ASTM E1824-02

Standard Test Method for Assignment of a Glass Transition Temperature Using Thermomechanical Analysis Under Tension

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The glass transition is dependent on the thermal history, softening agents or additives of the material to be tested. For amorphous and semicrystalline materials the assignment of a glass transition temperature may lead to important information about thermal history, processing conditions, stability, progress of chemical reactions, and mechanical and electrical behavior.
Thermomechanical analysis provides a rapid means of detecting changes in hardness or linear dimensional change associated with the glass transition. Dimensional changes measured as a specimen is heated over the Tg region may include the interaction of several effects: an increase in the coefficient of expansion, a decrease in the modulus, which under a constant stress leads to increased extension, stress relief leading to irreversible dimensional change (shrinkage in one dimension, expansion in another dimension), and physical aging effects which change the kinetics of the dimensional change.
This test method is useful for research and development, quality control, and specification acceptance testing; particularly of films and fibers.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the assignment of a glass transition temperature of materials on heating using thermomechanical measurements under tension under prescribed experimental conditions.
1.2 This test method may be used as a complement to Test Method E 1545 and is applicable to amorphous or to partially crystalline materials in the form of films, fibers, wires, etc. that are sufficiently rigid to inhibit extension during loading at ambient temperature.
1.3 The generally applicable temperature range for this test method is - 100 to 600°C. This temperature range may be altered depending upon the instrumentation used.
1.4 Computer or electronic-based instruments, techniques, or data treatment equivalent to this test method may also be used.
Note 1—Users of this test method are expressly advised that all such instruments or techniques may not be equivalent. It is the responsibility of the user of this test method to determine the necessary equivalency prior to use.
1.5 There is no ISO method equivalent to this method.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-May-2002
• ICS: 81.040.01 - Glass in general
• Technical Committee: E37 - Thermal Measurements
• Drafting Committee: E37.10 - Fundamental, Statistical and Mechanical Properties

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E1824-96 - Standard Test Method for Assignment of a Glass Transition Temperature Using Thermomechanical Analysis Under Tension
• Effective Date: 10-May-2002
• Replaced By: ASTM E1824-09 - Standard Test Method for Assignment of a Glass Transition Temperature Using Thermomechanical Analysis: Tension Method
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2009

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E1824–02
Standard Test Method for
Assignment of a Glass Transition Temperature Using
1
Thermomechanical Analysis Under Tension
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1824; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the assignment 3.1 Definitions:
of a glass transition temperature of materials on heating using 3.1.1 The following terms are applicable to this test method
thermomechanical measurements under tension under pre- and can be found in Terminology E473 and Terminology
scribed experimental conditions. E1142: thermomechanical analysis (TMA), thermodilatom-
1.2 This test method may be used as a complement to Test etry, glass transition, glass transition temperature.
Method E1545 and is applicable to amorphous or to partially
4. Summary of Test Method
crystallinematerialsintheformoffilms,fibers,wires,etc.that
4.1 Thistestmethodusesthermomechanicalanalysisequip-
are sufficiently rigid to inhibit extension during loading at
ambient temperature. ment (thermomechanical analyzer, dilatometer, or similar de-
vice) in the tensile mode to determine the change in dimension
1.3 The generally applicable temperature range for this test
method is−100 to 600°C. This temperature range may be of a thin specimen observed when the material is subjected to
aconstantheatingratethroughtheglasstransitionregime.This
altered depending upon the instrumentation used.
1.4 Computer or electronic-based instruments, techniques, change in dimension associated with the change from vitreous
solid to amorphous liquid is observed as movement of a
or data treatment equivalent to this test method may also be
used. sensing probe in direct contact with the specimen and is
recorded as a function of temperature. The intersection of the
NOTE 1—Users of this test method are expressly advised that all such
extrapolation of the slope of the probe displacement curve
instrumentsortechniquesmaynotbeequivalent.Itistheresponsibilityof
before and after the transition is used to determine a tempera-
the user of this test method to determine the necessary equivalency prior
ture that is assigned as the glass transition temperature.
to use.
1.5 There is no ISO method equivalent to this method.
5. Significance and Use
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
5.1 The glass transition is dependent on the thermal history,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
softening agents or additives of the material to be tested. For
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
amorphous and semicrystalline materials the assignment of a
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
glass transition temperature may lead to important information
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
aboutthermalhistory,processingconditions,stability,progress
of chemical reactions, and mechanical and electrical behavior.
2. Referenced Documents
5.2 Thermomechanical analysis provides a rapid means of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
detecting changes in hardness or linear dimensional change
2
E473 Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis
associated with the glass transition. Dimensional changes
E1142 Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Proper-
2 measured as a specimen is heated over the T region may
g
ties
include the interaction of several effects: an increase in the
E1545 Test Method for Glass Transition Temperatures by
2 coefficient of expansion, a decrease in the modulus, which
Thermomechanical Analysis
under a constant stress leads to increased extension, stress
relief leading to irreversible dimensional change (shrinkage in
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE37onThermal
one dimension, expansion in another dimension), and physical
Measurements and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E37.01 on Test
aging effects which change the kinetics of the dimensional
Methods and Recommended Practices.
change.
Current edition approved May 10, 2002. Published July 2002. Originally
published as E1824–96. Last previous edition E1824–96.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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E1824
operation at subambient temperatures.
5.3 Thistestmethodisusefulforresearchanddevelopment,
quality control, and specification acceptance testing; particu-
7.1.1.8 Recording Device, either digital or analog, to record
larly of films and fibers.
anddisplayth
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E 1824–96 Designation:E1824–02
Standard Test Method for
Assignment of a Glass Transition Temperature Using
1
Thermomechanical Analysis Under Tension
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1824; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the assignment of a glass transition temperature of materials on heating using
thermomechanical measurements under tension under prescribed experimental conditions.
1.2 ThistestmethodmaybeusedasacomplementtoTestMethodE1545E1545andisapplicabletoamorphousortopartially
crystalline materials in the form of films, fibers, wires, etc. that are sufficiently rigid to inhibit extension during loading at ambient
temperature.
1.3 The generally applicable temperature range for this test method is−100 to 600°C. This temperature range may be altered
depending upon the instrumentation used.
1.4 Computer or electronic-based instruments, techniques, or data treatment equivalent to this test method may also be used.
NOTE 1—Users of this test method are expressly advised that all such instruments or techniques may not be equivalent. It is the responsibility of the
user of this test method to determine the necessary equivalency prior to use.
1.5The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.5 There is no ISO method equivalent to this method.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
E473 Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis
2
E1142 Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
2
E1545 Test Method for Glass Transition Temperatures by Thermomechanical Analysis
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 The following terms are applicable to this test method and can be found in Terminology E473E473 and Terminology
E1142E1142: thermomechanical analysis (TMA), thermodilatometry, glass transition, glass transition temperature.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 This test method uses thermomechanical analysis equipment (thermomechanical analyzer, dilatometer, or similar device) in
the tensile mode to determine the change in dimension of a thin specimen observed when the material is subjected to a constant
heating rate through the glass transition regime. This change in dimension associated with the change from vitreous solid to
amorphous liquid is observed as movement of a sensing probe in direct contact with the specimen and is recorded as a function
of temperature. The intersection of the extrapolation of the slope of the probe displacement curve before and after the transition
is used to determine a temperature that is assigned as the glass transition temperature.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The glass transition is dependent on the thermal history, softening agents or additives of the material to be tested. For
amorphousandsemicrystallinematerialstheassignmentofaglasstransitiontemperaturemayleadtoimportantinformationabout
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-37E37 on Thermal Measurements and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E37.01 on Test
Methods and Recommended Practices.
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 1996. Published December 1996.
Current edition approved May 10, 2002. Published July 2002. Originally published as E1824–96. Last previous edition E1824–96.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1824–02
thermal history, processing conditions, stability, progress of chemical reactions, and mechanical and electrical behavior.
5.2Thermomechanicalanalysisprovidesarapidmeansofdetectingchangesinhardnessorlineardimensionalchangeassociated
with the glass transition.
5.2 Thermomechanical analysis provides a rapid means of detecting changes in hardness or linear dimensional change
associated with the glass transition. Dimensional changes measured as a specimen is heated over the T region may include the
g
interaction of several
...