ASTM E2544-07
(Terminology)Standard Terminology for Three-Dimensional (3-D) Imaging Systems
Standard Terminology for Three-Dimensional (3-D) Imaging Systems
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology contains common terms, definitions of terms, descriptions of terms, nomenclature, and acronyms associated with three-dimensional (3-D) imaging systems in an effort to standardize terminology used for 3-D imaging systems.
1.2 The definitions of the terms presented in 3.1 are obtained from various standard documents developed by various standards development organizations. The intent is not to change these universally accepted definitions but to gather, in a single document, terms and their definitions that may be used in current or future standards for 3-D imaging systems.
1.2.1 In some cases, definitions of the same term from two standards have been presented to provide additional reference. The text in parentheses to the right of each defined term is the name (and, in some cases, the specific section) of the source of the definition associated with that term.
1.3 The definitions in 3.2 are specific terms developed by this committee for 3-D imaging systems.
1.4 A definition in this terminology is a statement of the meaning of a word or word group expressed in a single sentence with additional information included in notes or discussions.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1—The subcommittee responsible for this standard will review definitions on a five-year basis to determine if the definition is still appropriate as stated. Revisions will be made when determined necessary.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation:E2544–07
Standard Terminology for
Three-Dimensional (3-D) Imaging Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2544; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.2 ASME Standard:
B89.4.19 Performance Evaluation of Laser Based Spherical
1.1 This terminology contains common terms, definitions of
Coordinate Measurement Systems
terms, descriptions of terms, nomenclature, and acronyms
2.3 ISO Standard:
associated with three-dimensional (3-D) imaging systems in an
VIM, International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms
effort to standardize terminology used for 3-D imaging sys-
in Metrology
tems.
2.4 NIST/SEMATECH Standard:
1.2 The definitions of the terms presented in 3.1 are ob-
NIST/SEMATECH e-Handbook of Statistical Methods
tained from various standard documents developed by various
standards development organizations. The intent is not to
3. Terminology
change these universally accepted definitions but to gather, in
3.1 Definitions:
a single document, terms and their definitions that may be used
in current or future standards for 3-D imaging systems.
accuracy of measurement, n—closeness of the agreement
1.2.1 In some cases, definitions of the same term from two
between the result of a measurement and a true value of the
standards have been presented to provide additional reference.
measurand. (VIM 3.5)
The text in parentheses to the right of each defined term is the
DISCUSSION—
name (and, in some cases, the specific section) of the source of
(1) Accuracy is a qualitative concept.
the definition associated with that term.
1.3 The definitions in 3.2 are specific terms developed by (2)Theterm“precision”shouldnotbeusedfor“accuracy.”
this committee for 3-D imaging systems.
bias (of a measuring instrument), n—systematic error of the
1.4 A definition in this terminology is a statement of the
indication of a measuring instrument. (VIM 3.25)
meaning of a word or word group expressed in a single
DISCUSSION—The bias of a measuring instrument is normally esti-
sentence with additional information included in notes or
mated by averaging the error of indication over an appropriate number
discussions.
of repeated measurements.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
bias, n—difference between the average or expected value of a
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
distribution and the true value.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
(NIST/SEMATECH e-Handbook)
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
DISCUSSION—In metrology, the difference between precision and
NOTE 1—The subcommittee responsible for this standard will review accuracy is that measures of precision are not affected by bias, whereas
definitions on a five-year basis to determine if the definition is still accuracy measures degrade as bias increases.
appropriate as stated. Revisions will be made when determined necessary.
calibration, n—setofoperationsthatestablish,underspecified
2. Referenced Documents conditions, the relationship between values of quantities
2 indicatedbyameasuringinstrumentormeasuringsystem,or
2.1 ASTM Standard:
E 456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of Committee E57 on 3D Imaging International Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://
Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E57.01 on Terminology. www.asme.org.
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2007. Published March 2007. Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http://www.nist.gov.
the ASTM website. e-Handbook available at http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E2544–07
values represented by a material measure or a reference an instrument may be operated safely and without damage.
material,andthecorrespondingvaluesrealizedbystandards.
DISCUSSION—The manufacturer’s performance specifications are not
(VIM 6.11)
assured over the limiting conditions.
DISCUSSION—
maximumpermissibleerror(MPE), n—extremevaluesofan
(1) The result of a calibration permits either the assignment
error permitted by specification, regulations, and so forth for
of values of measurands to the indications or the determination
a given measuring instrument. (VIM 5.21)
of corrections with respect to indications.
measurand, n—particular quantity subject to measurement.
(2) A calibration may also determine other metrological
(VIM 2.6)
properties such as the effect of influence quantities.
DISCUSSION—
(3) The result of a calibration may be recorded in a
(1) Example includes vapor pressure of a given sample of
document, sometimes called a calibration certificate or a
water at 20°C.
calibration report.
(2) The specification of a measurand may require state-
compensation, n—the process of determining systematic er-
ments about quantities such as time, temperature, and pressure.
rors in an instrument and then applying these values in an
precision, n—closeness of agreement between independent
error model that seeks to eliminate or minimize measure-
ment errors. (ASME B89.4.19) test results obtained under stipulated conditions.
(ASTM E 456)
conventional true value (of a quantity), n—value attributed
to a particular quantity and accepted, sometimes by conven-
DISCUSSION—
tion, as having an uncertainty appropriate for a given
(1) Precision depends on random errors and does not relate
purpose. (VIM 1.20)
to the true value or the specified value.
DISCUSSION—
(2) The measure of precision is usually expressed in terms
(1) Examples: (1) at a given location, the value assigned to
of imprecision and computed as a standard deviation of the test
the quantity realized by a reference standard may be taken as results. Less precision is reflected by a larger standard devia-
a conventional true value and (2) the CODATA(1986) recom-
tion.
mended value for the Avogadro constant, N : 6 022 136 7 3 (3) “Independent test results” means results obtained in a
A
23 -1
10 mol .
manner not influenced by any previous result on the same or
(2) Conventional true value is sometimes called assigned similar test object. Quantitative measures of precision depend
value, best estimate of the value, conventional value, or
critically on the stipulated conditions. Repeatability and repro-
reference value. ducibility conditions are particular sets of extreme stipulated
(3) Frequently, a number of results of measurements of a
conditions.
quantity is used to establish a conventional true value.
precision, n—in metrology, the variability of a measurement
error (of measurement), n—result of a measurement minus a
process around its average value.
true value of the measurand. (VIM 3.10)
(NIST/SEMATECH e-Handbook)
DISCUSSION—
DISCUSSION—Precision is usually distinguished from accuracy, the
variability of a measurement process around the true value. Precision,
(1) Since a true value cannot be determined, in practice, a
in turn, can be decomposed further into short-term variation or
conventional true value is used (see true value and conven-
repeatability and long-term variation or reproducibility.
tional true value).
random error, n—result of a measurement minus the mean
(2) When it is necessary to distinguish “error” from
“relative error,” the former is sometimes called “absolute error that would result from an infinite number of measurements
of the same measurand carried out under repeatability
of measurement.” This should not be confused with the
“absolute value of error,” which is the modulus of error. conditions. (VIM 3.13)
DISCUSSION—
indicating (measuring) instrument, n—measuring instru-
ment that displays an indication. (VIM 4.6)
(1) Random error is equal to error minus systematic error.
(2) Because only a finite number of measurements can be
DISCUSSION—
made, it is possible to determine only an estimate of random
(1) Examples include analog indicating voltmeter, digital
error.
frequency meter, and micrometer.
(2) The display may be analog (continuous or discontinu-
rated conditions, n—manufacturer-specified limits on envi-
ous) or digital.
ronmental, utility, and other conditions within which the
(3) Values of more than one quantity may be displayed
manufacturer’s performance specifications are guaranteed at
simultaneously.
the time of installation of th
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