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ASTM D4171-98

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Fuel System Icing Inhibitors

Standard Specification for Fuel System Icing Inhibitors

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers additives for aviation fuels (see Specifications D 910 and D 1655) used to inhibit ice formation in aircraft fuel systems.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jun-1998
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.J0.04 - Additives and Electrical Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D4171-03 - Standard Specification for Fuel System Icing Inhibitors
Effective Date
01-Dec-2003
Referred By
ASTM D910-21 - Standard Specification for Leaded Aviation Gasolines
Effective Date
10-Jun-1998
Referred By
ASTM D5006-11(2021) - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System Icing Inhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation Fuels
Effective Date
10-Jun-1998
Referred By
ASTM D7566-22a - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons
Effective Date
10-Jun-1998
Referred By
ASTM D7547-23 - Standard Specification for Hydrocarbon Unleaded Aviation Gasoline
Effective Date
10-Jun-1998
Referred By
ASTM D6615-22 - Standard Specification for Jet B Wide-Cut Aviation Turbine Fuel
Effective Date
10-Jun-1998
Referred By
ASTM D8434-21 - Standard Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Test Fuel Containing Organo-metallic Additive
Effective Date
10-Jun-1998
Referred By
ASTM D1655-23 - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
Effective Date
10-Jun-1998
Referred By
ASTM D8194-18e1 - Standard Practice for Evaluation of Suitability of 37 mm Filter Monitors and 47 mm Filters Used to Determine Particulate Contaminant in Aviation Turbine Fuels
Effective Date
10-Jun-1998
Referred By
ASTM D4485-22e1 - Standard Specification for Performance of Active API Service Category Engine Oils
Effective Date
10-Jun-1998
Referred By
ASTM D8147-17(2023) - Standard Specification for Special-Purpose Test Fuels for Aviation Compression-Ignition Engines
Effective Date
10-Jun-1998
Referred By
ASTM D6227-18(2023) - Standard Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Containing a Non-hydrocarbon Component
Effective Date
10-Jun-1998
Referred By
ASTM D7223-21 - Standard Specification for Aviation Certification Turbine Fuel
Effective Date
10-Jun-1998
Referred By
ASTM D7719-21a - Standard Specification for High Aromatic Content Unleaded Hydrocarbon Aviation Gasoline Test Fuel
Effective Date
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Referred By
ASTM D7960-21 - Standard Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Test Fuel Containing Non-hydrocarbon Components
Effective Date
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ASTM D4171-98 - Standard Specification for Fuel System Icing InhibitorsASTM D4171-98 - Standard Specification for Fuel System Icing Inhibitors
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ASTM D4171-98 - Standard Specification for Fuel System Icing Inhibitors
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Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation: D 4171 – 98
Standard Specification for
Fuel System Icing Inhibitors
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4171; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 1613 Test Method for Acidity in Volatile Solvents and
Chemical Intermediates Used in Paint, Varnish, Lacquer,
1.1 This specification covers additives for aviation fuels
and Related Products
(see Specifications D 910 and D 1655) used to inhibit ice
D 1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
formation in aircraft fuel systems.
D 1722 Test Method for Water Miscibility of Water-Soluble
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Solvents
standard.
D 3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Tester
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Liquids by Digital Density Meter
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
E 1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
E 70 Test Method for PH of Aqueous Solutions with the
2. Referenced Documents
Glass Electrode
E 203 Test Method for Water Using Karl Fischer Reagent
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E 300 Practice for Sampling Industrial Chemicals
D 56 Test Method for Flash Point by the Tag Closed Tester
E 450 Method for Measurement of Color of Low-Colored
D 93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
Clear Liquids Using the Hunterlab Color Difference
Closed Tester
Meter
D 268 Test Methods of Sampling and Testing Volatile
E 1064 Test Method for Water in Organic Liquids by
Solvents and Chemical Intermediates for Use in Paint and
Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration
Related Coatings and Materials
D 891 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Liquid Indus-
3. Classification
trial Chemicals
3.1 Two types of fuel system icing inhibitor are provided as
D 910 Specification for Aviation Gasolines
follows:
D 1078 Test Method for Distillation Range of Volatile
3.1.1 Type I—Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether is used as
Organic Liquids
an anti-icing additive in both aviation gasoline and aviation
D 1209 Test Method for Color of Clear Liquids (Platinum-
turbine fuels.
Cobalt Scale)
D 1296 Test Method for Odor of Volatile Solvents and
NOTE 1—Ethylene glycol monomethy ether (EGME) was previously
Diluents included in this specification, last appearing in D 4171–94. EGME is
considered technically satisfactory for this application, but has been
D 1353 Test Method for Nonvolatile Matter in Volatile
generally replaced by DiEGME due to availability, reduced toxicological
Solvents for Use in Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related
concerns, and lack of widely available methodology to determine FSII
Products
concentration in aviation fuels when a mixture is known to be present, or
D 1364 Test Method for Water in Volatile Solvents (Fischer
when the identity of the FSII present in the fuel is not clearly known.
Reagent Titration Method)
3.2 Type II—Anhydrous isopropanol, also described as
D 1476 Test Method for Heptane Miscibility of Lacquer
99 % grade 2-Propanol or isopropyl alcohol, is used as an
Solvents
anti-icing additive in aviation gasoline.
NOTE 2—Isopropanol, (2-Propanol). Flammable material. Irritant.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
3.3 Type III—Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether is used
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
as an anti-icing additive in both aviation gasoline and aviation
D02.J0 on Aviation Fuels.
turbine fuel.
Current edition approved June 10, 1998. Published September 1998. Originally
published as D 4171 – 82. Last previous edition D 4171 – 97a.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
3 5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.04. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
4 6
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.05. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D4171–98
NOTE 3—Warning: Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, (DiEGME). TABLE 2 Detailed Requirements for Fuel System Icing Inhibitors
(Type III)
Combustible, toxic material.
Requirement
4. Properties
Property ASTM Test
DiEGME
Method
4.1 Type II—Isopropanol anti-icing additive shall conform (Type III)
to the requirements of Table 1, as manufactured.
Acid number, max, mg 0.09 D 1613
KOH/g
4.2 Type III—Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether shall
Color, platinum-cobalt, 10 D 1209 or E450
conform to the requirements of Table 2, as manufactured.
max
Purity, min, mass % 99.0 Annex A1
A
5. Sampling
pH of 25 % solution in 5.5–7.5 E 70
water (25 6 2°C)
5.1 The material shall be sampled in accordance with
Relative density, 1.020– D 891 (Method A or
Practice E 300.
20°/20°C 1.025 B) or D4052
Water, max, mass % D 1364, E1064, or
E 203
6. Test Methods
Point of manufacture 0.10
6.1 The properties enumerated in this specification shall be
Point of use 0.8
Flash point, min, °C 85°C D 93, D56, or
determined in accordance with the following ASTM methods:
D 3828
6.1.1 Relative Density—Determine the relative density (that
B
Antioxidant, mg/kg 50–150
is, specific gravity) at 20 or 25°C with respect to water by a
A
Twenty-five milliliters of the inhibitor shall be pipetted into a 100-ml volumetric
method accurate to the third decimal place. See Section 5 of
flask and filled with freshly boiled and cooled distilled water having a pH of 6.5 to
7.5. The pH value shall be measured with a pH meter calibrated in accordance with
Test Method D 268, Test Method D 4052, or Method A or B of
Test Method E 70.
D891.
B
Acceptable antioxidants are: 2,6-ditertiary-butyl-4-methylphenol, 2,4-dimethyl-
6.1.2 Color—Test Method D 1209 or E 450.
6-tertiary-butyl phenol, 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol, and 75 % min 2,6-ditertiary-
butyl phenol plus 25 % max tertiary and tritertiary butyl phenols.
TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Isopropanol (99 % Grade)
(Type II) FSII
6.1.3 Distillation Range—Test Method D 1078 using
ASTM Test
ASTM Solvents Distillation Thermometers (40C with a range
Property Requirement
Method
from 72 to 126°C for isopropanol) conforming to the require-
Acidity, max, mg KOH/g 0.019 D 1613
ments of Specification E 1.
Relative density:
6.1.4 Nonvolatile Matter—Test Method D 1353.
20/20°C 0.785 to 0.787 D 268
6.1.5 Odor—Test Method 1296.
25/25°C 0.782 to 0.784 D 268
Color, platinum-cobalt, max 10 D 1209 or E450
6.1.6 Water—Test Method D 1364, E 1064, or E 203.
Distillation range, max, °C 1.5 (including 82.3°C) D 1078
6.1.7 Heptane Miscibility—Test Method D 1476.
Nonvolatile matter, max, 5 D 1353
mg/100 mL 6.1.8 Acidity—Test Method D 1613.
Odor characteristic, nonresidual D 1296
6.1.9 Water Miscibility—Test Method D 1722.
Water, max, mass % 0.2 D 1364
6.1.10 Flash Point—Test Methods 56, D 93, or D 3828.
Heptane miscibility at 20°C miscible without turbidity with D 1476
19 vol 99 % heptane
7. Keywords
Water miscibility at 25°C miscible without turbidity when D 1722
diluted with 10 vol distilled
7.1 additives; aircraft fuel systems; aviation fuels; fuel
water
system icing inhibitors; ice formation
ANNEX
(Mandatory Information)
A1. TEST METHOD FOR DETERMINING PURITY OF FUEL SYSTEM ICING INHIBITORS (TYPES I AND III)
A1.1 Scope area measurement using external standardization and a com-
puting integrator. As the linear dynamic range of many gas
A1.1.1 This test method measures the purity of fuel system
chromatographic detectors is often exceeded for the major
icing inhibitors (Type III). The test results are used to deter-
component, the sum of all impurities (all components other
mine if the inhibitor meets the purity requirements listed in
than the inhibitor) are subtracted from 100 to calculate the
Table 2.
purity of the icing inhibitor.
A1.2 Summary of Test Method
A1.3 Significance and Use
A1.2.1 A representative sample of fuel system icing inhibi- A1.3.1 Fuel system icing inhibitor performance (Type III) is
tor (Type III) is injected into a capillary gas chromatograph and based upon test results using the pure inhibitor in a specific
the components of the inhibitor are separated and measured concentration range. Impurities affect inhibitor solubility in the
with a flame ionization detector. Quantitation is made by peak fuel and reduce the effective concentration. Methods are
D4171–98
therefore needed to check additive purity to ensure adequate used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of
performance in the aircraft. sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening the
accuracy of the determination.
A1.4 Apparatus
A1.5.2 Air—Air (hydrocarbon free) is used as the HFID
oxidant.
A1.4.1 Gas Chromatograph—Any gas chromatographic in-
strumentation can be used that meets the requirements de-
NOTE A1.1—Air: Warning: Air is usually supplied as a compressed
scribed below.
gas under high pressure and supports combustion.
A1.4.2 Temperature Control—The chromatograph must be
A1.5.3 Hydrogen—Hydrogen (hydrocarbon free) is used as
capable of programmed temperature operation.
the fuel for the flame ionization detector.
A1.4.3 Sample Inlet System—An automatic sampler with
split injection is recommended, however, manual split injection NOTE A1.2—Hydrogen: Warning: Extremely flammable. Hydrogen is
usually supplied as a compressed gas under high pressure.
is acceptable if care is taken to assure injected sample volume
and rate of injection is constant. On-column injection is
A1.5.4 Helium—Helium (hydrocarbon free) is us
...

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This specification covers grades of fuel oil intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades include the following: Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 2 S5000, and No. 2 S500 for use in domestic and small industrial burners; Grades No. 1 S5000 and No. 1 S500 adapted to vaporizing type burners or where storage conditions require low pour point fuel; Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 (Heavy) for use in commercial/industrial burners; and Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 for use in industrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization. The grades of fuel oil shall be homogeneous hydrocarbon oils, free from inorganic acid, and free from excessive amounts of solid or fibrous foreign matter. Grades containing residual components shall remain uniform in normal storage and not separate by gravity into light and heavy oil components outside the viscosity limits for the grade. The grades of fuel oil shall conform to the limiting requirements prescribed for: (1) flash point, (2) water and sediment, (3) physical distillation or simulated distillation, (4) kinematic viscosity, (5) Ramsbottom carbon residue, (6) ash, (7) sulfur, (8) copper strip corrosion, (9) density, and (10) pour point. The test methods for determining conformance to the specified properties are given.
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1.3.3 Once a fuel is redesignated as D1655 aviation turbine fuel, it can be handled in the same fashion as the equivalent refined D1655 aviation turbine fuel.  
1.4 This specification defines the minimum property requirements for aviation turbine fuel that contain synthesized hydrocarbons and lists acceptable additives for use in civil operated engines and aircrafts. Specification D7566 is directed at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.  
1.5 This specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation turbine fuel from production to the aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel in the distribution system continues to comply with this specification after batch certification. Such procedures are defined elsewhere, for example in ICAO 9977, EI/JIG Standard 1530, JIG 1, JIG 2, API 1543, API 1595, and ATA-103, and IATA Guidance Material for Sustainable Aviation Fuel Management.  
1.6 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.  
1.7 While aviation turbine fuels defined by Table 1 of this specification can be used in applications other than aviation turbine engines, requirements for such other applications have not been considered in the development of this specification.  
1.8 Synthetic blending components and blends of synthetic blending components with conventional petroleum-derived fuels in this specification have been evaluated and approved in accordance with the principles established in Practice D4054.  
1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This internati...

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ASTM
ASTM D1655-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels

ABSTRACT
This specification covers purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies. This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for reciprocating aviation turbine engines, but rather, defines the following specific types of aviation fuel for civil use: Jet A; and Jet A-1. The fuels shall be sampled and tested appropriately to examine their conformance to detailed requirements as to composition, volatility, fluidity, combustion, corrosion, thermal stability, contaminants, and additives.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract.  
1.2 This specification defines the minimum property requirements for Jet A and Jet A-1 aviation turbine fuel and lists acceptable additives for use in civil and military operated engines and aircraft. Specification D1655 was developed initially for civil applications, but has also been adopted for military aircraft. Guidance information regarding the use of Jet A and Jet A-1 in specialized applications is available in the appendix.  
1.3 This specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation turbine fuel from production to the aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel in the distribution system continues to comply with this specification after batch certification. Such procedures are defined elsewhere, for example in ICAO 9977, EI/JIG Standard 1530, JIG 1, JIG 2, API 1543, API 1595, and ATA-103.  
1.4 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.  
1.5 Aviation turbine fuels defined by this specification may be used in other than turbine engines that are specifically designed and certified for this fuel.  
1.6 This specification no longer includes wide-cut aviation turbine fuel (Jet B). FAA has issued a Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin which now approves the use of Specification D6615 to replace Specification D1655 as the specification for Jet B and refers users to this standard for reference.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. However, other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8267-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Aromatic, Monoaromatic and Diaromatic Content of Aviation Turbine Fuels Using Gas Chromatography with Vacuum Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy Detection (GC-VUV)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The determination of class group composition of aviation turbine fuels is useful for evaluating quality and expected performance, as well as compliance with various industry specifications and governmental regulations.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is a standard procedure for the determination of total aromatic, monoaromatic and diaromatic content in aviation turbine fuels using gas chromatography and vacuum ultraviolet detection (GC-VUV).  
1.2 Concentrations of compound classes and certain individual compounds are determined by percent mass or percent volume.  
1.2.1 This test method is developed for testing aviation turbine engine fuels having concentration test results ranging from 0.487 % to 27.876 % by volume total aromatic compounds, 0.49 % to 27.537 % by volume monoaromatics and 0.027 % to 2.523 % by volume diaromatics.
Note 1: Samples with a final boiling point greater than 300 °C that contain triaromatics and higher polyaromatic compounds are not determined by this test method.  
1.3 Individual hydrocarbon components are not reported by this test method, however, any individual component determinations are included in the appropriate summation of the total aromatic, monoaromatic or diaromatic groups.  
1.3.1 Individual compound peaks are typically not baseline-separated by the procedure described in this test method, that is, some components will coelute. The coelutions are resolved at the detector using VUV absorbance spectra and deconvolution algorithms.  
1.4 This test method has been tested for aviation turbine engine fuels including synthetic alternative jet fuels. This test method may apply to other hydrocarbon streams boiling between hexane (68 °C) and heneicosane (356 °C), but has not been extensively tested for such applications.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8276-19(2024)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Middle Distillates, including Biodiesel Blends by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A knowledge of the hydrocarbon composition of the middle distillates, including the biodiesel blends is useful in following the effect of changes in process variables, diagnosing the source of plant upsets, and in evaluating the effect of changes in composition on product performance properties. The total aromatics content and polycyclic aromatics content are also important to evaluate the quality of diesel fuels/biodiesel blends. It requires an appropriate analytical method to make such determinations for diesel fuel/biodiesel blends production process and quality control.  
5.2 This test method provides a comprehensive analytical strategy for the determination of the total aromatics contents, polycyclic aromatics contents and the detail hydrocarbon composition of diesel fuel/biodiesel blends to ensure compliance with certain specifications or regulations.  
5.3 Test Method D2425 is applicable to the determination of the detailed hydrocarbon composition in middle distillates, however, the pre-separation procedure of elution chromatography is time-consuming and not eco-friendly. By combining with the separation procedures described in Test Method D8144, the dual column GC-MS system proposed in this method can determine the total aromatic hydrocarbon contents, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contents and detailed hydrocarbon composition of diesel fuel/biodiesel blends simultaneously. The content of FAME in biodiesel blends can also be determined by GC. It is demonstrated to be time-saving and eco-friendly for the quality control of diesel fuel and biodiesel blends.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an analytical scheme using the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine the hydrocarbon types present in middle distillates 170 °C to 365 °C boiling range, 5 % to 95 % by volume as determined by Test Method D86, including biodiesel blends with up to 20 % by volume of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The detailed hydrocarbon composition, total aromatic hydrocarbon and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contents can be determined. The hydrocarbon types include: paraffins, noncondensed cycloparaffins, condensed dicycloparaffins, condensed tricycloparaffins, alkylbenzenes, indans or tetralins, or both, CnH2n-10 (indenes, etc.), naphthalenes, CnH2n-14 (acenaphthenes, etc.), CnH2n-16 (acenaphthylenes, etc.), and tricyclic aromatics. The content of FAME in biodiesel blends can also be determined by GC.  
1.2 The values stated in acceptable SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1322-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Smoke Point of Kerosene and Aviation Turbine Fuel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides an indication of the relative smoke producing properties of kerosenes and aviation turbine fuels in a diffusion flame. The smoke point is related to the hydrocarbon type composition of such fuels. Generally the more aromatic the fuel the smokier the flame. A high smoke point indicates a fuel of low smoke producing tendency.  
5.2 The smoke point is quantitatively related to the potential radiant heat transfer from the combustion products of the fuel. Because radiant heat transfer exerts a strong influence on the metal temperature of combustor liners and other hot section parts of gas turbines, the smoke point provides a basis for correlation of fuel characteristics with the life of these components.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers two procedures for determination of the smoke point of kerosene and aviation turbine fuel, a manual procedure and an automated procedure, which give results with different precision.  
1.2 The automated procedure is the referee procedure.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8147-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Special-Purpose Test Fuels for Aviation Compression-Ignition Engines

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the material, manufacturing, and specialized property requirements for producing special-purpose aviation distillate test fuels that are intended only for engineering and certification testing of aircraft, engines, and aircraft equipment. It deals with special-purpose test fuels that may be used to evaluate the operability, performance and durability of aviation compression-ignition engines when operating with fuels of marginal performance. Aviation distillate fuel, except as otherwise specified in this specification, shall consist predominantly of refined hydrocarbons derived from conventional sources such as crude oil, natural gas liquid condensates, heavy oil, shale oil, and oil sands. The use of middle distillate fuel blends containing components from other sources is permitted. This specification also lists acceptable additives for aviation distillate special-purpose test fuels. Use of this specification for engineering and certification testing of aircraft is not mandatory. It is directed at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification is intended to support purchasing agencies when formulating specifications for purchases of aviation distillate fuel under contract.  
1.2 This specification defines specialized property requirements to produce special-purpose aviation distillate test fuels that are intended only for engineering and certification testing of aircraft, engines, and aircraft equipment. Use of this specification for engineering and certification testing of aircraft is not mandatory. Its use is at the discretion of the aircraft manufacturer, engine manufacturer, or certification authorities when determining criteria for validation of aircraft equipment design.  
1.3 This specification defines special-purpose test fuels that may be used to evaluate the operability, performance and durability of aviation compression-ignition engines when operating with fuels of marginal performance. The aviation distillate test fuels defined in this specification are not intended for general purpose use in aircraft. This specification also lists acceptable additives for aviation distillate special-purpose test fuels.  
1.4 Specification D8147 is directed at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.  
1.5 This specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation distillate fuel from production to the aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel continues to comply with this specification after batch certification.  
1.6 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation compression-ignition (CI) engines.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.7.1 Exception—Other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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