ASTM C830-00(2006)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Liquid Absorption, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Refractory Shapes by Vacuum Pressure
Standard Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Liquid Absorption, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Refractory Shapes by Vacuum Pressure
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Apparent porosity, water absorption, apparent specific gravity, and bulk density are primary properties of refractory shapes. These properties are widely used in the evaluation and comparison of product quality and as part of the criteria for selection and use of refractory products in a variety of industrial applications. These test methods are used for determining any or all of these properties and are particularly useful for testing hydratable products.
These test methods are primary standard methods that are suitable for use in quality control, research and development, establishing criteria for and evaluating compliance with specifications, and providing data for design purposes.
Fundamental assumptions inherent in these test methods are:
The test specimens conform to the requirements for size, configuration, and original faces,
The open pores of the test specimens are fully impregnated with liquid during the vacuum-pressure treatment, and
The blotting of the saturated test specimens is performed as specified in a consistent and uniform manner to avoid withdrawing liquid from the pores.
Deviation from any of these assumptions adversely affects the test results.
In laboratory studies involving castable specimen, a bias was noted between formed 2 X 2 X 2–in (50 X 50 X 50–mm) and specimens quartered from larger 9 X 4.5 X 2.5–in (228 X 114 X 64–mm) cast specimens. Additionally, an error in the apparent porosity determination was found on castables whenever the specimens were heated to 1500°F (816°C) and then exposed to water as a saturation media. The error was attributed to reactivity of cement with water and subsequent re-hydration of cement phases. The higher the cement level of the castable, the greater the error noted. It was concluded that an error in porosity values could occur for refractory materials having a potential to form hydrated species with water. Testing under the same conditions in kerosene produced results that were believed to be ...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the following properties of refractory shapes:
1.1.1 Apparent porosity,
1.1.2 Liquid absorption,
1.1.3 Apparent specific gravity, and
1.1.4 Bulk density.
1.2 These test methods are applicable to all refractory shapes except those that chemically react with both water and mineral spirits. When testing a material capable of hydration or other chemical reaction with water but which does not chemically react with mineral spirits, mineral spirits is substituted for water and appropriate corrections for the density differences are applied when making calculations.
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3.1 Exception—The apparatus used in this standard is only available in SI units.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1—Test Methods C 20 cover procedures for testing properties of refractories that are not attacked by water.
General Information
Relations
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation: C830 – 00 (Reapproved 2006)
Standard Test Methods for
Apparent Porosity, Liquid Absorption, Apparent Specific
Gravity, and Bulk Density of Refractory Shapes by Vacuum
Pressure
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C830; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
´ NOTE—Units of measure statement was added editorially in April 2009.
1. Scope C20 TestMethodsforApparentPorosity,WaterAbsorption,
Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Burned
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the
Refractory Brick and Shapes by Boiling Water
following properties of refractory shapes:
C134 Test Methods for Size, Dimensional Measurements,
1.1.1 Apparent porosity,
and Bulk Density of Refractory Brick and Insulating
1.1.2 Liquid absorption,
Firebrick
1.1.3 Apparent specific gravity, and
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
1.1.4 Bulk density.
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1.2 These test methods are applicable to all refractory
shapes except those that chemically react with both water and
3. Significance and Use
mineralspirits.Whentestingamaterialcapableofhydrationor
3.1 Apparent porosity, water absorption, apparent specific
other chemical reaction with water but which does not chemi-
gravity, and bulk density are primary properties of refractory
callyreactwithmineralspirits,mineralspiritsissubstitutedfor
shapes. These properties are widely used in the evaluation and
water and appropriate corrections for the density differences
comparison of product quality and as part of the criteria for
are applied when making calculations.
selection and use of refractory products in a variety of
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be
industrial applications. These test methods are used for deter-
regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are
mininganyorallofthesepropertiesandareparticularlyuseful
mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for
for testing hydratable products.
information only and are not considered standard.
3.2 These test methods are primary standard methods that
1.3.1 Exception—The apparatus used in this standard is
are suitable for use in quality control, research and develop-
only available in SI units.
ment, establishing criteria for and evaluating compliance with
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
specifications, and providing data for design purposes.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.3 Fundamentalassumptionsinherentinthesetestmethods
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
are:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.3.1 The test specimens conform to the requirements for
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
size, configuration, and original faces,
NOTE 1—Test Methods C20 cover procedures for testing properties of
3.3.2 Theopenporesofthetestspecimensarefullyimpreg-
refractories that are not attacked by water.
nated with liquid during the vacuum-pressure treatment, and
3.3.3 The blotting of the saturated test specimens is per-
2. Referenced Documents
formed as specified in a consistent and uniform manner to
2.1 ASTM Standards:
avoid withdrawing liquid from the pores.
3.3.4 Deviation from any of these assumptions adversely
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on affects the test results.
Refractories and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.03 on Physical
3.4 Inlaboratorystudiesinvolvingcastablespecimen,abias
Properties.
was noted between formed2X2X 2–in (50 X 50 X 50–mm)
Current edition approved June 1, 2006. Published June 2006. Originally
and specimens quartered from larger 9 X 4.5 X 2.5–in (228 X
approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as C830–00. DOI:
10.1520/C0830-00R06E01.
114 X 64–mm) cast specimens. Additionally, an error in the
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
apparent porosity determination was found on castables when-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
ever the specimens were heated to 1500°F (816°C) and then
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
exposed to water as a saturation media. The error was
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
´1
C830 – 00 (2006)
attributed to reactivity of cement with water and subsequent or after the saturation operation (5.2). Usually, the dry weight
re-hydration of cement phases. The higher the cement level of is determined before saturation; if, however, the specimens are
the castable, the greater the error noted. It was concluded that friable or evidence indicates that particles have broken loose
an error in porosity values could occur for refractory materials during the saturating operation, dry and weigh the specimens
having a potential to form hydrated species with water.Testing after the suspended weight, S, and the saturated weight, W,
under the same conditions in kerosene produced results that have been determined as described in 5.3 and 5.4. Use this
were believed to be more accurate, but the data suggested that second dry weight in all appropriate calculations.
the kerosene might not have saturated the open pores of cast 5.2 Saturation—Place the test specimens in a suitable
specimen as readily as water. Supporting data were filed at vacuum-pressure vessel (Note 2) which shall be closed, se-
ASTM headquarters and can be obtained by requesting re- cured, and pumped down to an absolute pressure of not more
search report 1014. than 1.9 in. Hg (6.4 kPa). Hold this pressure for 30 min.Allow
3.5 Certain precautions must be exercised in interpreting the water or mineral spirits (see 1.2) to enter the vessel while
and using results from these test methods. All four property maintaining the vacuum for 5 min.Then close the vacuum line
values are interrelated by at least two of the three base data and pressurize the vessel by means of compressed air or a
valuesgeneratedduringtesting.Thus,anerrorinanybasedata pressure pump. Maintain this pressure at 30 psi (207 kPa) or
valuewillcauseanerrorinatleastthreeofthepropertyvalues
more for 60 min. Then release the pressure; the saturated
for a given test specimen. Certain of the properties, that is, specimens are now ready for weighing.
apparent specific gravity and bulk density, are functions of
NOTE 2—The vacuum-pressure vessel should be capable of withstand-
other factors such as product composition, compositional
ing an absolute pressure of 1.0 in. Hg (3.4 kPa) or a pressure of 65 to 70
variability within the same product, impervious porosity, and
psi(448to483kPa)withoutdeformingorrupturing.Itshouldbeprovided
total porosity. Generalizations on or comparisons of property
with gages or manometers for indicating vacuum or pressure and a relief
valuesshouldbejudiciouslymadebetweenlikeproductstested valve, as well as vacuum, pressure, and liquid lines. The liquid may be
introducedatthebottom,inwhichcaseadual-actingvalvewillsufficefor
by these test methods or with full recognition of potentially
both filling and draining the vessel.
inherent differences between the products being compared or
the test method used.
5.3 Determination of Suspended Weight, S:
3.6 When a liquid other than water is used, such as types of
5.3.1 Determine the weight, S, of each test specimen in
kerosene or mineral spirits, specific gravity must be known by
gramstothenearest0.1gaftersaturationandwhilesuspended
either determination or monitoring on a controlled basis.
in liquid.
Specific gravity will change due to different grades of liquids,
5.3.2 This weighing is usually accomplished by suspending
evaporation, or contamination with dirt or foreign material.
the specimen in a loop or halter ofAWG Gage-22 (0.643-mm)
The test should not be run if the liquid becomes dirty, foamy,
copper wire hung from one arm of the balance. The balance
orchangescolor,becauseforeignparticlescanblockporesand
shallbepreviouslycounter-balancedwiththewireinplaceand
prevent impregnation of the sample.
immersed in liquid to the same depth as is used when the
refractory specimens are in place.
4. Test Specimens
5.4 Determination of Saturated Weight, W—Afterdetermin-
4.1 When testing 9-in. (228-mm) straight brick, use a
ing the suspended weight, blot each specimen lightly with a
quarter-brick specimen obtained by halving the brick along a
moistened smooth linen or cotton cloth to remove all drops of
plane parallel to the 9 by 2 ⁄2 or 3-in. (228 by 64 or 76-mm)
liquidfromthesurface,anddeterminethesaturatedweight, W,
1 1
face and along a plane parallel to the 4 ⁄2 by 2 ⁄2 or 3-in. (114
in grams to the nearest 0.1 g by weighing in air. Perform the
by 64 or 76-mm) face. Four of the surfaces of the resultant
blotting operation by rolling the specimen lightly on the wet
quarter-brick specimen include part of the original molded
cloth, which has previously been saturated with liquid, and
faces.
thenpressonlyenoughtoremovesuchliquidaswilldripfrom
4.2 When testing other refractory shapes, cut drill, or break
the cloth. Excessive blotting will induce error by withdrawing
fromeachshapeaspecimenhavingavolumeofapproximately
liquid from the pores of the specimen.
3 3
25 to 30 in. (410 to 490 cm ). The specimen shall include
5.5 Determination of Exterior Volume, V—Obtain the vol-
interior and exterior portions of the shape.
ume, V, of the test specimens in cubic centimetres by subtract-
4.3 Remove all loosely adhering particles from each speci-
ing the suspended weight from the saturated weight, both in
men.
grams, as follows:
5. Procedures V,cm 5 W 2 S
5.1 Determination of Dry Weight, D:
(1)
5.1.1 Dry the test specimens to constant weight by heating
NOTE 3—This assumes that 1 cm of water weighs 1 g. This is true
to 220 to 230°F (105 to 110°C) and det
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation:C 830–93 (Reapproved 1998) Designation: C 830 – 00 (Reapproved 2006)
Standard Test Methods for
Apparent Porosity, Liquid Absorption, Apparent Specific
Gravity, and Bulk Density of Refractory Shapes by Vacuum
Pressure
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 830; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
´ NOTE—Units of measure statement was added editorially in April 2009.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the following properties of refractory shapes:
1.1.1 Apparent porosity,
1.1.2 Liquid absorption,
1.1.3 Apparent specific gravity, and
1.1.4 Bulk density.
1.2 These test methods are applicable to all refractory shapes except those that chemically react with both water and mineral
spirits. When testing a material capable of hydration or other chemical reaction with water but which does not chemically react
withmineralspirits,mineralspiritsissubstitutedforwaterandappropriatecorrectionsforthedensitydifferencesareappliedwhen
making calculations.
1.3The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for
information only.
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are
mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3.1 Exception—The apparatus used in this standard is only available in SI units.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
NOTE 1—Test Methods C20 cover procedures for testing properties of refractories that are not attacked by water.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C20 TestMethodsforApparentPorosity,WaterAbsorption,ApparentSpecificGravity,andBulkDensityofBurnedRefractory
Brick and Shapes by Boiling Water
C134 Test Methods for Size, Dimensional Measurements, and Bulk Density of Refractory Brick and Insulating Firebrick
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
3. Significance and Use
3.1 Apparent porosity, water absorption, apparent specific gravity, and bulk density are primary properties of refractory shapes.
These properties are widely used in the evaluation and comparison of product quality and as part of the criteria for selection and
use of refractory products in a variety of industrial applications. These test methods are used for determining any or all of these
properties and are particularly useful for testing hydratable products.
3.2 These test methods are primary standard methods that are suitable for use in quality control, research and development,
establishing criteria for and evaluating compliance with specifications, and providing data for design purposes.
3.3 Fundamental assumptions inherent in these test methods are:
3.3.1 The test specimens conform to the requirements for size, configuration, and original faces,
These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C-8 C08 on Refractories and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.03 on PhysicalTests.
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 1993. Published April 1993. Originally published as C830–76. Last previous edition C830–88.on Physical Properties.
Current edition approved June 1, 2006. Published June 2006. Originally approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as C830–00.
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol 15.01.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
´1
C 830 – 00 (2006)
3.3.2 The open pores of the test specimens are fully impregnated with liquid during the vacuum-pressure treatment, and
3.3.3 The blotting of the saturated test specimens is performed as specified in a consistent and uniform manner to avoid
withdrawing liquid from the pores.
3.3.4 Deviation from any of these assumptions adversely affects the test results.
3.4Certain precautions must be exercised in interpreting and using results from these test methods.All four property values are
interrelated by at least two of the three base data values generated during testing. Thus, an error in any base data value will cause
anerrorinatleastthreeofthepropertyvaluesforagiventestspecimen.Certainoftheproperties,thatis,apparentspecificgravity
and bulk density, are functions of other factors such as product composition, compositional variability within the same product,
imperviousporosity,andtotalporosity.Generalizationsonorcomparisonsofpropertyvaluesshouldbejudiciouslymadebetween
like products tested by these test methods or with full recognition of potentially inherent differences between the products being
compared or the test method used.
3.5Whenaliquidotherthanwaterisused,suchastypesofkeroseneormineralspirits,specificgravitymustbeknownbyeither
determination or monitoring on a controlled basis. Specific gravity will change due to different grades of liquids, evaporation, or
contaminationwithdirtorforeignmaterial.Thetestshouldnotberuniftheliquidbecomesdirty,foamy,orchangescolor,because
foreign particles can block pores and prevent impregnation of the sample.
3.4 In laboratory studies involving castable specimen, a bias was noted between formed2X2X 2–in (50 X 50 X 50–mm) and
specimens quartered from larger 9 X 4.5 X 2.5–in (228 X 114 X 64–mm) cast specimens. Additionally, an error in the apparent
porosity determination was found on castables whenever the specimens were heated to 1500°F (816°C) and then exposed to water
as a saturation media. The error was attributed to reactivity of cement with water and subsequent re-hydration of cement phases.
Thehigherthecementlevelofthecastable,thegreatertheerrornoted.Itwasconcludedthatanerrorinporosityvaluescouldoccur
for refractory materials having a potential to form hydrated species with water. Testing under the same conditions in kerosene
producedresultsthatwerebelievedtobemoreaccurate,butthedatasuggestedthatthekerosenemightnothavesaturatedtheopen
pores of cast specimen as readily as water. Supporting data were filed atASTM headquarters and can be obtained by requesting
research report 1014.
3.5 Certainprecautionsmustbeexercisedininterpretingandusingresultsfromthesetestmethods.Allfourpropertyvaluesare
interrelated by at least two of the three base data values generated during testing. Thus, an error in any base data value will cause
anerrorinatleastthreeofthepropertyvaluesforagiventestspecimen.Certainoftheproperties,thatis,apparentspecificgravity
and bulk density, are functions of other factors such as product composition, compositional variability within the same product,
imperviousporosity,andtotalporosity.Generalizationsonorcomparisonsofpropertyvaluesshouldbejudiciouslymadebetween
like products tested by these test methods or with full recognition of potentially inherent differences between the products being
compared or the test method used.
3.6 Whenaliquidotherthanwaterisused,suchastypesofkeroseneormineralspirits,specificgravitymustbeknownbyeither
determination or monitoring on a controlled basis. Specific gravity will change due to different grades of liquids, evaporation, or
contaminationwithdirtorforeignmaterial.Thetestshouldnotberuniftheliquidbecomesdirty,foamy,orchangescolor,because
foreign particles can block pores and prevent impregnation of the sample.
4. Test Specimens
4.1 When testing 9-in. (228-mm) straight brick, use a quarter-brick specimen obtained by halving the brick along a plane
1 1 1
parallel to the 9 by 2 ⁄2 or 3-in. (228 by 64 or 76-mm) face and along a plane parallel to the 4 ⁄2 by 2 ⁄2 or 3-in. (114 by 64 or
76-mm) face. Four of the surfaces of the resultant quarter-brick specimen include part of the original molded faces.
4.2 When testing other refractory shapes, cut drill, or break from each shape a specimen having a volume of approximately 25
3 3
to 30 in. (410 to 490 cm ). The specimen shall include interior and exterior portions of the shape.
4.3 Remove all loosely adhering particles from each specimen.
5. Procedures
5.1 Determination of Dry Weight, D:
5.1.1 Dry the test specimens to constant weight by heating to 220 to 230°F (105 to 110°C) and determine the dry weight, D,
in grams to the nearest 0.1 g.
5.1.2 Thedryingproceduremaybeomittedonlywhenthetestspecimensareknowntobedry,asmaybethecasewithsamples
taken directly from kilns.
5.1.3 The drying of the specimens to constant weight and the determination of their dry weight may be done either before or
after the saturation operation (5.2). Usually, the dry weight is determined before saturation; if, however, the specimens are friable
or evidence indicates that particles have broken loose during the saturating operation, dry and weigh the specimens after the
suspended weight, S, and the saturated weight, W, have been determined as described in 5.3 and 5.4. Use this second dry weight
in all appropriate calculations.
5.2 Saturation—Place the test specimens in a suitable vacuum-pressure vessel (Note 2) which shall be closed, secured, and
pumped down to an absolute pressure of not more than 1.9 in. Hg (6.4 kPa). Hold this pressure for 30 min. Allow the water or
mineral spirits (see 1.2) to enter the vessel while maintaining the vacuum for 5 min. Then close the vacuum line and pressurize
the vessel by means of compressed air or a pressure pump. Maintain this pressure at 30 psi (207 kPa) or more for 60 min. Then
´1
C 830 – 00 (2006)
release the pressure; the saturated specimens are now ready for weighing.
NOTE 2—Thevacuum-pressurevesselshouldbecapableofwithstandinganabsolutepressureof1.0in.Hg(3.4kPa)orapressureof65to70psi(448
to 483 kPa) without deforming or rupturing. It should be provided with gages or manometers for indicating vacuum or pressure and a relief valve, as
well as vacuum, pressure, and liquid lines.The liquid may be introduced at the bottom, in which case a dual-acting valve will suffice for both filling and
draining the vessel.
5.3 Determination of Suspended Weight, S:
5.3.1 Determinetheweight, S,ofeachtestspecimeningramstothenearest0.1gaftersaturationandwhilesuspendedinliquid.
5.3.2 This weighing is usually accomplished by suspending the specimen in a loop or halter of AWG Gage-22 (0.643-mm)
copper wire hung from one arm of the balance. The balance shall be previously counter-balanced with the wire in place and
immersed in liquid to the same depth as is used when the refractory specimens are in place.
5.4 Determination of Saturated Weight, W—After determining the suspended weight, blot each specimen lightly with a
moistened smooth linen or cotton cloth to remove all drops of liquid from the surface, and determine the saturated weight, W,in
gramstothenearest0.1gbyweighinginair.Performtheblottingoperationbyrollingthespecimenlightlyonthewetcloth,which
has previously been saturated with liquid, and then press only enough to remove such liquid as will drip from the cloth. Excessive
blotting will induce error by withdrawing liquid from the pores of the specimen.
5.5 Determination of Exterior Volume, V—Obtain the volume, V, of the test specimens in cubic centimetres by subtracting the
suspended weight from the saturated weight, both in grams, as follows:
V,cm 5 W 2 S
(1)
NOTE 3—This assumes that 1 cm of water weighs 1 g. This is true within about 3 parts in 1000 for water at room temperature.
NOTE 4—When substituting mineral spirits for water, make the following correction:
V,cm 5 W 2 S /densityofliquid
~ !
(2)
5.6 Determination of Volume of Open Pores and Impervious Portions—Calculate the volume of both the open pores and the
impervious portions of the specimen as follows:
Volumeofopenpores,cm 5 W 2 D (3)
Volumeofimperviousportion,cm 5 D 2 S (4)
NOTE 5—When substituting mineral spirits for water, make the following corrections:
Volumeofopenpores,cm 5 ~W 2 D!/densityofliquid (5)
Volumeofimperviousportion,cm 5 ~D 2 S !/densityofliquid (6)
6. Calculation
6.1 As noted in 1.2, when mineral spirits is substituted for water, appropriate corrections for the density difference between the
liquids are required in the calculations.Thus, the equations used when the liquid is mineral spirits differ from those used when the
liquid is water. To avoid confusion and intermingling of equations, the calculations used for each liquid are presented in separate
sections (see Sections 7 and 8).
6.2 Whentheliquidiswater,calculationofthevariousvolumesandpropertiesisstraightforward,asinTestMethodsC20.The
assumption is taken that 1 cm of water weighs 1 g. This is true within about 3 parts per 1000 at room temperature. Therefore,
nocorrectionsforchangeinwaterdensitywithchangeintemperatureareappliedinanycalculations.However,useofthe1g/cm
factor is implicit in all calculations where direct weight measurements are converted to volumes. This affects expression of the
results in the proper unit of measure, that is, cm .
6.3 When the liquid is mineral spirits, correction for the density difference between mineral spirits and water is required in all
calculations where direct weight measurements are converted to volumes. The correction factor is:
density of liquid (g/cm )
Use of this factor in calculations also affects expression of the results in the proper unit of measure, that is, g/cm .
7. Calculation When Liquid is Water
7.1 Volume Calculations:
7.1.1 Determination of Exterior Volume, V—The exterior volume of the test specimen is its bulk volume, including all solid
material, open pores, and impervious portions. Calculate V in cubic centimetres by subtracting the suspended weight from the
saturated weight, both in grams, as follows:
´1
C 830 – 00 (2006)
V,cm 5 W 2 S
(7)
7.1.2 Determination of Volume of Open Pores and Volume of Impervious Portions—Calc
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.