ASTM D1857-87(1994)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Fusibility of Coal and Coke Ash
Standard Test Method for Fusibility of Coal and Coke Ash
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the observation of the temperatures at which triangular pyramids (cones) prepared from coal and coke ash attain and pass through certain defined stages of fusing and flow when heated at a specified rate in controlled, mildly reducing, and where desired, oxidizing atmospheres.
1.2 The test method is empirical, and strict observance of the requirements and conditions is necessary to obtain reproducible temperatures and enable different laboratories to obtain concordant results.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:D1857–87(Reapproved 1994)
Standard Test Method for
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Fusibility of Coal and Coke Ash
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1857; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (ε) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the observation of the tempera-
tures at which triangular pyramids (cones) prepared from coal
and coke ash attain and pass through certain defined stages of
fusing and flow when heated at a specified rate in controlled,
mildly reducing, and where desired, oxidizing atmospheres. FIG. 1 Critical Temperature Points
1.2 The test method is empirical, and strict observance of
Shrinkage or warping of the cone ignored if the tip remains
the requirements and conditions is necessary to obtain repro-
sharp. In Fig. 1, the first cone shown is an unheated one; the
ducible temperatures and enable different laboratories to obtain
secondconeITisatypicalconeattheinitialdeformationstage.
concordant results.
3.1.5 softening temperature, ST—the temperature at which
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
the cone has fused down to a spherical lump in which the
as the standard.
height is equal to the width at the base as shown by the third
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
cone, ST, in Fig. 1.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4. Significance and Use
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4.1 Design of most coal combustion and coal conversion
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
equipment anticipates that the ash either remain solid or
2. Referenced Documents
assume some degree of fluidity, depending on the particular
design.Ash fusibility temperatures predict whether the ash will
2.1 ASTM Standards:
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perform properly in the process for which the coal was chosen.
D 2013 Method of Preparing Coal Samples for Analysis
D 3174 TestMethodforAshintheAnalysisSampleofCoal
5. Apparatus and Materials
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and Coke from Coal
5.1 Furnace—Any gas-fired or electric furnace conforming
3. Terminology
to the following requirements may be used:
5.1.1 Capable of maintaining a uniform temperature zone in
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
which to heat the ash cones. This zone shall be such that the
3.1.1 The critical temperature points to be observed are as
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difference in the melting point of ⁄2-in. (12.7-mm) pieces of
follows, denoting the atmosphere used:
pure gold wire when mounted in place of the ash cones on the
3.1.2 fluid temperature, FT—the temperature at which the
cone support shall be not greater than 20°F (11°C) in a
fused mass has spread out in a nearly flat layer with a
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reducing atmosphere test run.
maximum height of ⁄16 in. (1.6 mm) as shown by the fifth
5.1.2 Capable of maintaining the desired atmosphere sur-
cone, FT, in Fig. 1.
rounding the cones during heating. The composition of the
3.1.3 hemispherical temperature, HT—the temperature at
atmosphere, reducing or oxidizing, shall be maintained within
which the cone has fused down to a hemispherical lump at
the limits specified in Section 6. The desired atmosphere in the
which point the height is one half the width of the base as
gas-fired furnace surrounding the cones shall be obtained by
shown by the fourth cone, HT, in Fig. 1.
regulation of the ratio of gas to air in the combustion mixture.
3.1.4 initial deformation temperature, IT—the temperature
The desired atmosphere in the electric furnace shall be ob-
at which the first rounding of the apex of the cone occurs.
tained by means of gases introduced into the heating chamber.
The muffle shall be gas-impervious, free from cracks, and the
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ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD-5onCoaland
closure-plug tight fitting.The gas supply tube shall be sealed to
Coke, and is the direct responsibility of D05.21 on Methods of Analysis.
the back wall of the preheating chamber and shall not extend to
Current edition approved Feb. 10, 1987. Published April 1987. Originally
ε1
the front of the preheating chamber against the perforated
published as D 1857 – 61 T. Last previous edition D 1857 – 68 (1980) .
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Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.05. baffle.
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D1857–87 (1994)
5.1.3 Capable of regulation so that the rate of temperature thermocouple protective sheath shall be checked periodically
rise shall be 156 5°F (86 3°C)/min. for cracks. The therm
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