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ASTM D276-00a

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Identification of Fibers in Textiles

Standard Test Methods for Identification of Fibers in Textiles

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These test methods are a generally reliable means of identifying the generic types of fibers present in a sample of textile material of unknown composition. The methods are generally not useful for distinguishing fibers of the same generic class from different manufacturers or for distinguishing different fiber types of the same generic class from one producer.
Many fibers are chemically modified by their producers in various ways so as to alter their properties. It is possible for such modifications to interfere seriously with the analyses used in these test methods. Considerable experience and diligence of the analyst may be necessary to resolve satisfactorily these difficulties.
Dyes, lubricants, and delustrants are not present normally in amounts large enough to interfere with the analyses.
These test methods are not recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because of the qualitative nature of the results and because of the limitations previously noted.
Note 2—For statements on precision and bias of the standard quantitative test methods for determining physical properties for confirmation of fiber identification refer to the cited test method. The precision and bias of the nonstandard quantitative test methods described are strongly influenced by the skill of the operator. The limited use of the test methods for qualitative identification cannot justify the effort that would be necessary to determine the precision and bias of the techniques.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the identification of the following textile fibers used commercially in the United States:Acetate (secondary)NylonAcrylic NytrilAnidex OlefinAramid PolycarbonateAsbestosPolyesterCotton RamieCuprammonium rayonRayon (viscose)Flax SaranFluorocarbonSilkGlass SpandexHemp TriacetateJute VinalLycocellVinyonModacrylicWoolNovoloid
1.2 Man-made fibers are listed in 1.1 under the generic names approved by the Federal Trade Commission and listed in Terminology D123, Annex A1 (except for fluorocarbon and polycarbonate). Many of the generic classes of man-made fibers are produced by several manufacturers and sold under various trademark names as follows (Note 1):Acetate Acele, Aviscon, Celanese, Chromspun, EstronAcrylic Acrilan, Courtelle, Creslan, Dralon, Orlon, ZefranAnidex Anim/8Aramid Arenka, Conex, Kevlar, Nomex, TwaronCuprammoniumBembergFluorocarbonTeflonGlass Fiberglas, Garan, Modiglass, PPG, UltrastrandLyocell TencelModacrylicDynel, Kanecaron, Monsanto SEF, VerelNovoloidKynolPolyamide (Nylon) 6Caprolan,Enka, Perlon, Zefran, EnkalonPolyamide (Nylon) 6, 6Antron, Blue C, Cantrece, Celanese Phillips, Enka NylonPolyamide (Nylon) (other)Rilsan(nylon 11), Qiana, StanylEnka,(Nylon 4,6)Nytril DarvanOlefin Durel, Herculon, Marvess, PolycrestPolyesterAvlin, Beaunit, Blue C, Dacron, Encron, Fortrel, Kodel, Quintess, Spectran, Trevira, Vyoron, Zephran, Diolen, VectranRayon Avril, Avisco, Dynacor, Enka, Fiber 700, Fibro, Nupron, Rayflex, Suprenka, Tyrex, Tyron, CordenkaSaran Enjay, SaranSpandex Glospun, Lycra, Numa, UnelTriacetateArnelVinyon Avisco, Clevyl, Rhovyl, Thermovyl, Volpex
Note 1--The list of trademarks in does not include all brands produced in the United States or abroad and imported for sale in the United States. The list does not include examples of fibers from two (or more) generic classes of polymers spun into a single filament. Additional information on fiber types and trademarks is given in References (1,2, and 3).
1.3 Most manufacturers offer a variety of fiber types of a specific generic class. Differences in tenacity, linear density, bulkiness, or the presence of inert delustrants normally do not interfere with analytic tests, but chemical modifications (for such purposes as increased dyeability with certain dyestuffs) may affect the infrared spectra and some of the physical properties, particularly the melting point. Many generic classes of fibers are sold with a variety of cross-se...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-May-2000
ICS
59.060.01 - Textile fibres in general
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.51 - Conditioning, Chemical and Thermal Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D276-00a(2008) - Standard Test Methods for Identification of Fibers in Textiles
Effective Date
01-Aug-2008
Referred By
ASTM D7138-16 - Standard Test Method to Determine Melting Temperature of Synthetic Fibers
Effective Date
10-May-2000
Referred By
ASTM E2228-23a - Standard Guide for Microscopical Examination of Textile Fibers
Effective Date
10-May-2000
Referred By
ASTM D5744-18 - Standard Test Method for Laboratory Weathering of Solid Materials Using a Humidity Cell
Effective Date
10-May-2000
Referred By
ASTM D5446-08(2019) - Standard Practice for Determining Physical Properties of Fabrics, Yarns, and Sewing Thread Used in Inflatable Restraints
Effective Date
10-May-2000
Referred By
ASTM D629-15 - Standard Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
Effective Date
10-May-2000
Referred By
ASTM D2817-18 - Standard Specification for Maximum Cashmere Coarse-Hair Content in Cashmere
Effective Date
10-May-2000
Referred By
ASTM D7239-13(2023) - Standard Specification for Hybrid Geosynthetic Paving Mat for Highway Applications
Effective Date
10-May-2000

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ASTM D276-00a - Standard Test Methods for Identification of Fibers in Textiles
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D 276 – 00a
Standard Test Methods for
1
Identification of Fibers in Textiles
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 276; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
INTRODUCTION
Methods D 276 – 62 T, Identification of Fibers in Textiles were discontinued in 1969 because the
responsible subcommittee failed to recommend adoption as standard after several years publication as
a tentative. The subcommittee action was based on the members’ knowledge that the standard did not
include several fiber types introduced to the textile trade after the methods were published, and that
the techniques required to identify these fibers were lacking in the text, so that the text had become
outofdate.Reinstatementasastandardusingthepreviouslyassigneddesignationwasrequestedsince
the listed procedures were reliable and the text was considered to be the best available, though not
all-inclusive. Extensive editorial changes were made in various sections in 1972, and the methods
were reinstated as D 276 – 72.
The methods have been revised completely, emphasizing infrared spectroscopic techniques for
identifying man-made fiber types. Methods for determining several physical properties and solubility
data useful for confirming infrared spectral identifications have been included. The longitudinal and
cross-section photographs of the various fibers have been omitted since they are published elsewhere
andtheusefulnessforidentificationislimited.Extensiveeditorialchangeshavebeenmadethroughout
the text.
AATCCTest Method 20 was first published in 1947 and has been revised or reaffirmed on a regular
2
basis since that time. The most current version is AATCC “Test Method 20–1999” .
1. Scope
Modacrylic Wool
Novoloid
1.1 These test methods cover the identification of the
1.2 Man-made fibers are listed in 1.1 under the generic
followingtextilefibersusedcommerciallyintheUnitedStates:
namesapprovedbytheFederalTradeCommissionandlistedin
Acetate (secondary) Nylon
Acrylic Nytril
Terminology D 123, Annex A1 (except for fluorocarbon and
Anidex Olefin
polycarbonate). Many of the generic classes of man-made
Aramid Polycarbonate
fibers are produced by several manufacturers and sold under
Asbestos Polyester
Cotton Ramie
various trademark names as follows (Note 1):
Cuprammonium rayon Rayon (viscose)
Acetate AceleT, AvisconT, CelaneseT, ChromspunT, EstronT
Flax Saran
Acrylic AcrilanT, CourtelleT, CreslanT, DralonT, OrlonT, ZefranT
Fluorocarbon Silk
Anidex Anim/8T
Glass Spandex
Aramid ArenkaT, ConexT, KevlarT, NomexT, TwaronT
Hemp Triacetate
Cuprammonium BembergT
Jute Vinal
Fluorocarbon TeflonT
Lycocell Vinyon
Glass FiberglasT, GaranT, ModiglassT, PPGT, UltrastrandT
Lyocell TencelT
Modacrylic DynelT, KanecaronT, Monsanto SEFT, VerelT
1
Novoloid KynolT
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on
Polyamide
Textiles and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.51 on Conditioning
(Nylon) 6 CaprolanT,EnkaT, PerlonT, ZefranT, EnkalonT
and, Chemical and Thermal Properties.
Polyamide
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 2000. Published November 2000. Originally
(Nylon) 6, 6 AntronT,BlueCT, CantreceT, Celanese PhillipsT,
published as D 276 – 27 T. Last previous edition D 276 – 00.
2 EnkaTNylon
AATCC Technical Manual, available from theAmericanAssociation of Textile
Polyamide
Chemists and Colorists, P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D 276 – 00a
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
(Nylon) (other) RilsanT(nylon 11), QianaT, StanylEnkaT,(Nylon 4,6)
Nytril DarvanT
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Olefin DurelT, HerculonT, MarvessT, PolycrestT
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Polyester AvlinT, BeaunitT,BlueCT, DacronT, EncronT, FortrelT,
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
KodelT, QuintessT, SpectranT, TreviraT, VyoronT,
ZephranT, DiolenT, VectranT
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Note 3.
Rayon AvrilT, AviscoT, DynacorT, EnkaT, Fiber 700T, FibroT,
NupronT, RayflexT, SuprenkaT, TyrexT, TyronT, Cord-
2. Referenced Documents
enkaT
Saran EnjayT, SaranT
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Spandex GlospunT, LycraT, NumaT, UnelT
4
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
Triacetate ArnelT
4
Vinyon AviscoT, ClevylT, RhovylT, ThermovylT, VolpexT
D 629 Te
...

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Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Single Textile Fibers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D3822 using test specimens having gauge lengths of 10 mm [0.4 in.] or greater is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since the test method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. Critical differences noted in Tables 1 and 2 were obtained on man-made fibers having a gauge length of 25 mm [1.0 in.] and 250 mm [10 in.]. Natural fibers or fibers having lesser or greater gauge lengths may provide different values and may require comparative testing. (See 5.1.1.)  (A) The critical differences were calculated using t = 1.960, which is based on infinite degrees of freedom.  (A) The critical differences were calculated using t = 1.960, which is based on infinite degrees of freedom  
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5.2 The breaking tenacity, calculated from the breaking force and the linear density, and the elongation are fundamental properties that are widely used to establish limitations on f...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of tensile properties of natural and man-made single textile fibers of sufficient length to permit mounting test specimens in a tensile testing machine.  
1.2 This test method is also applicable to continuous (filament) and discontinuous (staple) fibers or filaments taken from yarns or tow. When the fibers to be tested contain crimp, or if the tow or yarns have been subjected to bulking, crimping, or texturing process, the tensile properties are determined after removal of the crimp.  
Note 1: Testing of filaments taken from yarns or tow, included in this test method was originally covered in Test Method D2101, that is discontinued.  
1.3 The words “fiber” and “filament” are used interchangeably throughout this test method.  
1.4 This test method is also applicable to fibers removed from yarns, or from yarns processed further into fabrics. It should be recognized that yarn and manufacturing processes can influence or modify the tensile properties of fibers. Consequently, tensile properties determined on fibers taken from yarns, or from yarns that have been processed into fabrics, may be different than for the same fibers prior to being subjected to yarn or fabric manufacturing processes.  
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Standard Test Methods for Linear Density of Textile Fibers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Option A for bundle weighing of Test Method D1577 is used in the trade for acceptance testing of commercial shipments. Option B for single-fiber weighing and Option C for the vibroscope may be used for acceptance testing (see Section 37); however, caution is advised when using Option B or Option C because between-laboratory precision information is incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 4.1.1 may be advisable.  
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SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of mass per unit length (linear density) of textile fibers and filaments. Direct weighing and vibroscope procedures with modifications for crimped and uncrimped fibers are included. The options and sections are listed below.    
Option  
Sections  
A—Fiber Bundle Weighing  
7 – 15  
B—Single-Fiber Weighing  
16 – 23  
C—Vibroscope, General  
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35 and 36    
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Note 1: For linear density of short lengths of yarn, refer to Test Method D1059. For cotton linear density, refer to Test Methods D1769 and D2480. For measurement of wool diameter, refer to Test Methods D1282, D2130, and D3510.  
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1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.  
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5.1 This test method for testing for water retention of fibers after centrifuging is not recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because the test is more appropriate for development and research. However, if the test is to be used for acceptance testing, comparative tests as described in 5.1.1 are advised.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The ball seam height of a baseball or softball is a measurement that can correlate to ball grip and aerodynamic properties.  
4.2 This test method is suitable for obtaining data in research and development, quality control, and classifying balls by seam type.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended to standardize a method of measuring the seam height of baseballs and softballs.  
1.2 This standard is established to provide a single, repeatable, and uniform test method.  
1.3 This test method is for a ball that is intended for use in the game of baseball or softball.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Single Textile Fibers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D3822 using test specimens having gauge lengths of 10 mm [0.4 in.] or greater is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since the test method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. Critical differences noted in Tables 1 and 2 were obtained on man-made fibers having a gauge length of 25 mm [1.0 in.] and 250 mm [10 in.]. Natural fibers or fibers having lesser or greater gauge lengths may provide different values and may require comparative testing. (See 5.1.1.)  (A) The critical differences were calculated using t = 1.960, which is based on infinite degrees of freedom.  (A) The critical differences were calculated using t = 1.960, which is based on infinite degrees of freedom  
5.1.1 In cases of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D3822 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing begins. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results for that material in view of test results with consideration to the known bias.  
5.2 The breaking tenacity, calculated from the breaking force and the linear density, and the elongation are fundamental properties that are widely used to establish limitations on f...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of tensile properties of natural and man-made single textile fibers of sufficient length to permit mounting test specimens in a tensile testing machine.  
1.2 This test method is also applicable to continuous (filament) and discontinuous (staple) fibers or filaments taken from yarns or tow. When the fibers to be tested contain crimp, or if the tow or yarns have been subjected to bulking, crimping, or texturing process, the tensile properties are determined after removal of the crimp.  
Note 1: Testing of filaments taken from yarns or tow, included in this test method was originally covered in Test Method D2101, that is discontinued.  
1.3 The words “fiber” and “filament” are used interchangeably throughout this test method.  
1.4 This test method is also applicable to fibers removed from yarns, or from yarns processed further into fabrics. It should be recognized that yarn and manufacturing processes can influence or modify the tensile properties of fibers. Consequently, tensile properties determined on fibers taken from yarns, or from yarns that have been processed into fabrics, may be different than for the same fibers prior to being subjected to yarn or fabric manufacturing processes.  
1.5 This test method provides directions for measuring the breaking force and elongation at break of single textile fibers and for calculating breaking tenacity, initial modulus, chord modulus, tangent modulus, tensile stress at specified elongation, and breaking toughness.  
1.6 Procedures for measuring the tensile properties of both conditioned and wet single fibers are included. The test method is applicable to testing under a wide range of conditions.  
1.7 As the length of the test specimen decreases, the tensile strength is likely to increase, but the accuracy of the tensile properties determined may decrease, which may require the need to increase the number of test specimens. T...

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ASTM
ASTM D2402-07(2018)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Water Retention of Textile Fibers (Centrifuge Procedure)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method for testing for water retention of fibers after centrifuging is not recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because the test is more appropriate for development and research. However, if the test is to be used for acceptance testing, comparative tests as described in 5.1.1 are advised.  
5.1.1 In the case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results using Test Method D2402 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if statistical biases exist between their laboratories. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the Student's t-test for unpaired data with an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties while designing the test program. If the analysis shows a bias, its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future test data with consideration for the known bias.  
5.2 The amount of water retained by a fiber mass increases with an increase in the hydrophilic tendency of the fiber. Thus the data obtained can be used to indicate the following:  
5.2.1 Differences in water retention between the various man-made and natural fibers,  
5.2.2 Degree of cross-linking in cellulosic fibers,  
5.2.3 Damage incurred by wool and silk fibers due to alkaline processing, and  
5.2.4 Persistence of water-repellent treatments.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of water retention of man-made and natural fibers as staple, tow, or filament and spun yarns. It is intended to give a measure of the amount of water which cannot be removed from thoroughly wetted fiber solely by mechanical means as applied by centrifugal force (see 3.2).  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 9.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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