ASTM E1824-09

Standard Test Method for Assignment of a Glass Transition Temperature Using Thermomechanical Analysis: Tension Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The glass transition is dependent on the thermal history, softening agents or additives of the material to be tested. For amorphous and semicrystalline materials the assignment of a glass transition temperature may lead to important information about thermal history, processing conditions, stability, progress of chemical reactions, and mechanical and electrical behavior.
Thermomechanical analysis provides a rapid means of detecting changes in hardness or linear dimensional change associated with the glass transition. Dimensional changes measured as a specimen is heated over the Tg region may include the interaction of several effects: an increase in the coefficient of expansion, a decrease in the modulus, which under a constant stress leads to increased extension, stress relief leading to irreversible dimensional change (shrinkage in one dimension, expansion in another dimension), and physical aging effects which change the kinetics of the dimensional change.
This test method is useful for research and development, quality control, and specification acceptance testing; particularly of films and fibers.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the assignment of a glass transition temperature of materials on heating using thermomechanical measurements.
1.2 This test method may be used as a complement to Test Method E2602 and is applicable to amorphous or to partially crystalline materials in the form of films, fibers, wires, etc. that are sufficiently rigid to inhibit extension during loading at ambient temperature.
1.3 The generally applicable temperature range for this test method is − 100 to 600°C. This temperature range may be altered depending upon the instrumentation used.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 There is no ISO method equivalent to this method.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Aug-2009
• ICS: 81.040.01 - Glass in general
• Technical Committee: E37 - Thermal Measurements
• Drafting Committee: E37.10 - Fundamental, Statistical and Mechanical Properties

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E1824-02 - Standard Test Method for Assignment of a Glass Transition Temperature Using Thermomechanical Analysis Under Tension
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2009
• Replaced By: ASTM E1824-09e1 - Standard Test Method for Assignment of a Glass Transition Temperature Using Thermomechanical Analysis: Tension Method
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2009

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E1824–09
Standard Test Method for
Assignment of a Glass Transition Temperature Using
1
Thermomechanical Analysis: Tension Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1824; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E1970 Practice for Statistical Treatment of Thermoanalyti-
cal Data
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the assignment
E2602 Test Method for the Assignment of the Glass Tran-
of a glass transition temperature of materials on heating using
sition Temperature by Modulated Temperature Differential
thermomechanical measurements.
Scanning Calorimetry
1.2 This test method may be used as a complement to Test
Method E1545 and is applicable to amorphous or to partially
3. Terminology
crystallinematerialsintheformoffilms,fibers,wires,etc.that
3.1 Definitions:
are sufficiently rigid to inhibit extension during loading at
3.1.1 The following terms are applicable to this test method
ambient temperature.
and can be found in Terminology E473 and Terminology
1.3 The generally applicable temperature range for this test
E1142: thermomechanical analysis (TMA), thermodilatometry,
method is−100 to 600°C. This temperature range may be
glass transition, glass transition temperature.
altered depending upon the instrumentation used.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
4. Summary of Test Method
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
4.1 Thistestmethodusesthermomechanicalanalysisequip-
standard.
ment (thermomechanical analyzer, dilatometer, or similar de-
1.5 There is no ISO method equivalent to this method.
vice)withthetestspecimenintensiontodeterminethechange
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
in dimension of a thin specimen observed when the material is
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
subjectedtoaconstantheatingratethroughtheglasstransition
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
region. This change in dimension associated with the change
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
from vitreous solid to amorphous liquid is observed as move-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
mentofasensingprobeindirectcontactwiththespecimenand
isrecordedasafunctionoftemperature.Theintersectionofthe
2. Referenced Documents
2 extrapolation of the slope of the probe displacement curve
2.1 ASTM Standards:
before and after the transition is used to determine a tempera-
E473 Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rhe-
ture that is assigned as the glass transition temperature.
ology
E1142 Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
5. Significance and Use
E1545 Test Method forAssignment of the Glass Transition
5.1 The glass transition is dependent on the thermal history,
Temperature by Thermomechanical Analysis
softening agents or additives of the material to be tested. For
amorphous and semicrystalline materials the assignment of a
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE37onThermal glass transition temperature may lead to important information
Measurements and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E37.10 on Funda-
aboutthermalhistory,processingconditions,stability,progress
mental, Statistical and Mechanical Properties.
of chemical reactions, and mechanical and electrical behavior.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009. Published February 2010. Originally
5.2 Thermomechanical analysis provides a rapid means of
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E1824–08. DOI:
10.1520/E1824-09.
detecting changes in hardness or linear dimensional change
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
associated with the glass transition. Dimensional changes
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
measured as a specimen is heated over the T region may
g
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. include the interaction of several effects: an increase in the
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

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E1824–09
coefficient of expansion, a decrease in the modulus, which 7.1.1.7 Means of Providing a Specimen Environment,ofan
under a constant stress leads to increased extension, stress inertgasatapurgerateof10to50mL/min65%.Thetypical
relief leading to irreversible dimensional change (shrinkage in purgegasrateisusuallygivenbytheinstrumentmanufacturer.
one dimension, expan
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E1824–02 Designation:E1824–09
Standard Test Method for
Assignment of a Glass Transition Temperature Using
Thermomechanical Analysis Under Analysis: Tension
1
Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1824; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the assignment of a glass transition temperature of materials on heating using
thermomechanical measurements under tension under prescribed experimental conditions. measurements.
1.2 This test method may be used as a complement toTest Method E1545E2602 and is applicable to amorphous or to partially
crystalline materials in the form of films, fibers, wires, etc. that are sufficiently rigid to inhibit extension during loading at ambient
temperature.
1.3 The generally applicable temperature range for this test method is−100 to 600°C. This temperature range may be altered
depending upon the instrumentation used.
1.4Computer or electronic-based instruments, techniques, or data treatment equivalent to this test method may also be used.
NOTE1—Users of this test method are expressly advised that all such instruments or techniques may not be equivalent. It is the responsibility of the
user of this test method to determine the necessary equivalency prior to use.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 There is no ISO method equivalent to this method.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E473 Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rheology
E1142 Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
E1545 Test Method for Assignment of the Glass Transition Temperature by Thermomechanical Analysis Test Method for
Assignment of the Glass Transition Temperature by Thermomechanical Analysis
E1970 Practice for Statistical Treatment of Thermoanalytical Data
E2602 Test Method for theAssignment of the Glass Transition Temperature by Modulated Temperature Differential Scanning
Calorimetry
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 The following terms are applicable to this test method and can be found in Terminology E473 and Terminology E1142:
thermomechanical analysis (TMA), thermodilatometry, glass transition, glass transition temperature.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 This test method uses thermomechanical analysis equipment (thermomechanical analyzer, dilatometer, or similar device)
inwith the tensile mode test specimen in tension to determine the change in dimension of a thin specimen observed when the
materialissubjectedtoaconstantheatingratethroughtheglasstransitionregime.region.Thischangeindimensionassociatedwith
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E37 onThermal Measurements and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E37.10 on Fundamental,
Statistical and Mechanical Properties.
Current edition approved March 1, 2008. Published July 2002. Originally published as E1824–96. Last previous edition E1824–96. DOI: 10.1520/E1824-08.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009. Published February 2010. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E1824–08. DOI:
10.1520/E1824-09.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,[e-mail] Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol 14.02.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1824–09
thechangefromvitreoussolidtoamorphousliquidisobservedasmovementofasensingprobeindirectcontactwiththespecimen
and is recorded as a function of temperature. The intersection of the extrapolation of the slope of the probe displacement curve
before and after the transition is used to determine a temperature that is assigned as the glass transition temperature.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The glass transition
...