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ASTM D7239-13(2023)

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Hybrid Geosynthetic Paving Mat for Highway Applications

Standard Specification for Hybrid Geosynthetic Paving Mat for Highway Applications

SCOPE
1.1 This is a material specification covering hybrid geosynthetic paving mats typically used for, but not limited to, use in joint and localized (spot) pavement repairs; and paving mats intended for curb-to-curb coverage to provide a moisture barrier for the pavement structure and retard reflective cracking in bituminous overlays. They are typically nonwoven in construction. This is a material purchasing specification, and design review of use is recommended.  
1.2 This is not a construction or design specification. This specification is based on hybrid geosynthetic paving mat survivability from installation stresses.  
1.3 For purposes of determining conformance to this specification, values for length or area shall be rounded to the nearest 0.1 m or 0.1 m2, respectively. Values for mass shall be rounded to the nearest gram, and for force to the nearest Newton, and volume to the nearest 0.01 L, in accordance with the rounding method in Practice E29.  
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Dec-2022
ICS
59.080.70 - Geotextiles
Technical Committee
D35 - Geosynthetics
Drafting Committee
D35.06 - Geosynthetic Specifications
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D4439-24 - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
Effective Date
01-Feb-2024
Refers
ASTM D4354-12(2020) - Standard Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and Rolled Erosion Control Products (RECPs) for Testing
Effective Date
01-May-2020
Refers
ASTM D5035-11(2019) - Standard Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Strip Method)
Effective Date
01-Jul-2019
Refers
ASTM D5261-10(2018) - Standard Test Method for Measuring Mass per Unit Area of Geotextiles
Effective Date
01-Jul-2018
Refers
ASTM D4439-18 - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
Effective Date
15-Apr-2018
Refers
ASTM D4439-17 - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
Effective Date
01-Aug-2017
Refers
ASTM D123-17 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
01-Mar-2017
Refers
ASTM D4873/D4873M-16 - Standard Guide for Identification, Storage, and Handling of Geosynthetic Rolls and Samples
Effective Date
01-Jan-2016
Refers
ASTM D123-15b - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
15-Sep-2015
Refers
ASTM D4439-15a - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
Effective Date
01-Sep-2015
Refers
ASTM D123-15a - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
01-Sep-2015
Refers
ASTM D4439-15 - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
Effective Date
01-Jul-2015
Refers
ASTM D123-15 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
01-Apr-2015
Refers
ASTM D4439-14 - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
Effective Date
01-Mar-2014
Refers
ASTM D123-13ae1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
15-Jun-2013

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ASTM D7239-13(2023) - Standard Specification for Hybrid Geosynthetic Paving Mat for Highway ApplicationsASTM D7239-13(2023) - Standard Specification for Hybrid Geosynthetic Paving Mat for Highway Applications
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ASTM D7239-13(2023) - Standard Specification for Hybrid Geosynthetic Paving Mat for Highway Applications
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:D7239 −13 (Reapproved 2023)
Standard Specification for
Hybrid Geosynthetic Paving Mat for Highway Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7239; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This is a material specification covering hybrid geosyn- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
thetic paving mats typically used for, but not limited to, use in D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
joint and localized (spot) pavement repairs; and paving mats D276 Test Methods for Identification of Fibers in Textiles
intended for curb-to-curb coverage to provide a moisture (Withdrawn 2021)
barrierforthepavementstructureandretardreflectivecracking D4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and Rolled
in bituminous overlays. They are typically nonwoven in Erosion Control Products (RECPs) for Testing
construction. This is a material purchasing specification, and D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
design review of use is recommended. D4759 Practice for Determining the Specification Confor-
mance of Geosynthetics
1.2 This is not a construction or design specification. This
D4873/D4873M Guide for Identification, Storage, and Han-
specification is based on hybrid geosynthetic paving mat
dling of Geosynthetic Rolls and Samples
survivability from installation stresses.
D5035 Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of
1.3 For purposes of determining conformance to this
Textile Fabrics (Strip Method)
specification, values for length or area shall be rounded to the
D5261 Test Method for Measuring Mass per Unit Area of
nearest 0.1 m or 0.1 m , respectively. Values for mass shall be
Geotextiles
rounded to the nearest gram, and for force to the nearest
D6140 Test Method to Determine Asphalt Retention of
Newton, and volume to the nearest 0.01 L, in accordance with
Paving Fabrics Used in Asphalt Paving for Full-Width
the rounding method in Practice E29.
Applications
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes
that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes Determine Conformance with Specifications
(excluding those in tables) shall not be considered as require-
3. Terminology
ments of the standard.
3.1 Definition of Terms—For definitions of terms relating to
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
geotextiles, refer to Terminology D4439. For definitions of
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
other terms relating to textiles, refer to Terminology D123.
standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3.2.1 hybrid geosynthetic paving mat, n—a planar product
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- manufactured from primarily inorganic materials used as an
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- integral part of a manmade project, structure, or system. It is
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. primarily intended for, but not limited to, bituminous paving
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor- applications.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
4. Classification
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
4.1 Type—Five types of hybrid geosynthetic paving mats
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
are covered in this specification as follows:
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1 2
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.06 on Geosyn- contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
thetic Specifications. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2023. Published January 2023. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as D7239 – 13 (2018). The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
DOI: 10.1520/D7239-13R23. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7239−13 (2023)
4.1.1 Type I—A single-layer, nonwoven paving mat of for localized or spot repairs during the repaving of bituminous
136 g⁄m unit weight, intended for curb-to-curb repaving of or portland cement concrete pavements with hot mix asphalt
bituminous or portland cement concrete pavements with hot concrete.
mix asphaltic concrete meeting the requirements of Table 1.
4.1.2 Type IIx—A uniaxial, high-strength hybrid geosyn-
5. Ordering Information
thetic paving mat consisting of aType I mat plus reinforcement
5.1 Orders for material under this specification shall include
strands in the machine direction. The reinforcement strands
the following information:
shall be attached onto the base paving mat, and the inorganic
5.1.1 This specification designation and date of issue,
fabric shall meet the physical properties requirements of Table
5.1.2 Type I, II, III, or IV paving mat,
1. This material is intended for localized or spot repairs during
5.1.3 Amount in square meters or square yards required,
the repaving of bituminous or portland cement concrete pave-
5.1.4 Whether special sampling for inspection is required
ments with hot mix asphalt concrete.
(see Section 12), and
4.1.3 Type IIy—A uniaxial, high-strength hybrid geosyn-
5.1.5 Whether special packaging or marking is required (see
thetic paving mat consisting of aType I mat plus reinforcement
Section 16).
strands in the cross direction. The reinforcement strands shall
be attached onto the base paving mat, and the inorganic fabric
6. Materials and Manufacture
shallmeetthephysicalpropertiesrequirementsofTable1.This
6.1 Fibers used in the manufacture of hybrid geosynthetic
material is intended for localized or spot repairs during the
paving mats may be inorganic or a combination of inorganic
repaving of bituminous or portland cement concrete pavements
and organic fibers, and shall not melt at temperatures below
with hot mix asphalt concrete.
205 °C.Any threads used in joining paving mats by sewing or
4.1.4 Type III—A multidirectional, high-strength hybrid
knitting shall consist of long-chain synthetic polymers, and
geosynthetic paving mat consisting of a Type I mat plus
shall also be heat stable to temperatures of 205 °C. They shall
reinforcement strands that are randomly oriented on the paving
beformedintoastablenetworksuchthatthefilamentsoryarns
mat. The reinforcement shall be attached onto the base paving
retain their dimensional stability relative to each other, includ-
mat, and the inorganic fabric shall meet the physical properties
ing selvages.
requirements of Table 1. This material is intended for localized
or spot repairs during the repaving of bituminous or portland
7. Mechanical Properties
cement concrete pavements with hot mix asphalt concrete.
4.1.5 Type IV—A multidirectional, high-strength hybrid
7.1 All property values in these specifications represent
geosynthetic paving mat consisting of a Type I mat plus
minimum average roll values (MARV; that is, average test
reinforcement strands in both the machine and cross direction.
results of any roll in a lot sampled for conformance or quality
The reinforcement strands shall be attached onto the base
assurance testing shall meet or exceed the minimum values
paving mat, and the inorganic fabric shall meet the physical
provided herein).
properties requirements of Table 1. This material is intended
8. Dimensions, Mass, and Permissible Variations
8.1 Roll Sizes:
TABLE 1 Hybrid Geosynthetic Paving Mat Property
A
...

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Standard Test Method for Multi-Axial Elongation of Geomembranes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Installed geomembranes are subjected to forces from more than one direction, including forces perpendicular to the surfaces of the geomembrane. Out-of-plane deformation of a geomembrane may be useful in evaluating materials for caps where subsidence of the subsoil may be problematic.  
5.2 Failure mechanisms on this test may be different compared to other relatively small-scale index tests and may be beneficial for design purposes.  
5.3 In applications where local subsidence is expected, this test can be considered a performance test.  
5.4 For applications where geomembranes cannot be deformed in the fashion this test method prescribes, this test method should be considered an index test.  
5.5 Due to the time involved to perform this test, it is not considered practical as a quality control test.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the out-of-plane response of a geomembrane to a force that is applied perpendicular to the initial plane of the sample.  
1.2 When the geomembrane deforms to a prescribed geometric shape (arc of a sphere or ellipsoid), formulations are provided to convert the test data to biaxial tensile stress-strain values. These formulations cannot be used for other geometric shapes. With other geometric shapes, comparative data on deformation versus pressure is obtained.  
1.3 This test method requires a large-diameter pressure vessel (610 mm). Information obtained from this test method may be more appropriate for design purposes than many small-scale index tests.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7747/D7747M-11(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Integrity of Seams Produced Using Thermo-Fusion Methods for Reinforced Geomembranes by the Strip Tensile Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The use of reinforced geomembranes as barrier materials has created a need for a standard test method to evaluate the quality of seams produced by thermo-fusion methods. This test method is used for quality control purposes and is intended to provide quality control and quality assurance personnel with data to evaluate seam quality.  
4.2 This standard arose from the need for a destructive test method for evaluating seams of reinforced geomembranes. Standards written for destructive testing of nonreinforced geomembranes do not include all break codes (Fig. 1) applicable to reinforced geomembranes.
FIG. 1 Break Codes for Dual Hot Wedge and Hot Air Seams of Reinforced Geomembranes Tested for Seam Strength in Shear and Peel Modes  
4.3 When reinforcement occurs in directions other than machine and cross-machine, scrim are cut at specimen edges, generally lowering results. To partially compensate for this, testing can be performed according to Test Method D7749 or the 2 in. wide strip specimen specified in this method can be utilized. Testing of 1 in. and 2 in. specimens is Method A and Method B, respectively.  
4.4 The shear test outlined in this method correlates to strength of parent material measured according to Test Method D7003/D7003M only if reinforcement is parallel to TD. For other materials, seam strength and parent material strength can be compared through Test Methods D7749 and D7004/D7004M. Values obtained with the strip methods shall not be compared to values obtained with grab methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes destructive quality control tests used to determine the integrity of thermo-fusion seams made with reinforced geomembranes. Test procedures are described for seam tests for peel and shear properties using strip specimens.  
1.2 The types of thermal field and factory seaming techniques used to construct geomembrane seams include the following:  
1.2.1 Hot Air—This technique introduces high-temperature air between two geomembrane surfaces to facilitate melting. Pressure is applied to the top or bottom geomembrane, forcing together the two surfaces to form a continuous bond.  
1.2.2 Hot Wedge—This technique melts the two geomembrane surfaces to be seamed by running a hot metal wedge between them. Pressure is applied to the top and bottom geomembrane to form a continuous bond. Some seams of this kind are made with dual tracks separated by a non-bonded gap. These seams are sometimes referred to as dual hot wedge seams or double-track seams.  
1.2.3 Extrusion—This technique encompasses extruding molten resin between two geomembranes or at the edge of two overlapped geomembranes to effect a continuous bond.  
1.2.4 Radio Frequency (RF) or Dielectric—High-frequency dielectric equipment is used to generate heat and pressure to form an overlap seam in factory fabrication.  
1.2.5 Impulse—Clamping bars heated by wires or a ribbon melt the sheets clamped between them. A cooling period while still clamped allows the polymer to solidify before being released.  
1.3 The types of materials covered by this test method include, but are not limited to, reinforced geomembranes made from the following polymers:  
1.3.1 Very low-density polyethylene (VLDPE).  
1.3.2 Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE).  
1.3.3 Flexible polypropylene (fPP).  
1.3.4 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC).  
1.3.5 Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE).  
1.3.6 Ethylene interpolymer alloy (EIA).  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish ap...

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ASTM
ASTM D5101-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring the Filtration Compatibility of Soil-Geotextile Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is recommended for the evaluation of the performance of water-saturated soil-geotextile systems under unidirectional flow conditions. The results obtained may be used as an indication of the compatibility of the soil-geotextile system with respect to both particle retention and flow capacity.  
5.2 This test method is intended to evaluate the performance of specific on-site soils and geotextiles at the design stage of a project, or to provide qualitative data that may help identify causes of failure (for example, clogging, particle loss). It is not appropriate for acceptance testing of geotextiles. It is also improper to utilize the results from this test for job specifications or manufacturers' certifications.  
5.3 This test method is intended for site-specific investigation therefore is not an index property of the geotextile, and thus is not intended to be requested of the manufacturer or supplier of the geotextile.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers performance tests applicable for determining the compatibility of geotextiles with various types of water-saturated soils under unidirectional flow conditions.  
1.2 Two evaluation methods may be used to investigate soil-geotextile filtration behavior, depending on the soil type:  
1.2.1 For soils with a plasticity index lower than 5, the systems compatibility shall be evaluated per this standard.  
1.2.2 For soils with a plasticity index of 5 or more, it is recommended to use Test Method D5567 (‘HCR,’ Hydraulic Conductivity Ratio) instead of this test method.  
1.2.3 If the plasticity index of the soil is close to 5, the involved parties shall agree on the selection of the appropriate method prior to conducting the test. This task may require comparison of the permeability of the soil-geotextile system to the detection limits of the HCR and Gradient Ratio Test (GRT) test apparatus being used.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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