Indication of Testing Machines
NOTE 1—These practices do not cover the verification of all types of
E467Practice for Verification of Constant Amplitude Dy-
testing machines designed to measure forces, for example, the constant-
namic Forces in an Axial Fatigue Testing System
rate-of-loading type which operates on the inclined-plane principle. This
type of machine may be verified as directed in the applicable appendix of
Specification D76.
3. Terminology
1.2 The procedures of 1.1.1 – 1.1.3 apply to the verification
3.1 Definitions:
of the force-indicating systems associated with the testing
3.1.1 accuracy—the specified permissible variation from
machine, such as a scale, dial, marked or unmarked recorder
the reference value.
chart, digital display, etc. In all cases the buyer/owner/user
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Atestingmachineissaidtobeaccurate
must designate the force-indicating system(s) to be verified and
if the indicated force is within the specified permissible
included in the report.
variation from the actual force. In these methods the word
“accurate” applied to a testing machine is used without
1.3 Thevaluesstatedininch-poundunitsaretoberegarded
numerical values, for example, “An accurate testing machine
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
was used for the investigation.” The accuracy of a testing
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
machine should not be confused with sensitivity. For example,
and are not considered standard.
a testing machine might be very sensitive; that is, it might
1.3.1 Since conversion factors are not required in this
indicate quickly and definitely small changes in force, but
practice,eitherinch-poundunits,SIunits,ormetricvaluescan
nevertheless, be very inaccurate. On the other hand, the
be used as the standard.
accuracy of the results is in general limited by the sensitivity.
1.4 Forces indicated on displays/printouts of testing ma-
3.1.2 calibration, n— in the case of force testing machines,
chine data systems—be they instantaneous, delayed, stored, or
the process of comparing the force indication of the machine
retransmitted—which are verified with provisions of 1.1.1,
under test to that of a standard, making adjustments as needed
to meet error requirements.
1
These practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on
Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.01 on
2
Calibration of Mechanical Testing Machines and Apparatus. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved June 1, 2014. Published August 2014. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1923. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E4–13. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E0004-14. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ------------------
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E4 − 13 E4 − 14 American Association State
Highway and Transportation Officials Standards
AASHTO No: T67
Standard Practices for
1
Force Verification of Testing Machines
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E4; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 These practices cover procedures for the force verification, by means of standard calibration devices, of tension or
compression, or both, static or quasi-static testing machines (which may, or may not, have force-indicating systems). These
practices are not intended to be complete purchase specifications for testing machines. Testing machines may be verified by one
of the three following methods or combination thereof:
1.1.1 Use of standard weights,
1.1.2 Use of equal-arm balances and standard weights, or
1.1.3 Use of elastic calibration devices.
NOTE 1—These practices do not cover the verification of all types of testing machines designed to measure forces, for example, the
constant-rate-of-loading type which operates on the inclined-plane principle. This type of machine may be verified as directed in the applicable appendix
of Specification D76.
1.2 The procedures of 1.1.1 – 1.1.3 apply to the verification of the force-indicating systems associated with the testing machine,
such as a scale, dial, marked or unmarked recorder chart, digital display, etc. In all cases the buyer/owner/user must designate the
force-indicating system(s) to be verified and included in the report.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3.1 Since conversion factors are not required in this practice, either inch-pound units, SI units, or metric values can be used
as the standard.
1.4 Forces indicated on displays/printouts of testing machine data systems—be they instantaneous, delayed, stored, or
retransmitted—which are verified with provisions of 1.1.1, 1.1.2, or 1.1.3, and are within the 61 % accuracy requirement, comply
with Practices E4.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
E74 Practice of Calibration of Force-Measuring Instruments for Verifying the Force Indication of Testing Machines
E467 Practice for Verification of Constant Amplitude Dynamic Forces in an Axial Fatigue Testing System
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 testing machine (force-measuring type)—a mechanical device for applying a force to a specimen.
1
These practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.01 on Calibration of
Mechanical Testing Machines and Apparatus.
Current edition approved April 1, 2013June 1, 2014. Published May 2013August 2014. Originally approved in 1923. Last previous edition approved in 20102013 as
E4 – 10.E4 – 13. DOI: 10.1520/E0004-13.10.1520/E0004-14.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E4 − 14
3.1.1.1 portable testing machine (force-measuring type)—a device specifically designed to be moved from place to place and
for applying a force (load) to a specimen.
3.1.2 force—in the case of testing machines, a force measured in units such as pound-force, newton, or kilogram-force.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
2 2
The pound-force is that force which acting on a 1-lb mass will give to it an acceleration of 32.1740 ft/s (9.80665 m/s ). The
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