ASTM E2494-08
(Guide)Standard Guide for Examination of Typewritten Items (Withdrawn 2017)
Standard Guide for Examination of Typewritten Items (Withdrawn 2017)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The procedures outlined here are grounded in the generally accepted body of knowledge and experience in the field of forensic document examination. By following these procedures, a forensic document examiner can reliably reach an opinion concerning the source of the item(s) examined.
The examinations described in this guide pertain to those documents prepared on typewriters and can consist of a wide range of forensic examinations. Some or all of these procedures can also be applicable to examinations of documents prepared on other impact and nonimpact printing devices.
Examinations can be conducted to classify a typestyle and to determine the possible make and model of typewriter(s) by comparison with a typestyle library.
Examinations and comparisons of typewritten documents can be conducted for the purpose of determining whether or not they are from a common source.
Examinations and comparisons of typewritten documents can be conducted for the purpose of determining whether or not they were produced using a particular typewriter or type element.
Examinations and comparisons of a typewritten document(s) with a typewriter (or particular part(s) of a typewriter) or type element can be conducted for the purpose of determining whether or not a document was prepared with that equipment.
Examinations and comparisons of a typewritten document(s) with typewritten documents of known date can be conducted for the purpose of determining whether or not a document was prepared on or about the date indicated.
Examinations of typewritten documents can be conducted for the purpose of determining whether or not a document was typed in a single, continuous operation.
Examinations of typewriter ribbons or correction media (see lift-off and cover-up), or both, can be conducted to determine the content or source of the material typed on them or corrected with them, respectively.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures that should be used by forensic document examiners (Guide E 444) for examinations and comparisons involving typewritten items and related procedures.
1.2 These procedures are applicable whether the examination and comparison is of questioned and known items or of exclusively questioned items.
1.3 These procedures include evaluation of the sufficiency of the material (questioned, or known, or both) available for examination.
1.4 Procedures are also given for taking exemplars from typewriters and the proper handling of typewriters or parts of typewriters that might be relevant.
1.5 These methods can also be applicable (in whole or in part) to examinations of documents prepared on other impact and nonimpact printing devices.
1.6 The particular methods employed in a given case will depend upon the nature of the material available for examination.
1.7 This guide might not cover all aspects of unusual or uncommon examinations of typewritten items.
1.8 This guide cannot replace training (Guide E 2388) or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment.
1.9 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This guide covers procedures that should be used by forensic document examiners (Guide E4441) for examinations and comparisons involving typewritten items and related procedures.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee E30 on Forensic Sciences, this guide was withdrawn in January 2017 in accordance with section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees,...
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: E2494 − 08
Standard Guide for
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Examination of Typewritten Items
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2494; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
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1.1 This guide covers procedures that should be used by 2.1 ASTM Standards:
forensic document examiners (Guide E444) for examinations E444 Guide for Scope of Work of Forensic Document
Examiners
and comparisons involving typewritten items and related
procedures. E1658 Terminology for Expressing Conclusions of Forensic
Document Examiners
1.2 These procedures are applicable whether the examina-
E1732 Terminology Relating to Forensic Science
tion and comparison is of questioned and known items or of
E2195 Terminology Relating to the Examination of Ques-
exclusively questioned items.
tioned Documents
1.3 These procedures include evaluation of the sufficiency
E2287 GuideforExaminationofFracturePatternsandPaper
of the material (questioned, or known, or both) available for
Fiber Impressions on Single-Strike Film Ribbons and
examination.
Typed Text
E2331 Guide for Examination of Altered Documents
1.4 Procedures are also given for taking exemplars from
E2388 Guide for Minimum Training Requirements for Fo-
typewriters and the proper handling of typewriters or parts of
rensic Document Examiners
typewriters that might be relevant.
F221 Terminology Relating to Carbon Paper and Inked
1.5 These methods can also be applicable (in whole or in
Ribbon Products and Images Made Therefrom
part) to examinations of documents prepared on other impact
F909 Terminology Relating to Printers
and nonimpact printing devices.
F1457 Terminology Relating to Laser Printers
1.6 The particular methods employed in a given case will
depend upon the nature of the material available for examina-
3. Terminology
tion.
3.1 For definitions of terms in this Guide, refer to Termi-
1.7 This guide might not cover all aspects of unusual or nology E1732 and Terminology E2195. Some useful defini-
uncommon examinations of typewritten items. tions of terms can also be found in the other Terminology
standards in 2.1.
1.8 This guide cannot replace training (Guide E2388)or
3.2 Definitions:
experienceandshouldbeusedinconjunctionwithprofessional
judgment. 3.2.1 ball element, n—an element used in a single element
typewriter in which the fully formed characters are located on
1.9 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
the outer surface of a sphere-like device. Frequently called
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
golf-ball element.
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
3.2.2 baseline, n—the ruled or imaginary line upon which
and are not considered standard.
typewriting appears to rest.
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.3 carbon paper, n—a sheet composed of a supporting
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
substrate on one or both sides of which is a coating containing
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
atransferable(usuallycolored)material.Thecoatingisofsuch
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
nature that it will transfer in part or entirely to a copy sheet at
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
the point of pressure contact. F221
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This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on Forensic
2
Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.90 on Executive. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published August 2008. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as E2494 – 07. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E2494-08. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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E2494 − 08
3.2.4 character, n—any language symbol (for example, 3.2.19 lift-off, n—the removal of one or more images of
letter, numeral, punctuation mark, or other sign), other symbol, copy from the substrate by transferring to an intermediate
or ornament. E2195 member. F221
3.2.5 character pitch, n—the number of characters that can 3.2.20 line spacing, n—the distance between successive
be printed in a horizontal 1 in. (25.4 mm). F1457 lines of text, usually measured from baseline to baseline, and
usually expr
...
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