ASTM E1154-89(1997)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Piston or Plunger Operated Volumetric Apparatus
Standard Specification for Piston or Plunger Operated Volumetric Apparatus
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements, operating conditions, and test methods for piston or plunger operated volumetric apparatus (POVA).
1.2 This specification includes specifications applicable for all types of POVA or those given by the manufacturer. The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 13, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: E 1154 – 89 (Reapproved 1997)
Standard Specification for
Piston or Plunger Operated Volumetric Apparatus
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1154; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope sample carryover is intolerable.
3.1.4 maximum error—the maximum difference between
1.1 This specification covers requirements, operating con-
the nominal volume and any single individual volume obtained
ditions, and test methods for piston or plunger operated
by applying the test procedure specified in Section 13 of this
volumetric apparatus (POVA).
ISO Standard.
1.2 This specification includes specifications applicable for
3.1.5 maximum expectable error—with more than 95 %
all types of POVA or those given by the manufacturer. The
probability, the maximum expectable error is calculated as
following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method
follows:
portion, Section 13, of this specification: This standard does
not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, 6~1E 1 1 2s! (1)
T
associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this
where:
standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices
E 5 inaccuracy of the mean, and
T
and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior
s 5 standard deviation from the repeatability test in
to use.
Section 13.
3.1.6 nominal volume(s)—the stated volume(s) for which
2. Referenced Documents
performance is specified.
2.1 ISO Documents:
3.1.7 unit of volume—the millilitre or the microlitre, that are
ISO 3534 Statistics—Vocabulary and Symbols
accepted substitutes for the cubic centimetre or cubic millime-
ISO 653 Long Solid-Stem Thermometers for Precision Use
tre.
ISO 655 Long Enclosed-Scale Thermometers for Precision
3.1.7.1 Discussion—It is recommended that volumes should
Use
be specified in microlitres up to 999 μL, and in millilitres from
ISO 4787 Laboratory Glassware—Volumetric Glassware—
1 mL.
Methods for Testing and Use
3.1.8 piston or plunger operated volumetric apparatus
(POVA)—the volume of liquid to be measured with POVA is
3. Terminology
defined by one or more strokes of one or more pistons or
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3 plungers. POVA may be operated manually or mechanically
3.1.1 accuracy —the accuracy of an instrument is the
(for example, electrically, pneumatically or by hydrostatic
closeness of agreement between the nominal volume and the
pressure).
mean volume, obtained by applying the test procedure speci-
3.1.8.1 Discussion—In the following text the word8 piston’
fied in Section 13 of this specification. It is quantified by the
means8 piston or plunger.’
inaccuracy of the mean.
3.1.9 precision —the closeness of agreement between the
3.1.2 dead volume—the dead volume is that part of the total
individual volumes obtained by applying the test procedure
liquid volume, held in the operational part of the device, which
specified in this specification. It is quantified by the impreci-
is not delivered.
sion.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—The dead volume should not be con-
3.1.9.1 Discussion—The test procedure specified gives only
fused with the dead space of an air displacement instrument.
a measure of the repeatability (see ISO 3534) under controlled
3.1.3 disposable—those parts of an instrument that are
conditions.
intended to be used once only and then discarded. Disposable
3.1.10 reusable—those parts of an instrument that are meant
parts are generally intended for use in applications where
to be used more than once. As the reusability of some parts can
rarely be quantified, any institution or individual who reuses a
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-41 on
reusable part must see to its safety and effectiveness. Reusable
Laboratory Apparatus and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E41.06 on
parts are generally intended for use in applications where
Weighing Devices.
Current edition approved April 4, 1989. Published May 1989. Originally
sample carryover is tolerable, or can be adequately prevented.
published as E 1154-87. Last previous edition E 1154-87.
3.1.11 sample carryover—that portion of the sample that is
Available from American National Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway, New
retained in the instrument and that may affect subsequent
York, NY 10018.
These definitions apply only in the cases where the distributions are Gaussian. samples.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
E 1154
3.1.12 stated feature—any feature claimed by the manufac- precision attributable to hand-transmitted heat during normal
turer. use. It is, therefore, important that the instrument being
3.1.13 reference temperature—the temperature at which the evaluated according to the referenced procedure not be pre-
instrument is designed to deliver its nominal volume(s). conditioned (warmed) by recent handling, nor isolated from
3.1.13.1 Discussion—At that temperature the closest agree- normal handwarming during the test series (30 or 10 cycles).
ment between manufacturer’s performance claims and test 5.1.2 Volumetric performance tolerances are not specified in
results may be expected. this specification. The manufacturer shall specify the perfor-
¯
3.1.14 reference temperature range—that temperature mance tolerances in terms of the accuracy of the mean ( E %)
C
range for which the tolerances for accuracy are specified. and coefficient of variation (CV %). Values shall be given for
c
3.1.15 working range—that part (of the total range) for the minimum and maximum volumes of the working range, as
which manufacturer’s performance specifications are given. well as for any intermediate volumes in the series 1, 2, 5, 10 .
3.1.16 working temperature range—that range of tempera- 5.2 The reference temperature recommended for all POVA
tures for which manufacturer’s performance specifications are is 21.5°C, which is the mid-point of the reference temperature
given. range, (see section 3.1.14). The use of another reference
temperature must be stated by the manufacturer.
4. Classification
5.2.1 Reference Temperature Range— The reference tem-
4.1 Types of POVA—Piston or plunger operated volumetric
perature range for all POVA shall be 19 to 24°C, (see section
apparatus (POVA) are classified as follows:
3.1.13 and section 3.1.14).
4.1.1 Pipette—A measuring instrument for the transfer of a
5.3 Removable Parts:
predetermined volume of liquid from one vessel to another. It
5.3.1 The volumetric performance of POVA to be used with
is not connected to a reservoir.
removable parts can depend to a large extent on the design,
4.1.2 Dispenser—A measuring instrument for delivering
material, and workmanship of those parts. The test procedures
predetermined volumes of liquid from a reservoir. The reser-
described can give information only about the performance of
voir may be integrated with the instrument or connected
the instruments together with the removable parts actually
externally.
used.
4.1.3 Dilutor—A measuring instrument for taking up differ-
5.3.2 Single-Measurement Test—The single-measurement
ent liquids (for example, sample and diluent) and delivering
ment test requires either 30 or 10 randomly selected removable
them in combination so as to comprise a predetermined ratio,
parts, one for each sample of the series. This test evaluates the
or predetermined volumes, or both. The reservoir of diluent
instrument’s performance and component of imprecision due
may be integrated with the instrument or connected externally.
to the variation of these parts.
4.1.4 Displacement Buret—A measuring instrument from
5.3.3 Replicate-Delivery Test—The replicate delivery test
which the volume delivered is determined by an external
uses one removable part for the 30 or 10 sample series. This
indicator. The volume delivered can then be read.
test evaluates the instrument’s performance and the component
4.2 Types of Displacement:
of imprecision due to the reuse of this part.
4.2.1 Displacement with an air interface (“air displace-
5.4 Durability—Any claim by a manufacturer that an in-
ment”). The delivered liquid is displaced by an air interface
strument is resistant to any defined conditions (for example,
(indirect action), (see Figs. 1 and 2).
sterilization and chemical exposure) shall be understood in
4.2.2 Displacement without an air interface (“positive dis-
such a way that even long term or repeated exposure to those
placement”). The delivered liquid is displaced either by a
conditions (as specified by the manufacturer) will not affect the
liquid interface (indirect action) or by actual contact with the
rated performance of the instrument.
piston (direct action), (see Fig. 3 and Fig. 4).
6. General Operating Conditions
5. Performance Requirements
6.1 Relationship to Performance—The specification of op-
5.1 Performance Tolerances: erating procedures is critical to the proper functioning of the
5.1.1 Performance tolerances specified for POVA are meant instruments, and determines their ability to perform within
to include any thermal drift effect upon the accuracy and specified tolerances. Changes in the operating mode can
FIG. 1 Displacement With an Air Interface (Air Displacement)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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E 1154
FIG. 2 Displacement Without an Air Interface (Positive Displacement)
FIG. 3 Pipetter Mode of Operation (Forward Mode)
FIG. 4 Pipetter Mode of Operation (Reverse Mode)
dramatically alter the results of analyses. Most instruments are the pipet barrel or tip (in the case of displacement pipetters). As
calibrated for certain operating modes; another manner of use compared to the reverse mode, the forward mode is relatively
may result in a change in the accuracy or precision, or both. insensitive to variations in the speed of the piston or plunger in
6.2 Delineation—It is the manufacturer’s responsibility to the dispensing action. Positive displacement instruments with
delineate the modes of operation in instruction manuals and to relatively small delivery orifices are generally less sensitive to
state for which of the modes the instrument is calibrated. change in accuracy when handling liquids with high wetability
6.3 Preparation—The manufacturer shall provide instruc- characteristics.
tions necessary for the preparation of the instrument for use in 7.1.2 Air displacement pipetters with two-component stroke
particular operating modes (for example, mounting of remov-
mechanisms are generally less sensitive than air displacement
able parts, method of volume adjustment, temperature equa- pipetters with one-stroke mechanisms positive displacement
tion, isothermal requirements, testing of piston action, lubrica-
pipetters to errors introduced by slight variations of the
tion, priming, purging or prerinsing information, etc.). dynamics of the liquid interface break at the end of the pipet or
pipet tip during the dispensing action, due to the purging action
7. Operating Conditions for Pipetters
of the air “blow-out” stroke potential.
7.1 Two common modes of operation are in use, the forward 7.1.3 The use of the reverse mode with two-component
stroke mechanism pipetters may be more advantageous when
mode (sometimes referred to as normal mode), and the reverse
mode (usable with two-component stroke mechanism systems liquids that are difficult to handle in the forward mode are
encountered.
only), (see Fig. 3 and Fig. 4).
7.1.1 In general, the precision of the repetitive use of the 7.2 Forward Mode, General Format:
forward mode relies upon the precise draining by air pressure 7.2.1 Preparation—Pipetter and environment shall be iso-
(in the case of air displacement pipetters) or internal wiping of thermal. Volume settings and the mounting of removable or
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
E 1154
disposable pipet tips shall be accomplished according to the push-button to remain in the intermediate stop position for
manufacturer’s directions. subsequent immersion for the next pipetting cycle. In the case
of the pipet tip to be changed, allow the push-button to return
7.2.2 Aspiration:
7.2.2.1 Hold the instrument in a vertical position, or as to the top stop position.
prescribed by the manufacturer.
NOTE 2—Top and bottom stop positions, as described in the procedures
7.2.2.2 In the case of two-component stroke systems, de-
above, are not meant to include auxiliary stroke positions (for example, for
press the push button smoothly to the intermediate stop
tip ejection).
position.
7.4 Prerinsing (Forward Mode):
7.2.2.3 In the case of one-component stroke systems, de-
7.4.1 Prerinsing is the action of precoating the inside of the
press the push-button smoothly to the bottom stop position.
liquid contracting part(s) with a thin film of the same liquid to
7.2.2.4 Immerse the pipet or pipet tip into the liquid to be
be pipetted. It is accomplished by duplicating the exact motion
pipetted to, and maintain it at the following depth:
of a forward mode pipetting cycle, except that the liquid is
Volume, μL Immersion Depth, mm
dispensed back into the original vessel, or preferably discarded.
1to100 2to3
7.4.2 Prerinsing in the forward mode is advantageous when
101 to 1000 2 to 4
1.1 to 10 mL 3 to 6
reusing (the same liquid and volume setting only) the pipet or
pipet tip for subsequent immediate pipettings. Eliminating the
7.2.2.5 Allow the push-button to move up to the top stop
dispensed amount from the first wetting from the sample group
position slowly and smoothly.
formed by subsequent wettings and thus the removal of its
7.2.2.6 For air displacement pipetters, observe a wait of 1 s.
value from the calculation of a precision statistic for the group,
7.2.2.7 Withdraw the pipet or pipet tip smoothly by lifting
will result in a more precise distribution.
straight up either from the center of the liquid surface in the
7.4.3 Prerinsing may also be practiced when a removable
vessel, or up the sidewall of the vessel.
pipet tip is to be used only once (for exa
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