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ASTM E1139-02

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Continuous Monitoring of Acoustic Emission from Metal Pressure Boundaries

Standard Practice for Continuous Monitoring of Acoustic Emission from Metal Pressure Boundaries

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Acoustic emission examination of a structure requires application of a mechanical or thermal stimulus. In this case, the system operating conditions provide the stimulation. During operation of the pressurized system, AE from active discontinuities such as cracks or from other acoustic sources such as leakage of high-pressure, high-temperature fluids can be detected by an instrumentation system using sensors mounted on the structure. The sensors are acoustically coupled to the surface of the structure by means of a couplant material or pressure on the interface between the sensing device and the structure. This facilitates the transmission of acoustic energy to the sensor. When the sensors are excited by acoustic emission energy, they transform the mechanical excitations into electrical signals. The signals from a detected AE source are electronically conditioned and processed to produce information relative to source location and other parameters needed for AE source characterization and evaluation.
AE monitoring on a continuous basis is a currently available method for continuous surveillance of a structure to assess its continued integrity. The use of AE monitoring in this context is to identify the existence and location of AE sources. Also, information is provided to facilitate estimating the significance of the detected AE source relative to continued pressure system operation.
In addition to immediate evaluation of the AE sources, a permanent record of the total data collected (AE plus pressure system parameters measured) provides an archival record which can be re-evaluated.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides guidelines for continuous monitoring of acoustic emission (AE) from metal pressure boundaries in industrial systems during operation. Examples are pressure vessels, piping, and other system components which serve to contain system pressure. Pressure boundaries other than metal, such as composites, are specifically not covered by this document.
1.2 The functions of AE monitoring are to detect, locate, and characterize AE sources to provide data to evaluate their significance relative to pressure boundary integrity. These sources are those activated during system operation, that is, no special stimulus is applied to produce AE. Other methods of nondestructive testing (NDT) may be used, when the pressure boundary is accessible, to further evaluate or substantiate the significance of detected AE sources.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 6.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jun-2002
ICS
17.140.01 - Acoustic measurements and noise abatement in general
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.04 - Acoustic Emission Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1139-97 - Standard Practice for Continuous Monitoring of Acoustic Emission from Metal Pressure Boundaries
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Replaced By
ASTM E1139-07 - Standard Practice for Continuous Monitoring of Acoustic Emission from Metal Pressure Boundaries
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007
Referred By
ASTM E543-21 - Standard Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002

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ASTM E1139-02 - Standard Practice for Continuous Monitoring of Acoustic Emission from Metal Pressure BoundariesASTM E1139-02 - Standard Practice for Continuous Monitoring of Acoustic Emission from Metal Pressure Boundaries
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ASTM E1139-02 - Standard Practice for Continuous Monitoring of Acoustic Emission from Metal Pressure Boundaries
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E1139–02
Standard Practice for
Continuous Monitoring of Acoustic Emission from Metal
1
Pressure Boundaries
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1139; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.2 Aerospace Industries Association
NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive
1.1 This practice provides guidelines for continuous moni-
Testing Personnel
toring of acoustic emission (AE) from metal pressure bound-
2.3 Other Documents:
aries in industrial systems during operation. Examples are
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Nondestructive
pressure vessels, piping, and other system components which
3
Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification
serve to contain system pressure. Pressure boundaries other
ANSI/ASNT CP-189 ASNT Standard for Qualification and
than metal, such as composites, are specifically not covered by
3
Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
this document.
1.2 The functions of AE monitoring are to detect, locate,
3. Terminology
and characterize AE sources to provide data to evaluate their
3.1 Definitions:
significance relative to pressure boundary integrity. These
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice, refer to
sources are those activated during system operation, that is, no
Terminology E 1316.
special stimulus is applied to produce AE. Other methods of
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
nondestructive testing (NDT) may be used, when the pressure
3.2.1 continuous monitoring—the process of monitoring a
boundary is accessible, to further evaluate or substantiate the
pressure boundary continuously to detect acoustic emission
significance of detected AE sources.
during system operation and also during system shut-down
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
testing such as hydrostatic testing.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.2 raw data—data values determined directly from mea-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
surement of analog inputs. These could include emission count
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
or emission event count, or both, relative time of signal arrival
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific
at different sensors (delta time), signal rise time, peak signal
precautionary statements, see Section 6.
amplitude, RMS signal level, pressure system pressure and
2. Referenced Documents temperature, and the like.
3.2.3 processed data—data resulting from analysis of raw
2.1 ASTM Standards:
data. Included would be AE source location coordinates, AE
E 543 Practice for Evaluating Agencies that Perform Non-
2
versus time from a given source area, AE signal amplitude
destructive Testing
versus time, and the like.
E 569 Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Struc-
2
tures During Controlled Stimulation
4. Summary of Practice
E 650 Guide for Mounting PiezoelectricAcoustic Emission
2 4.1 This practice describes the use of a passive monitoring
Sensors
system to detect, locate, and characterize AE sources, in order
E 750 Practice for CharacterizingAcoustic Emission Instru-
2 to evaluate their significance to the integrity of metal pressure
mentation
boundaries.
E 976 Guide for Determining the Reproducibility ofAcous-
2 4.2 The practice provides guidelines for selection, qualifi-
tic Emission Sensor Response
2
cation, verification, and installation of the AE monitoring
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
system. Qualification of personnel is also addressed.
4.3 The practice provides guidelines for using the AE
information to estimate the significance of a detected AE
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
source with respect to continued pressure system operation.
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 on
Acoustic Emission.
Current edition approved June 10, 2002. Published August 2002. Originally
3
published as E 1139 – 87. Last previous edition E 1139 – 97. Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1711 Arlingate
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03. Plaza, PO Box 28518, Columbus, Ohio 43228-0518.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1139–02
5. Significance and Use 7.4 Extent of Examination
7.4.1 The extent of examination shall be that part of the
5.1 Acoustic emission examination of a structure requires
pressure boundary in the coverag
...

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FIG. 1 IEM Tabletop Testing System Using a Non-Instrumented Impactor
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FIG. 3 Schematic of Impact Excitation Approach
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1.1 This practice covers a general procedure for using the Impulse Excitation Method (IEM) to facilitate natural frequency measurement and detection of defects and material variations in metallic and non-metallic parts. This test method is also known as Impulse Excitation Technique (IET), Acoustic Resonance Testing (ART), ping testing, tap testing, and other names. IEM is listed as a Resonance Ultrasound Spectroscopy (RUS) method. The method applies an impulse load to excite and then record resonance frequencies of a part. These recorded resonance frequencies are compared to a reference population or within subgroups/families of examples of the same part, or modeled frequencies, or both.  
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4.1 The purpose of the AE examination is to analyze how an examination object is withstanding the applied load, or if it is suffering from some latent damage. Consequently the emission activity must be evaluated in relation to the applied load.  
4.2 The applied load (on the examination object) may include mechanical forces (tension, compression or torsional), internal pressure and thermal gradients. It may be short to long, random or cyclic. The applied load may be controlled by the examiner or may already exist as part of the process. In either case the applied load is measured along with the AE activity.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers techniques for conducting acoustic emission (AE) examinations of small parts. It is confined to examination objects (or defined regions of larger objects) where there is low AE signal attenuation throughout the examination region. This eliminates the consideration of complex attenuation factor corrections and multiple sensor and array placements based on overcoming signal losses over distances.  
1.2 The guide assumes a typical AE examination as one where there is a controlled or measured stress acting upon the part being monitored by AE. Particular emphasis is placed on sensor and system selection, sensor placements, stressing considerations, noise reduction/rejection techniques, spatial filtering, location determination, use of guard sensors, collection of AE data, AE data analysis and report. The purpose of the AE examination is to analyze how an object under evaluation is withstanding the applied load.  
1.3 Possible applications of this guide includes materials characterization, quality control of production processes, proof testing after fabrication, evaluating regions of interest of larger structures and retesting after intervals of service. The applied load may include mechanical forces (tension, compression or torsional) internal pressure and thermal gradients.  
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Standard Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acoustic Emission Sensor Response

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Acoustic emission data is affected by several characteristics of the instrumentation. The most obvious of these is the system sensitivity. Of all the parameters and components contributing to the sensitivity, the acoustic emission sensor is the one most subject to variation. This variation can be a result of damage or aging, or there can be variations between nominally identical sensors. To detect such variations, it is desirable to have a method for measuring the response of a sensor to an acoustic wave. Specific purposes for checking sensors include: (1) checking the stability of its response with time; (2) checking the sensor for possible damage after accident or abuse; (3) comparing a number of sensors for use in a multichannel system to ensure that their responses are adequately matched; and (4) checking the response after thermal cycling or exposure to a hostile environment. It is very important that the sensor characteristics be always measured with the same sensor cable length and impedance as well as the same preamplifier or equivalent. This guide presents several procedures for measuring sensor response. Some of these procedures require a minimum of special equipment.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide defines simple economical procedures for testing or comparing the performance of acoustic emission sensors. These procedures allow the user to check for degradation of a sensor or to select sets of sensors with nearly identical performances. The procedures are not capable of providing an absolute calibration of the sensor nor do they assure transferability of data sets between organizations.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Acoustic Emission data acquisition can be affected by numerous factors associated with the electronic instrumentation, cables, sensors, sensor holders, couplant, the examination article on which the sensor is mounted, background noise, and the user's settings of the acquisition parameters (for example, threshold).  
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4.1 Transfer Standards—One purpose of this test method is for the direct calibration of displacement transducers for use as secondary standards for the calibration of AE sensors for use in nondestructive evaluation. For this purpose, the transfer standard should be high fidelity and very well behaved and understood. If this can be established, the stated accuracy should apply over the full frequency range up to 1 MHz.
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the requirements for the absolute calibration of acoustic emission (AE) sensors. The calibration yields the frequency response of a transducer to waves, at a surface, of the type normally encountered in acoustic emission work. The transducer voltage response is determined at discrete frequency intervals of approximately 10 kHz up to 1 MHz. The input is a given well-established dynamic displacement normal to the mounting surface. The units of the calibration are output voltage per unit mechanical input (displacement, velocity, or acceleration).  
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5.1 The measurement of apparent attenuation in materials is useful in applications such as the comparison of heat treatments of different lots of material or the assessment of the degradation of materials due to environment.  
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4.1 The purpose of this practice is to enable the transfer of calibration from sensors that have been calibrated by primary calibration to other sensors.
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1.1 This practice covers requirements for the secondary calibration of acoustic emission (AE) sensors. The secondary calibration yields the frequency response of a sensor to waves of the type normally encountered in acoustic emission work. The source producing the signal used for the calibration is mounted on the same surface of the test block as the sensor under testing (SUT). Rayleigh waves are dominant under these conditions; the calibration results represent primarily the sensor's sensitivity to Rayleigh waves. The sensitivity of the sensor is determined for excitation within the range of 100 kHz to 1 MHz. Sensitivity values are usually determined at frequencies approximately 10 kHz apart. The units of the calibration are volts per unit of mechanical input (displacement, velocity, or acceleration).  
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5.1 This practice is intended to provide standardized procedures for evaluating ultrasonic search units. It is not intended to define performance and acceptance criteria, but rather to provide data from which such criteria may be established.  
5.2 These procedures are intended to evaluate the characteristics of single-element piezoelectric search units.  
5.3 Implementation may require more detailed procedural instructions in a format of the using facility.  
5.4 The measurement data obtained may be employed by users of this practice to specify, describe, or provide a performance criteria for procurement and quality assurance, or service evaluation of the operating characteristics of ultrasonic search units. All or portions of the practice may be used as determined by the user.  
5.5 The measurements are made primarily under pulse-echo conditions. To determine the relative performance of a search unit as either a transmitter or a receiver may require additional tests.  
5.6 While these procedures relate to many of the significant parameters, others that may be important in specific applications may not be treated. These might include power handling capability, breakdown voltage, wear properties of contact units, radio-frequency interference, and the like.  
5.7 Care must be taken to ensure that comparable measurements are made and that users of the practice follow similar procedures. The conditions specified or selected (if optional) may affect the test results and lead to apparent differences.  
5.8 Interpretation of some test results, such as the shape of the frequency response curve, may be subjective. Small irregularities may be significant. Interpretation of the test results is beyond the scope of this practice.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers measurement procedures for evaluating certain characteristics of ultrasonic search units (also known as “probes”) that are used with ultrasonic testing instrumentation. This practice describes means for obtaining performance data that may be used to define the acoustic and electric responses of ultrasonic search units.  
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4.1 Leakage of gas or liquid from a pressurized system, whether through a crack, orifice, seal break, or other opening, may involve turbulent or cavitational flow, which generates acoustic energy in both the external atmosphere and the system pressure boundary. Acoustic energy transmitted through the pressure boundary can be detected at a distance by using a suitable acoustic emission sensor.  
4.2 With proper selection of frequency passband, sensitivity to leak signals can be maximized by eliminating background noise. At low frequencies, generally below 100 kHz, it is possible for a leak to excite mechanical resonances within the structure that may enhance the acoustic signals used to detect leakage.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a passive method for detecting and locating the steady state source of gas and liquid leaking out of a pressurized system. The method employs surface-mounted acoustic emission sensors (for non-contact sensors see Test Method E1002), or sensors attached to the system via acoustic waveguides (for additional information, see Terminology E1316), and may be used for continuous in-service monitoring and hydrotest monitoring of piping and pressure vessel systems. High sensitivities may be achieved, although the values obtainable depend on sensor spacing, background noise level, system pressure, and type of leak.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standards.  
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Standard Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Sensors

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The methods and procedures used in mounting AE sensors can have significant effects upon the performance of those sensors. Optimum and reproducible detection of AE requires both appropriate sensor-mounting fixtures and consistent sensor-mounting procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This document provides guidelines for mounting piezoelectric acoustic emission (AE) sensors.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    4 pages
    English language
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  • Guide
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off