E41.06 - Laboratory Instruments and Equipment

ABSTRACT
This specification covers laboratory weights and precision mass standards including their principal physical characteristics and metrological requirements. Maximum permissible error, magnetic property, density, and surface roughness for each weight shall be within the limits indicated in this specification. Physical characteristics shall be based on construction, design, surface area, materials, magnetism, density, surface finish, weight adjustment, and marking.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers weights and mass standards used in laboratories, specifically classes 000, 00, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. This specification replaces National Bureau of Standards Circular 547, Section 1, which is out of print.  
1.2 This specification and calibration method is intended for use by weight manufacturers, national metrology institutes, weight calibration laboratories, accreditation bodies, users of weights, and regulatory bodies.  
1.3 This specification contains the principal physical characteristics and metrological requirements for weights that are used.  
1.3.1 For the verification of weighing instruments;  
1.3.2 For the calibration of weights of a lower class of accuracy; and  
1.3.3 With weighing instruments.  
1.4 Maximum Permissible Errors (formerly tolerances) and design restrictions for each class are described in order that both individual weights or sets of weights can be chosen for appropriate applications.  
1.5 Weight manufacturers must be able to provide evidence that all new weights comply with specifications in this standard (for example, material, density, magnetism, surface finish, mass values, uncertainties) to make any claim of compliance to Specification E617, Maximum Permissible Errors, weight classes, or metrological traceability.  
1.5.1 During subsequent calibrations, calibration laboratories must meet the requirements of ISO/IEC 17025:2017.  
1.5.2 Subsequent calibrations must meet all the requirements, including Sections 7, 8, and 9, Table 8 and Table 11 (environmental parameters) to make any claim of compliance to Specification E617, Maximum Permissible Errors, weight classes, or metrological traceability.
Note 1: Requirements set forth in NIST IR 6969 and NIST IR 5672 are compliant with all the requirements of Specification E617, Sections 7, 8, and 9.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers piston or plunger operated volumetric apparatus (POVA), in particular, the requirements, operating conditions, and test methods. POVA covered by this specification are pipettes, dispensers (with and without valve), dilutors, and displacement burets (with and without valve). Single measurement, replicate delivery, durability, functional (such as tests for leakage, broken parts, existence of air bubbles, and contamination), volumetric, and gravimetric tests shall be performed and shall conform to the requirements specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements, operating conditions, and test procedures for piston or plunger operated volumetric apparatus (POVA), as well as requirements for pipette operator training and qualification.  
1.2 This specification is applicable to all types of POVA. The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test procedure portion, Annex A1 and Annex A2, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the performance requirements for four types (Types IA, IB, IIA, and IIB) of unloaded and covered general-purpose gravity-convection and forced-circulation water baths ordinarily used in testing operations. The temperature within the bath chamber shall be controllable by an automatic device and, when examined by appropriate test methods, shall be uniform within the tolerances as to uniformity and time constant specified for the particular type of bath.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the performance requirements for general-purpose water baths ordinarily used in testing operations. It is applicable to gravity-convection and forced-circulation water baths operating in the range from 5 °C above ambient to 100 °C and having a water volume up to 100 L.  
1.2 This specification covers unloaded, covered water baths.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the performance requirements for general-purpose air incubators ordinarily used for incubating procedures. It is applicable to gravity and forced ventilation incubators designed to operate over a specified range of temperature. This specification does not include any requirements for the safe handling of harmful or disease bearing organisms. Temperature uniformity within a specified period of time shall be tested using several thermocouples.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the performance requirements for general purpose air incubators ordinarily used for incubating procedures, which have an incubating chamber up to 0.6 m3 (25 ft3) in volume. It is applicable to gravity and forced ventilation incubators designed to operate over all or part of the temperature range from 5 °C above ambient to 75 °C.  
1.2 This specification does not include any requirements for the safe handling of harmful or disease bearing organisms.  
1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portions, Sections 4, 5, and 6, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the general and design requirements for two types of cell-type ovens based on their rates of ventilation, for determining loss in weight or changes in properties of materials on heating at elevated temperatures. This specification takes into account the fact that chamber geometry, rate of ventilation, and temperature each affect the rate of loss of volatile constituents from a material, or the rate of change in other properties. Hence, this oven is recommended whenever the results are dependent on the time and temperature of heating, the amount of ventilation, or both.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the general requirements of a cell-type oven with controlled rates of ventilation for determining loss in weight or changes in properties of materials on heating at elevated temperatures. These specifications take into account the fact that chamber geometry, rate of ventilation, and temperature each affect the rate of loss of volatile constituents from a material, or the rate of change in other properties. This oven is recommended whenever the results are dependent on the time and temperature of heating, the amount of ventilation, or both. It is assumed that specific requirements such as specimen shape and dimensions, rate of ventilation, time, and temperature will be included in the applicable material specifications or test methods.  
Note 1: Ovens meeting these specifications have been found useful for determination of plasticizer loss in plastics, and for controlled aging of elastomers and plastics.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice will enable calibration laboratories and the user to calibrate electronic non-automatic weighing instruments and quantify the error of the balance throughout the measurement range, usually from zero to maximum capacity. The error of indication is accompanied by a statement on measurement uncertainty, which is individually estimated for every measurement point. This practice is based on the test procedures and uncertainty estimation described in the EURAMET calibration guide cg-18. However, while EURAMET cg-18 allows for a very flexible execution of the measurements, the test procedures described in this practice are more fixed to enable a better comparability between calibrations executed by different calibration laboratories or users. This practice may also serve as basis for accreditation of calibration laboratories for calibration of electronic non-automatic weighing instruments.  
4.2 This practice allows the user to decide whether the calibrated balance is fit for its intended purpose, based on the assessment of the calibration results. Usually, this assessment is done by ensuring that the measurement uncertainty of all weighings the user performs on the instrument is smaller than a specified relative tolerance established by the user. This approach is commensurate to assuring that the smallest net amount of substance that the user weighs on the instrument (so-called smallest net weight) is larger than the minimum weight, which is derived from the calibration results.  
4.3 This practice, in Appendix X2, provides information on the periodic performance verification on the balance that should be carried out by the user between the calibrations. Calibration together with periodic performance verification allows the user to ensure with a very high degree of probability that the balance meets the user requirements during its day-to-day usage. It helps users comply with requirements from other standards or regulations that stipulate periodic test...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice applies to the calibration of electronic non-automatic weighing instruments. A non-automatic weighing instrument is a measuring instrument that determines the mass of an object by measuring the gravitational force acting on the object. It requires the intervention of an operator during the weighing process to decide whether the weighing result is acceptable.  
1.2 Non-automatic weighing instruments have capacities from a few grams up to several thousand kilograms, with a scale interval typically from 0.1 micrograms up to 1 kilogram. Note that non-automatic weighing instruments are usually referred to as either balances or scales. In this practice, for brevity, non-automatic weighing instruments will be referred to as balances; however, the scope of this practice also includes scales.  
1.3 This practice only covers electronic non-automatic weighing instruments where the indication is obtained from a digital display. The measuring principle is usually based on the force compensation principle. This principle is realized either by elastic deformation, where the gravitational force of the object being weighed is measured by a strain gauge that converts the deformation into electrical resistance, or by electromagnetic force compensation, where the gravitational force is compensated for by an electromagnetic counterforce that holds the load cell in equilibrium.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to be suitable as the sole testing process for weighing systems designated for commercial service under weights and measures regulation. The legal requirements for such instruments vary from region to region, and also depend on specific applications. To determine applicable legal requirements, contact the weights and measures authority in the region where the device is located. ...

ABSTRACT
This practice covers methods for judging the soundness of new and used oxygen combustion bombs, and describes the precautions to be observed in oxygen bomb combustion methods. This practice is applicable to all procedures in which samples are completely oxidized by combustion in a metal bomb containing oxygen under pressure. Hydrostatic test and proof test shall be performed. The following precautions shall be observed in all oxygen bomb combustion methods: sample weight; oxygen filling system; ignition system; and safety barricade.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers methods for judging the soundness of new and used oxygen combustion vessels, and describes the precautions to be observed in oxygen combustion vessel methods.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to all procedures in which samples are completely oxidized by combustion in a metal vessel containing oxygen under pressure. Where there is conflict with specific precautions in individual ASTM methods, the latter shall take precedence.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the performance requirements for four types (Types IA, IB, IIA, and IIB) of general-purpose air ovens of the gravity-convection and forced-ventilation types ordinarily used in testing operations. The temperature within the testing chamber shall be controllable by an automatic device and, when examined with appropriate test methods provided herein, shall be uniform within the tolerances for temperature uniformity, time constant, and rate of ventilation requirements for the particular type of oven.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the performance requirements for general-purpose air ovens ordinarily used in testing operations, which have a testing chamber up to 0.6 m3  (25 ft3) in volume. It is applicable to gravity-convection ovens designed to operate over all or part of the temperature range from 20 °C above ambient temperature to 200 °C and to forced-ventilation ovens designed to operate over all or part of the temperature range from 20 °C above ambient temperature to 500 °C.  
Note 1: Ovens are designed for maximum operating temperatures of about 200 °C, 300 °C, and 500 °C, the thermal insulation and cost of the oven being dependent on the maximum temperature required.  
1.2 This specification does not include safety requirements that are essential for ovens used in the presence of combustible vapors or gases.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers laboratory weights and precision mass standards including their principal physical characteristics and metrological requirements. Maximum permissible error, magnetic property, density, and surface roughness for each weight shall be within the limits indicated in this specification. Physical characteristics shall be based on construction, design, surface area, materials, magnetism, density, surface finish, weight adjustment, and marking.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers weights and mass standards used in laboratories, specifically classes 000, 00, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. This specification replaces National Bureau of Standards Circular 547, Section 1, which is out of print.  
1.2 This specification and calibration method is intended for use by weight manufacturers, national metrology institutes, weight calibration laboratories, accreditation bodies, users of weights, and regulatory bodies.  
1.3 This specification contains the principal physical characteristics and metrological requirements for weights that are used.  
1.3.1 For the verification of weighing instruments;  
1.3.2 For the calibration of weights of a lower class of accuracy; and  
1.3.3 With weighing instruments.  
1.4 Maximum Permissible Errors (formerly tolerances) and design restrictions for each class are described in order that both individual weights or sets of weights can be chosen for appropriate applications.  
1.5 Weight manufacturers must be able to provide evidence that all new weights comply with specifications in this standard (for example, material, density, magnetism, surface finish, mass values, uncertainties). Statements of compliance by calibration laboratories during subsequent calibrations must meet the requirements of ISO/IEC 17025, 5.10.4.2 and indicate on the calibration report which sections have or have not been assessed. Subsequent calibrations must meet all the requirements (including environmental parameters as shown in Table 11, of Sections 7, 8, and 9; and the requirements of ISO/IEC 17025:2005, 5.10.4.2 to make any claim of compliance to Specification E617, Maximum Permissible Errors, weight classes, or metrological traceability.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the general and design requirements for two types of cell-type ovens based on their rates of ventilation, for determining loss in weight or changes in properties of materials on heating at elevated temperatures. This specification takes into account the fact that chamber geometry, rate of ventilation, and temperature each affect the rate of loss of volatile constituents from a material, or the rate of change in other properties. Hence, this oven is recommended whenever the results are dependent on the time and temperature of heating, the amount of ventilation, or both.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the general requirements of a cell-type oven with controlled rates of ventilation for determining loss in weight or changes in properties of materials on heating at elevated temperatures. These specifications take into account the fact that chamber geometry, rate of ventilation, and temperature each affect the rate of loss of volatile constituents from a material, or the rate of change in other properties. This oven is recommended whenever the results are dependent on the time and temperature of heating, the amount of ventilation, or both. It is assumed that specific requirements such as specimen shape and dimensions, rate of ventilation, time, and temperature will be included in the applicable material specifications or test methods.  
Note 1: Ovens meeting these specifications have been found useful for determination of plasticizer loss in plastics, and for controlled aging of elastomers and plastics.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the performance requirements for four types (Types IA, IB, IIA, and IIB) of unloaded and covered general-purpose gravity-convection and forced-circulation water baths ordinarily used in testing operations. The temperature within the bath chamber shall be controllable by an automatic device and, when examined by appropriate test methods, shall be uniform within the tolerances as to uniformity and time constant specified for the particular type of bath.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the performance requirements for general-purpose water baths ordinarily used in testing operations. It is applicable to gravity-convection and forced-circulation water baths operating in the range from 5°C above ambient to 100°C and having a water volume up to 100 L.  
1.2 This specification covers unloaded, covered water baths.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the performance requirements for general-purpose air incubators ordinarily used for incubating procedures. It is applicable to gravity and forced ventilation incubators designed to operate over a specified range of temperature. This specification does not include any requirements for the safe handling of harmful or disease bearing organisms. Temperature uniformity within a specified period of time shall be tested using several thermocouples.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the performance requirements for general purpose air incubators ordinarily used for incubating procedures, which have an incubating chamber up to 0.6 m3 (25 ft3) in volume. It is applicable to gravity and forced ventilation incubators designed to operate over all or part of the temperature range from 5°C above ambient to 75°C.  
1.2 This specification does not include any requirements for the safe handling of harmful or disease bearing organisms.  
1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portions, Sections 4, 5, and 6, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This practice covers methods for judging the soundness of new and used oxygen combustion bombs, and describes the precautions to be observed in oxygen bomb combustion methods. This practice is applicable to all procedures in which samples are completely oxidized by combustion in a metal bomb containing oxygen under pressure. Hydrostatic test and proof test shall be performed. The following precautions shall be observed in all oxygen bomb combustion methods: sample weight; oxygen filling system; ignition system; and safety barricade.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers methods for judging the soundness of new and used oxygen combustion vessels, and describes the precautions to be observed in oxygen combustion vessel methods.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to all procedures in which samples are completely oxidized by combustion in a metal vessel containing oxygen under pressure. Where there is conflict with specific precautions in individual ASTM methods, the latter shall take precedence.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers piston or plunger operated volumetric apparatus (POVA), in particular, the requirements, operating conditions, and test methods. POVA covered by this specification are pipettes, dispensers (with and without valve), dilutors, and displacement burets (with and without valve). Single measurement, replicate delivery, durability, functional (such as tests for leakage, broken parts, existence of air bubbles, and contamination), volumetric, and gravimetric tests shall be performed and shall conform to the requirements specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements, operating conditions, and test methods for piston or plunger operated volumetric apparatus (POVA).  
1.2 This specification includes specifications applicable for all types of POVA or those given by the manufacturer. The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 13, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This method will enable the user to develop information concerning the precision and accuracy of weighing instruments. In addition, results obtained using this method will permit the most advantageous use of the instrument. Weaknesses as well as strengths of the instrument should become apparent. It is not the intent of this method to compare similar instruments of different manufacture, but to enable the user to choose a suitable instrument.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of characteristics of top-loading, direct-reading laboratory scales and balances. Laboratory scales of the top-loading type may have capacities from a few grams up to several kilograms. Resolution may be from 1/1000 of capacity to 1/1 000 000 or more. This method can be used for any of these instruments and will serve to measure the most important characteristics that are of interest to the user. The characteristics to be measured include the following:  
1.1.1 warm-up,  
1.1.2 off center errors,  
1.1.3 repeatability, reproducibility, and precision,  
1.1.4 accuracy and linearity,  
1.1.5 hysteresis,  
1.1.6 settling time,  
1.1.7 temperature effects,  
1.1.8 vernier or micrometer calibration, and  
1.1.9 resistance to external disturbances.  
1.2 The types of scales that can be tested by this method are of stabilized pan design wherein the sample pan does not tilt out of a horizontal plane when the sample is placed anywhere on the pan surface. The pan is located generally above the measuring mechanism with no vertical obstruction, except for draft shields. Readings of weight may be obtained from an optical scale, from a digital display, or from a mechanical dial. Weighing mechanisms may be of the deflecting type, using gravity or a spring as the transducer, or may be a force-balance system wherein an electromagnetic, pneumatic, hydraulic, or other force is used to counterbalance the weight of the sample. Other force-measuring devices may be tested by this method as long as a sample placed on a receiving platform produces an indication that is substantially a linear function of the weight of the sample.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers laboratory weights and precision mass standards including their principal physical characteristics and metrological requirements. Maximum permissible error, magnetic property, density, and surface roughness for each weight shall be within the limits indicated in this specification. Physical characteristics shall be based on construction, design, surface area, materials, magnetism, density, surface finish, weight adjustment, and marking.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers weights and mass standards used in laboratories, specifically classes 000, 00, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. This specification replaces National Bureau of Standards Circular 547, Section 1, which is out of print.  
1.2 This specification contains the principal physical characteristics and metrological requirements for weights that are used.  
1.2.1 For the verification of weighing instruments;  
1.2.2 For the calibration of weights of a lower class of accuracy; and  
1.2.3 With weighing instruments.  
1.3 Maximum Permissible Errors (formerly tolerances) and design restrictions for each class are described in order that both individual weights or sets of weights can be chosen for appropriate applications.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.5 Weight manufacturers must be able to provide evidence that all new weights comply with specifications in this standard (e.g., material, density, magnetism, surface finish, mass values, uncertainties). Statements of compliance by calibration laboratories during subsequent calibrations must meet the requirements of ISO/IEC 17025, 5.10.4.2 and indicate on the calibration report which sections have or have not been assessed.

ABSTRACT
This practice covers methods for judging the soundness of new and used oxygen combustion bombs, and describes the precautions to be observed in oxygen bomb combustion methods. This practice is applicable to all procedures in which samples are completely oxidized by combustion in a metal bomb containing oxygen under pressure. Hydrostatic test and proof test shall be performed. The following precautions shall be observed in all oxygen bomb combustion methods: sample weight; oxygen filling system; ignition system; and safety barricade.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers methods for judging the soundness of new and used oxygen combustion bombs, and describes the precautions to be observed in oxygen bomb combustion methods.
1.2 This practice is applicable to all procedures in which samples are completely oxidized by combustion in a metal bomb containing oxygen under pressure. Where there is conflict with specific precautions in individual ASTM methods, the latter shall take precedence.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The metric equivalent of inch-pound units may be approximate.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the performance requirements for four types (Types IA, IB, IIA, and IIB) of general-purpose air ovens of the gravity-convection and forced-ventilation types ordinarily used in testing operations. The temperature within the testing chamber shall be controllable by an automatic device and, when examined with appropriate test methods provided herein, shall be uniform within the tolerances for temperature uniformity, time constant, and rate of ventilation requirements for the particular type of oven.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the performance requirements for general-purpose air ovens ordinarily used in testing operations, which have a testing chamber up to 0.6 m3  (25 ft3) in volume. It is applicable to gravity-convection ovens designed to operate over all or part of the temperature range from 20°C above ambient temperature to 200°C and to forced-ventilation ovens designed to operate over all or part of the temperature range from 20°C above ambient temperature to 500°C.
Note 1—Ovens are designed for maximum operating temperatures of about 200°C, 300°C, and 500°C, the thermal insulation and cost of the oven being dependent on the maximum temperature required.
1.2 This specification does not include safety requirements that are essential for ovens used in the presence of combustible vapors or gases.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The metric equivalents of inch-pound units may be approximate.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the performance requirements for general-purpose air incubators ordinarily used for incubating procedures. It is applicable to gravity and forced ventilation incubators designed to operate over a specified range of temperature. This specification does not include any requirements for the safe handling of harmful or disease bearing organisms. Temperature uniformity within a specified period of time shall be tested using several thermocouples.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the performance requirements for general purpose air incubators ordinarily used for incubating procedures, which have an incubating chamber up to 0.6 m3 (25 ft3) in volume. It is applicable to gravity and forced ventilation incubators designed to operate over all or part of the temperature range from 5°C above ambient to 75°C.
1.2 This specification does not include any requirements for the safe handling of harmful or disease bearing organisms.
The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portions, Sections 4, 5, and 6, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the performance requirements for four types (Types IA, IB, IIA, and IIB) of unloaded and covered general-purpose gravity-convection and forced-circulation water baths ordinarily used in testing operations. The temperature within the bath chamber shall be controllable by an automatic device and, when examined by appropriate test methods, shall be uniform within the tolerances as to uniformity and time constant specified for the particular type of bath.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the performance requirements for general-purpose water baths ordinarily used in testing operations. It is applicable to gravity-convection and forced-circulation water baths operating in the range from 5°C above ambient to 100°C and having a water volume up to 100 L.
1.2 This specification covers unloaded, covered water baths.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the general and design requirements for two types of cell-type ovens based on their rates of ventilation, for determining loss in weight or changes in properties of materials on heating at elevated temperatures. This specification takes into account the fact that chamber geometry, rate of ventilation, and temperature each affect the rate of loss of volatile constituents from a material, or the rate of change in other properties. Hence, this oven is recommended whenever the results are dependent on the time and temperature of heating, the amount of ventilation, or both.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the general requirements of a cell-type oven with controlled rates of ventilation for determining loss in weight or changes in properties of materials on heating at elevated temperatures. These specifications take into account the fact that chamber geometry, rate of ventilation, and temperature each affect the rate of loss of volatile constituents from a material, or the rate of change in other properties. This oven is recommended whenever the results are dependent on the time and temperature of heating, the amount of ventilation, or both. It is assumed that specific requirements such as specimen shape and dimensions, rate of ventilation, time, and temperature will be included in the applicable material specifications or test methods. Ovens meeting these specifications have been found useful for determination of plasticizer loss in plastics, and for controlled aging of elastomers and plastics.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the basic and design forms, lead, classification, and nominal size of the screw thread used for mounting the objective assembly to the body or lens turret of microscopes. It is based on, and intended to be interchangeable with, the screw thread introduced and adopted many years ago by the Royal Microscopical Society of Great Britain, generally known as the "RMS thread" and now almost universally accepted as the basic standard for microscope objective mountings.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers the screw thread used for mounting the objective assembly to the body or lens turret of microscopes. It is based on, and intended to be interchangeable with, the screw thread introduced and adopted many years ago by the Royal Microscopical Society of Great Britain, generally known as the “RMS thread” and now almost universally accepted as the basic standard for microscope objective mountings. Formal recognition, however, has been extremely limited.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers laboratory weights and precision mass standards including their principal physical characteristics and metrological requirements. Maximum permissible error, magnetic property, density, and surface roughness for each weight shall be within the limits indicated in this specification. Physical characteristics shall be based on construction, design, surface area, materials, magnetism, density, surface finish, weight adjustment, and marking.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers weights and mass standards used in laboratories, specifically classes 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. This specification replaces National Bureau of Standards Circular 547, Section 1, which is out of print.
1.2 This specification further recognizes that International Recommendation R111 exists, that describes classes E1, E2, F1, F2, M1, M2 and M3. Users may choose to reference either R111 or this specification, depending on requirements.
1.3 This specification contains the principal physical characteristics and metrological requirements for weights that are used.
1.3.1 For the verification of weighing instruments;
1.3.2 For the verification of weights of a lower class of accuracy; and
1.3.3 With weighing instruments.
1.4 Tolerances and design restrictions for each class are described in order that both individual weights or sets of weights can be chosen for appropriate applications.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method should enable the user of the balance to interpret data determined thereon in terms of accuracy and precision. It should be helpful in using a particular instrument to best advantage. Weaknesses as well as strengths should become apparent. It is not the intention of this test method to compare similar instruments of different manufacture but rather to assist in choosing an instrument which will meet the needs of the user.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method can be used for testing equal-arm balances of any capacity and sensitivity. The testing procedure should enable the user to characterize his instrument sufficiently to determine whether or not it is suitable for the purpose for which it is to be used.
1.2 The characteristics to be examined include:
1.2.1 Sensitivity at all loads,
1.2.2 Lever arm ratio,
1.2.3 Damping ratio (for instruments without accessory dampers),
1.2.4 Period of oscillation,
1.2.5 Precision, and
1.2.6 Linearity and calibration of accessory devices that provide on-scale indication of weight.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers piston or plunger operated volumetric apparatus (POVA), in particular, the requirements, operating conditions, and test methods. POVA covered by this specification are pipettes, dispensers (with and without valve), dilutors, and displacement burets (with and without valve). Single measurement, replicate delivery, durability, functional (such as tests for leakage, broken parts, existence of air bubbles, and contamination), volumetric, and gravimetric tests shall be performed and shall conform to the requirements specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements, operating conditions, and test methods for piston or plunger operated volumetric apparatus (POVA).
1.2 This specification includes specifications applicable for all types of POVA or those given by the manufacturer. The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 13, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Monitoring Weighing Performance—This practice provides results in the form of control charts which measure the weighing capability at the time of the test. A series of tests at appropriate intervals will monitor balance performance over a period of time. A marked change from expected performance may result from a variety of causes including: maladjustment, damage, dirt, foreign material, and thermal disturbances. If the test results are to indicate future performance, any disturbances that occur exterior to the balance must be brought under control (2).  
Acceptance Tests—This practice may also be used as acceptance tests for new balances. For this purpose, the tests should be conducted under favorable, but not necessarily ideal, conditions. Since systematic error in the course of the zero and the course of the sensitivity may be caused by disturbances external to the balance, limits on these errors are not ordinarily prescribed in acceptance requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers testing procedures for evaluating the performance of single-arm balances required by ASTM standards.
1.2 This practice is intended for but not limited to sensitivity ratios of 106 or better and on-scale ranges of 1000xd or more where  d  = reability either directly or by estimation.
1.3 This practice can also be applied to other single-pan balances with mechanical weight changing of different capacities or sensitivities with appropriate test loads and calibration weights.
Note 1—Mechanical balances of this type have largely been replaced by automatic electronic balances incorporating a variety of operational principles. Nevertheless, some single-pan mechanical balances are still manufactured and many older balances will remain in service for years to come. One type of automatic electronic balance, the so-called “hybrid,” bears considerable similarity to single-pan mechanical balances of the null type. (1)  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the performance requirements for general-purpose air incubators ordinarily used for incubating procedures. It is applicable to gravity and forced ventilation incubators designed to operate over a specified range of temperature. This specification does not include any requirements for the safe handling of harmful or disease bearing organisms. Temperature uniformity within a specified period of time shall be tested using several thermocouples.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the performance requirements for general purpose air incubators ordinarily used for incubating procedures, which have an incubating chamber up to 0.6 m3 (25 ft3) in volume. It is applicable to gravity and forced ventilation incubators designed to operate over all or part of the temperature range from 5°C above ambient to 75°C.
1.2 This specification does not include any requirements for the safe handling of harmful or disease bearing organisms.
The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portions, Sections 4, 5, and 6, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This method will enable the user to develop information concerning the precision and accuracy of weighing instruments. In addition, results obtained using this method will permit the most advantageous use of the instrument. Weaknesses as well as strengths of the instrument should become apparent. It is not the intent of this method to compare similar instruments of different manufacture, but to enable the user to choose a suitable instrument.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of characteristics of top-loading, direct-reading laboratory scales and balances. Laboratory scales of the top-loading type may have capacities from a few grams up to several kilograms. Resolution may be from 1/1000 of capacity to 1/1 000 000 or more. This method can be used for any of these instruments and will serve to measure the most important characteristics that are of interest to the user. The characteristics to be measured include the following:
1.1.1 warm-up,
1.1.2 off center errors,
1.1.3 repeatability, reproducibility, and precision,
1.1.4 accuracy and linearity,
1.1.5 hysteresis,
1.1.6 settling time,
1.1.7 temperature effects,
1.1.8 vernier or micrometer calibration, and
1.1.9 resistance to external disturbances.
1.2 The types of scales that can be tested by this method are of stabilized pan design wherein the sample pan does not tilt out of a horizontal plane when the sample is placed anywhere on the pan surface. The pan is located generally above the measuring mechanism with no vertical obstruction, except for draft shields. Readings of weight may be obtained from an optical scale, from a digital display, or from a mechanical dial. Weighing mechanisms may be of the deflecting type, using gravity or a spring as the transducer, or may be a force-balance system wherein an electromagnetic, pneumatic, hydraulic, or other force is used to counterbalance the weight of the sample. Other force-measuring devices may be tested by this method as long as a sample placed on a receiving platform produces an indication that is substantially a linear function of the weight of the sample.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This method covers the determination of characteristics of top-loading, direct-reading laboratory scales and balances. Laboratory scales of the top-loading type may have capacities from a few grams up to several kilograms. Resolution may be from 1/1000 of capacity to 1/1 000 000 or more. This method can be used for any of these instruments and will serve to measure the most important characteristics that are of interest to the user. The characteristics to be measured include the following:
1.1.1 warm-up,
1.1.2 off center errors,
1.1.3 repeatability, reproducibility, and precision,
1.1.4 accuracy and linearity,
1.1.5 hysteresis,
1.1.6 settling time,
1.1.7 temperature effects,
1.1.8 vernier or micrometer calibration, and
1.1.9 resistance to external disturbances.
1.2 The types of scales that can be tested by this method are of stabilized pan design wherein the sample pan does not tilt out of a horizontal plane when the sample is placed anywhere on the pan surface. The pan is located generally above the measuring mechanism with no vertical obstruction, except for draft shields. Readings of weight may be obtained from an optical scale, from a digital display, or from a mechanical dial. Weighing mechanisms may be of the deflecting type, using gravity or a spring as the transducer, or may be a force-balance system wherein an electromagnetic, pneumatic, hydraulic, or other force is used to counterbalance the weight of the sample. Other force-measuring devices may be tested by this method as long as a sample placed on a receiving platform produces an indication that is substantially a linear function of the weight of the sample.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This method covers the determination of characteristics of top-loading, direct-reading laboratory scales and balances. Laboratory scales of the top-loading type may have capacities from a few grams up to several kilograms. Resolution may be from 1/1000 of capacity to 1/1 000 000 or more. This method can be used for any of these instruments and will serve to measure the most important characteristics that are of interest to the user. The characteristics to be measured include the following:
1.1.1 warm-up,
1.1.2 off center errors,
1.1.3 repeatability, reproducibility, and precision,
1.1.4 accuracy and linearity,
1.1.5 hysteresis,
1.1.6 settling time,
1.1.7 temperature effects,
1.1.8 vernier or micrometer calibration, and
1.1.9 resistance to external disturbances.
1.2 The types of scales that can be tested by this method are of stabilized pan design wherein the sample pan does not tilt out of a horizontal plane when the sample is placed anywhere on the pan surface. The pan is located generally above the measuring mechanism with no vertical obstruction, except for draft shields. Readings of weight may be obtained from an optical scale, from a digital display, or from a mechanical dial. Weighing mechanisms may be of the deflecting type, using gravity or a spring as the transducer, or may be a force-balance system wherein an electromagnetic, pneumatic, hydraulic, or other force is used to counterbalance the weight of the sample. Other force-measuring devices may be tested by this method as long as a sample placed on a receiving platform produces an indication that is substantially a linear function of the weight of the sample.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method can be used for testing equal-arm balances of any capacity and sensitivity. The testing procedure should enable the user to characterize his instrument sufficiently to determine whether or not it is suitable for the purpose for which it is to be used.
1.2 The characteristics to be examined include:
1.2.1 Sensitivity at all loads,
1.2.2 Lever arm ratio,
1.2.3 Damping ratio (for instruments without accessory dampers),
1.2.4 Period of oscillation,
1.2.5 Precision, and
1.2.6 Linearity and calibration of accessory devices that provide on-scale indication of weight.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers various classes of weights and mass standards used in laboratories. Weights used for commercial measurements are excluded, except that one class of standards designed for the calibration of commercial test weights is included. Tolerances and design restrictions for each class are described in order that both individual weights or sets of weights can be chosen for appropriate applications (see Note). In general, this specification replaces, in function, National Bureau of Standards Circular 547, Section 1, which is out of print.  Note-Although metric weights are almost exclusively used in laboratories, tolerances are given in this specification for nonmetric weights in U.S. customary units for all classes. It is anticipated that as metrication, even in test laboratories, proceeds further, the nonmetric tables given in this specification will become obsolete.
1.2 This specification recognizes International Recommendation No. 1 (cylindrical weights from 1 g to 10 kg of average precision) and International Recommendation No. 20 (weights of classes of precision E1, E2, F1, F2, and M1 from 50 kg to 1 mg). Where appropriate, it is recommended that these International Recommendations be used.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers laboratory weights and precision mass standards including their principal physical characteristics and metrological requirements. Maximum permissible error, magnetic property, density, and surface roughness for each weight shall be within the limits indicated in this specification. Physical characteristics shall be based on construction, design, surface area, materials, magnetism, density, surface finish, weight adjustment, and marking.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers weights and mass standards used in laboratories, specifically classes 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. This specification replaces National Bureau of Standards Circular 547, Section , which is out of print.
1.2 This specification further recognizes that International Recommendation R111 exists, that describes classes E1, E2, F1, F2, M1, M2 and M3. Users may choose to reference either R111 or this specification, depending on requirements.
1.3 This specification contains the principal physical characteristics and metrological requirements for weights that are used.
1.3.1 For the verification of weighing instruments;
1.3.2 For the verification of weights of a lower class of accuracy; and
1.3.3 With weighing instruments.
1.4 Tolerances and design restrictions for each class are described in order that both individual weights or sets of weights can be chosen for appropriate applications.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers testing procedures for evaluating the performance of single-arm balances required by ASTM standards.  
1.2 This practice is intended for but not limited to sensitivity ratios of 10  or better and on-scale ranges of 1000 xd or more where d = readability either directly or by estimation.  
1.3 This practice can also be applied to other single-pan balances with mechanical weight changing of different capacities or sensitivities with appropriate test loads and calibration weights.  Note 1-Mechanical balances of this type have largely been replaced by automatic electronic balances incorporating a variety of operational principles. Nevertheless, some single-pan mechanical balances are still manufactured and many older balances will remain in service for years to come. One type of automatic electronic balance, the so-called "hybrid," bears considerable similarity to single-pan mechanical balances of the null type. (1)  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements, operating conditions, and test methods for piston or plunger operated volumetric apparatus (POVA).  
1.2 This specification includes specifications applicable for all types of POVA or those given by the manufacturer. The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 13, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers piston or plunger operated volumetric apparatus (POVA), in particular, the requirements, operating conditions, and test methods. POVA covered by this specification are pipettes, dispensers (with and without valve), dilutors, and displacement burets (with and without valve). Single measurement, replicate delivery, durability, functional (such as tests for leakage, broken parts, existence of air bubbles, and contamination), volumetric, and gravimetric tests shall be performed and shall conform to the requirements specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements, operating conditions, and test methods for piston or plunger operated volumetric apparatus (POVA).
1.2 This specification includes specifications applicable for all types of POVA or those given by the manufacturer. The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section , of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method should enable the user of the balance to interpret data determined thereon in terms of accuracy and precision. It should be helpful in using a particular instrument to best advantage. Weaknesses as well as strengths should become apparent. It is not the intention of this test method to compare similar instruments of different manufacture but rather to assist in choosing an instrument which will meet the needs of the user.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method can be used for testing equal-arm balances of any capacity and sensitivity. The testing procedure should enable the user to characterize his instrument sufficiently to determine whether or not it is suitable for the purpose for which it is to be used.
1.2 The characteristics to be examined include:
1.2.1 Sensitivity at all loads,
1.2.2 Lever arm ratio,
1.2.3 Damping ratio (for instruments without accessory dampers),
1.2.4 Period of oscillation,
1.2.5 Precision, and
1.2.6 Linearity and calibration of accessory devices that provide on-scale indication of weight.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Monitoring Weighing Performance—This practice provides results in the form of control charts which measure the weighing capability at the time of the test. A series of tests at appropriate intervals will monitor balance performance over a period of time. A marked change from expected performance may result from a variety of causes including: maladjustment, damage, dirt, foreign material, and thermal disturbances. If the test results are to indicate future performance, any disturbances that occur exterior to the balance must be brought under control (2).  
Acceptance Tests—This practice may also be used as acceptance tests for new balances. For this purpose, the tests should be conducted under favorable, but not necessarily ideal, conditions. Since systematic error in the course of the zero and the course of the sensitivity may be caused by disturbances external to the balance, limits on these errors are not ordinarily prescribed in acceptance requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers testing procedures for evaluating the performance of single-arm balances required by ASTM standards.  
1.2 This practice is intended for but not limited to sensitivity ratios of 10  or better and on-scale ranges of 1000 xd or more where d = readability either directly or by estimation.  
1.3 This practice can also be applied to other single-pan balances with mechanical weight changing of different capacities or sensitivities with appropriate test loads and calibration weights.  
Note 1—Mechanical balances of this type have largely been replaced by automatic electronic balances incorporating a variety of operational principles. Nevertheless, some single-pan mechanical balances are still manufactured and many older balances will remain in service for years to come. One type of automatic electronic balance, the so-called "hybrid," bears considerable similarity to single-pan mechanical balances of the null type. (1)
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the basic and design forms, lead, classification, and nominal size of the screw thread used for mounting the objective assembly to the body or lens turret of microscopes. It is based on, and intended to be interchangeable with, the screw thread introduced and adopted many years ago by the Royal Microscopical Society of Great Britain, generally known as the "RMS thread" and now almost universally accepted as the basic standard for microscope objective mountings.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers the screw thread used for mounting the objective assembly to the body or lens turret of microscopes. It is based on, and intended to be interchangeable with, the screw thread introduced and adopted many years ago by the Royal Microscopical Society of Great Britain, generally known as the “RMS thread” and now almost universally accepted as the basic standard for microscope objective mountings. Formal recognition, however, has been extremely limited.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This standard covers the screw thread used for mounting the objective assembly to the body or lens turret of microscopes. It is based on, and intended to be interchangeable with, the screw thread introduced and adopted many years ago by the Royal Microscopical Society of Great Britain, generally known as the “RMS thread” and now almost universally accepted as the basic standard for microscope objective mountings. Formal recognition, however, has been extremely limited.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee E41 on Laboratory Apparatus, this specification was withdrawn in January 2022. This standard is being withdrawn without replacement due to its limited use by industry.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method should enable the user of the balance to interpret data determined thereon in terms of accuracy and precision. It should be helpful in using a particular instrument to best advantage. Weaknesses as well as strengths should become apparent. It is not the intention of this test method to compare similar instruments of different manufacture but rather to assist in choosing an instrument which will meet the needs of the user.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method can be used for testing equal-arm balances of any capacity and sensitivity. The testing procedure should enable the user to characterize his instrument sufficiently to determine whether or not it is suitable for the purpose for which it is to be used.  
1.2 The characteristics to be examined include:  
1.2.1 Sensitivity at all loads,  
1.2.2 Lever arm ratio,  
1.2.3 Damping ratio (for instruments without accessory dampers),  
1.2.4 Period of oscillation,  
1.2.5 Precision, and  
1.2.6 Linearity and calibration of accessory devices that provide on-scale indication of weight.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method can be used for testing equal-arm balances of any capacity and sensitivity. The testing procedure should enable the user to characterize his instrument sufficiently to determine whether or not it is suitable for the purpose for which it is to be used.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee E41 on Laboratory Apparatus, this test method was withdrawn in July 2021 and replaced by Practice E898 on the Calibration of Non-Automatic Weighing Instruments.1

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Monitoring Weighing Performance—This practice provides results in the form of control charts which measure the weighing capability at the time of the test. A series of tests at appropriate intervals will monitor balance performance over a period of time. A marked change from expected performance may result from a variety of causes including: maladjustment, damage, dirt, foreign material, and thermal disturbances. If the test results are to indicate future performance, any disturbances that occur exterior to the balance must be brought under control  (2).  
4.2 Acceptance Tests—This practice may also be used as acceptance tests for new balances. For this purpose, the tests should be conducted under favorable, but not necessarily ideal, conditions. Since systematic error in the course of the zero and the course of the sensitivity may be caused by disturbances external to the balance, limits on these errors are not ordinarily prescribed in acceptance requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers testing procedures for evaluating the performance of single-arm balances required by ASTM standards.  
1.2 This practice is intended for but not limited to sensitivity ratios of 106 or better and on-scale ranges of 1000xd or more where  d  = reability either directly or by estimation.  
1.3 This practice can also be applied to other single-pan balances with mechanical weight changing of different capacities or sensitivities with appropriate test loads and calibration weights.  
Note 1: Mechanical balances of this type have largely been replaced by automatic electronic balances incorporating a variety of operational principles. Nevertheless, some single-pan mechanical balances are still manufactured and many older balances will remain in service for years to come. One type of automatic electronic balance, the so-called “hybrid,” bears considerable similarity to single-pan mechanical balances of the null type. (1)2  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This practice covers testing procedures for evaluating the performance of single-arm balances required by ASTM standards.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee E41 on Laboratory Apparatus, this practice was withdrawn in July 2021 and replaced by Practice E898 on the Calibration of Non-Automatic Weighing Instruments.1