ASTM D4290-20
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining the Leakage Tendencies of Automotive Wheel Bearing Grease Under Accelerated Conditions
Standard Test Method for Determining the Leakage Tendencies of Automotive Wheel Bearing Grease Under Accelerated Conditions
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method differentiates among wheel bearing greases having distinctly different high-temperature leakage characteristics. It is not the equivalent of longtime service tests.
5.2 This test method has proven to be helpful in screening greases with respect to leakage tendencies for automotive wheel bearing applications.
Note 1: It is possible for skilled operators to observe changes in grease characteristics that can occur during the test, such as grease condition. Leakage is reported as a quantitative value, whereas the evaluation of grease condition is subject to differences in personal judgment among operators and cannot be used effectively for quantitative measurements.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure for evaluating leakage tendencies of wheel bearing greases when tested under prescribed conditions.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. The exception is apparatus dimensions, in inches, which are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 8.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4290 − 20
Standard Test Method for
Determining the Leakage Tendencies of Automotive Wheel
1
Bearing Grease Under Accelerated Conditions
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4290; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* surface tension and other physical forces. Other ingredients are
commonly included to impart special properties.
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure for
3.1.3 thickener, n—in lubricating grease, a substance com-
evaluating leakage tendencies of wheel bearing greases when
posed of finely-divided particles dispersed in a liquid lubricant
tested under prescribed conditions.
to form the product’s structure.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.1.3.1 Discussion—The solid thickener can be fibers (such
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
as various metallic soaps) or plates or spheres (such as certain
standard. The exception is apparatus dimensions, in inches,
non-soap thickeners) which are insoluble or, at the most, only
which are to be regarded as the standard.
very slightly soluble in the liquid lubricant. The general
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
requirements are that the solid particles be extremely small,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
uniformlydispersed,andcapableofformingarelativelystable,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
gel-like structure with the liquid lubricant.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2.1 automotive wheel bearing grease, n—a lubricating
For specific warning statements, see Section 8.
grease specifically formulated to lubricate automotive wheel
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
bearings at relatively high grease temperatures and bearing
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
speeds.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.2.2 leakage, n—of wheel bearing grease, separation and
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
overflow of grease or oil from the bulk grease charge, induced
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
by high temperatures and bearing rotation.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4. Summary of Test Method
2. Referenced Documents
4.1 The test grease is distributed in a modified, automobile
2
2.1 AFBMA Standard:
front wheel hub-spindle-bearings assembly.While the bearings
AFBMA Standard 19 1974 (ANSI B.3.19-1975)
are thrust-loaded to approximately 111 N, the hub is rotated at
1000 rpm and the spindle temperature maintained at 160.0 °C
3. Terminology
6 1.5 °C for 20 h. Leakage of grease or oil, or both, is
3.1 Definitions:
measured, and the condition of the bearing surface is noted at
3.1.1 lubricant, n—any material interposed between two
the end of the test.
surfaces that reduces the friction or wear between them.
5. Significance and Use
3.1.2 lubricating grease, n—a semifluid to solid product of
a dispersion of a thickener in a liquid lubricant.
5.1 This test method differentiates among wheel bearing
3.1.2.1 Discussion—The dispersion of the thickener forms a
greases having distinctly different high-temperature leakage
two-phase system and immobilizes the liquid lubricant by
characteristics.Itisnottheequivalentoflongtimeservicetests.
5.2 This test method has proven to be helpful in screening
greases with respect to leakage tendencies for automotive
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of wheel bearing applications.
Subcommittee D02.G0.05 on Functional Tests - Temperature.
NOTE1—Itispossibleforskilledoperatorstoobservechangesingrease
Current edition approved June 1, 2020. Published June 2020. Originally
characteristics that can occur during the test, such as grease condition.
approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2019 as D4290 – 19. DOI:
Leakage is reported as a quantitative value, whereas the evaluation of
10.1520/D4290-20.
2
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., grease condition is subject to differences in personal judgment among
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. operators and cannot be used eff
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4290 − 19 D4290 − 20
Standard Test Method for
Determining the Leakage Tendencies of Automotive Wheel
1
Bearing Grease Under Accelerated Conditions
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4290; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure for evaluating leakage tendencies of wheel bearing greases when tested
under prescribed conditions.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
The exception is apparatus dimensions, in inches, which are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 8.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 AFBMA Standard:
AFBMA Standard 19 1974 (ANSI B.3.19-1975)
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 lubricant, n—any material interposed between two surfaces that reduces the friction or wear between them.
3.1.2 lubricating grease, n—a semifluid to solid product of a dispersion of a thickener in a liquid lubricant.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.G0.05 on Functional Tests - Temperature.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2019June 1, 2020. Published November 2019June 2020. Originally approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 20152019 as
D4290 – 15.D4290 – 19. DOI: 10.1520/D4290-19.10.1520/D4290-20.
2
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
The dispersion of the thickener forms a two-phase system and immobilizes the liquid lubricant by surface tension and other
physical forces. Other ingredients are commonly included to impart special properties.
3.1.3 thickener, n—in lubricating grease, a substance composed of finely-divided particles dispersed in a liquid lubricant to form
the product’s structure.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—
The solid thickener can be fibers (such as various metallic soaps) or plates or spheres (such as certain non-soap thickeners) which
are insoluble or, at the most, only very slightly soluble in the liquid lubricant. The general requirements are that the solid particles
be extremely small, uniformly dispersed, and capable of forming a relatively stable, gel-like structure with the liquid lubricant.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D4290 − 20
NOTE 1—Caution should be taken when modifying older units since some may still contain asbestos insulation leading to a possible inhalation hazard.
FIG. 1 Wheel Bearing Lubricant Tester (Elevation View)
3.2.1 automotive wheel bearing grease, n—a lubricating grease specifically formulated to lubricate automotive wheel bearings
at relatively high grease temperatures and bearing speeds.
3.2.2 leakage, n—of wheel bearing grease, separation and overflow of grease or oil from the bulk grease charge, induced by
high temperatures and bearing rotation.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The test grease is distributed in a modified, automobile front wheel hub-spindle-bearings assembly. While the bearings are
thrust-loaded to approximately 111 N, the hub is rotated at 1000 rpm and the spindle temperature maintained at 160 °C 160.0 °C
6 1.5 °C for 20 h. Leakage of grease or oil, or both, is measured, and the condition of the bearing surface is noted at the end of
the test.
5
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