ASTM D8166-22
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Sizing and Counting Particulates in Middle Distillate Fuels and Biodiesel Blend (B6 to B20) Using Continuous Flow and Bottle Sampler Particle Contamination Monitors
Standard Test Method for Sizing and Counting Particulates in Middle Distillate Fuels and Biodiesel Blend (B6 to B20) Using Continuous Flow and Bottle Sampler Particle Contamination Monitors
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for use in the laboratory or in the field to evaluate the cleanliness of distillate fuels, and liquid biofuels, such as biodiesel and diesel blends. This specific test method and the precision statement applies to off-line analysis.
Note 5: These PCMs can be used for high pressure on-line applications as well, however the repeatability (r) and reproducibility (R) for on-line application were not established.
5.2 An increase in particulate counts can indicate a change in the fuel condition caused for example by contamination during storage or transfer. Potential causes of particulates formation during storage could be “fuel-degradation products,” as described in Specification D975, Appendix X3.
5.3 High levels of particles can cause filter blockages (especially when the particles are close in size to the filter porosity rating) and have a serious impact on the life of pumps, injectors, pistons, and other moving parts. Knowledge of particle size in relation to the metallurgy can provide vital information, especially if the hardness of particles is also known from other sources.
5.4 This test method specifies a minimum requirement for reporting measurements in particle size bands (A1.2.1). Some specific applications may require measurements in other particle size bands. The particle count from the test should be carefully interpreted by the user as it can potentially over-state risk of abrasive damage or filter blocking due to counting water droplets as well as hard dirt particles.
5.5 In situations where there is a requirement for the calibration of the apparatus to be solely in accordance with ISO 11171, Test Methods D7619, IP 565, or IP 577 may be used.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method uses specific particle contamination monitors (PCMs) to count and measure the size of dispersed dirt particles, water droplets and other particulates, in middle distillate fuel, in the overall range from 4 µm to 70 µm and in the size bands ≥4 µm, ≥6 µm, ≥14 µm, and ≥30 µm.
Note 1: The term particle contamination monitor, as used in this test method, is the same as that defined in ISO 21018-4; an instrument that automatically measures the concentrations of particles suspended in a fluid at certain sizes and cannot be calibrated in accordance with ISO 11171 whose output may be as a particle size distribution at limited sizes or as a contamination code.
1.2 This test method has interim repeatability precision only, see Section 14 for more information.
Note 2: ASTM specification fuels falling within the scope of this test method include Specifications: D975, D1655, D3699, D7467, MIL-DTL-83133, MIL-DTL-5624, and distillate grades of D396 and D2880.
Note 3: For the purposes of this test method, water droplets are counted as particles, and agglomerated particles are detected and counted as a single larger particle. Dirt includes microbial particulates. Although the projected area of a particle is measured, this is expressed as the diameter of a circle for the purposes of this test method. The detector is unable to distinguish between dirt and water particles.
Note 4: This test method may be used for particle sizes bands up to 70 µm, however the interim repeatability has only been determined for the size bands ≥4 µm, ≥6 µm, and ≥14 µm. All measurements are counts per millilitre.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principl...
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 30-Sep-2022
- Technical Committee
- D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
- Drafting Committee
- D02.14 - Stability, Cleanliness and Compatibility of Liquid Fuels
Relations
- Effective Date
- 15-Mar-2024
- Effective Date
- 01-Mar-2024
- Refers
ASTM D4175-23a - Standard Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants - Effective Date
- 15-Dec-2023
- Effective Date
- 15-Dec-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-Dec-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-Oct-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-Oct-2023
- Refers
ASTM D4175-23e1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants - Effective Date
- 01-Jul-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-Jun-2020
- Effective Date
- 01-Jan-2020
- Effective Date
- 15-Dec-2019
- Effective Date
- 01-Dec-2019
- Effective Date
- 01-May-2019
- Effective Date
- 01-May-2019
- Effective Date
- 01-Feb-2019
Overview
ASTM D8166-22 is a standard test method developed by ASTM International for sizing and counting particulates in middle distillate fuels and biodiesel blends (B6 to B20) using continuous flow and bottle sampler particle contamination monitors (PCMs). This test method provides a practical means to assess fuel cleanliness by detecting, sizing, and quantifying dispersed particulates, including dirt particles and water droplets, in a range of fuel types such as diesel, kerosene, aviation turbine fuels, and biodiesel blends. It is used in both laboratory and field environments for off-line analysis, enabling stakeholders to monitor fuel quality during storage, transfer, and delivery.
Key Topics
- Particle Contamination Monitors (PCMs): Utilizes automatic instruments based on light obscuration to count and size particles and water droplets suspended in fuel samples.
- Applicable Fuels: Covers middle distillate fuels and biodiesel blends (B6 to B20) as well as aviation fuels, marine diesel, and kerosene, per recognized ASTM and military specifications (e.g., D975, D1655, D3699, D7467).
- Measurement Range: Particulates are measured within a 4 μm to 70 μm size range, with specific reporting for ≥4 μm, ≥6 μm, ≥14 μm, and ≥30 μm particle size bands.
- Reporting and Interpretation: Requires reporting particle counts in specified size bands and highlights the necessity to interpret results carefully, since water droplets are counted as particles and may overstate risk in certain scenarios.
- Sampling and Preparation: Emphasizes proper sampling, sample handling, and preparation procedures to ensure data accuracy and avoid contamination.
- Calibration and Verification: Involves regular verification and manufacturer-recommended calibration of PCMs, aligning with ISO and ASTM guidelines to maintain consistent and reliable test results.
Applications
The standard is widely used in industries where fuel cleanliness is critical for system performance and equipment longevity. Key applications include:
- Quality Control in Fuel Supply Chains: Monitoring and ensuring low particulate levels during fuel production, storage, and transfer to minimize risk of contamination.
- Aviation and Automotive Maintenance: Preventing equipment failure by identifying high particulate loads that can block filters or cause abrasive wear in pumps, injectors, and pistons.
- Biodiesel and Alternative Fuels Management: Assessing the cleanliness of renewable fuel blends to meet performance and warranty requirements.
- Compliance with Regulatory and Contractual Specifications: Supporting adherence to fuel standards by providing a recognized method for particulate quantification.
- Root Cause Analysis: Investigating fuel system issues related to compressor or engine failures linked to particulate contamination.
Related Standards
ASTM D8166-22 references several key standards and is part of a broader suite of fuel testing methods:
- ASTM D975: Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
- ASTM D1655: Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
- ASTM D3699: Specification for Kerosine
- ASTM D7467: Specification for Diesel Fuel Oil, Biodiesel Blend (B6 to B20)
- ASTM D4057 / D4177: Practices for Manual and Automatic Sampling of Petroleum Products
- ISO 21018-4: Monitoring particulate contamination in hydraulic fluids by light extinction
- ISO 11171 / ISO 11943: Calibration of automatic particle counters for liquids
- ASTM D7619 / IP 565 / IP 577: Alternative test methods for particle sizing and counting in fuels
By combining ASTM D8166-22 with these related standards, organizations can establish robust fuel cleanliness programs, enhance equipment reliability, and maintain compliance with international fuel quality requirements.
Keywords: ASTM D8166-22, fuel cleanliness, particle counting, middle distillate fuels, biodiesel blends, continuous flow PCM, bottle sampler PCM, particulate contamination, diesel fuel, aviation fuel, petroleum standards, ASTM, quality control
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Frequently Asked Questions
ASTM D8166-22 is a standard published by ASTM International. Its full title is "Standard Test Method for Sizing and Counting Particulates in Middle Distillate Fuels and Biodiesel Blend (B6 to B20) Using Continuous Flow and Bottle Sampler Particle Contamination Monitors". This standard covers: SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 5.1 This test method is intended for use in the laboratory or in the field to evaluate the cleanliness of distillate fuels, and liquid biofuels, such as biodiesel and diesel blends. This specific test method and the precision statement applies to off-line analysis. Note 5: These PCMs can be used for high pressure on-line applications as well, however the repeatability (r) and reproducibility (R) for on-line application were not established. 5.2 An increase in particulate counts can indicate a change in the fuel condition caused for example by contamination during storage or transfer. Potential causes of particulates formation during storage could be “fuel-degradation products,” as described in Specification D975, Appendix X3. 5.3 High levels of particles can cause filter blockages (especially when the particles are close in size to the filter porosity rating) and have a serious impact on the life of pumps, injectors, pistons, and other moving parts. Knowledge of particle size in relation to the metallurgy can provide vital information, especially if the hardness of particles is also known from other sources. 5.4 This test method specifies a minimum requirement for reporting measurements in particle size bands (A1.2.1). Some specific applications may require measurements in other particle size bands. The particle count from the test should be carefully interpreted by the user as it can potentially over-state risk of abrasive damage or filter blocking due to counting water droplets as well as hard dirt particles. 5.5 In situations where there is a requirement for the calibration of the apparatus to be solely in accordance with ISO 11171, Test Methods D7619, IP 565, or IP 577 may be used. SCOPE 1.1 This test method uses specific particle contamination monitors (PCMs) to count and measure the size of dispersed dirt particles, water droplets and other particulates, in middle distillate fuel, in the overall range from 4 µm to 70 µm and in the size bands ≥4 µm, ≥6 µm, ≥14 µm, and ≥30 µm. Note 1: The term particle contamination monitor, as used in this test method, is the same as that defined in ISO 21018-4; an instrument that automatically measures the concentrations of particles suspended in a fluid at certain sizes and cannot be calibrated in accordance with ISO 11171 whose output may be as a particle size distribution at limited sizes or as a contamination code. 1.2 This test method has interim repeatability precision only, see Section 14 for more information. Note 2: ASTM specification fuels falling within the scope of this test method include Specifications: D975, D1655, D3699, D7467, MIL-DTL-83133, MIL-DTL-5624, and distillate grades of D396 and D2880. Note 3: For the purposes of this test method, water droplets are counted as particles, and agglomerated particles are detected and counted as a single larger particle. Dirt includes microbial particulates. Although the projected area of a particle is measured, this is expressed as the diameter of a circle for the purposes of this test method. The detector is unable to distinguish between dirt and water particles. Note 4: This test method may be used for particle sizes bands up to 70 µm, however the interim repeatability has only been determined for the size bands ≥4 µm, ≥6 µm, and ≥14 µm. All measurements are counts per millilitre. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principl...
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 5.1 This test method is intended for use in the laboratory or in the field to evaluate the cleanliness of distillate fuels, and liquid biofuels, such as biodiesel and diesel blends. This specific test method and the precision statement applies to off-line analysis. Note 5: These PCMs can be used for high pressure on-line applications as well, however the repeatability (r) and reproducibility (R) for on-line application were not established. 5.2 An increase in particulate counts can indicate a change in the fuel condition caused for example by contamination during storage or transfer. Potential causes of particulates formation during storage could be “fuel-degradation products,” as described in Specification D975, Appendix X3. 5.3 High levels of particles can cause filter blockages (especially when the particles are close in size to the filter porosity rating) and have a serious impact on the life of pumps, injectors, pistons, and other moving parts. Knowledge of particle size in relation to the metallurgy can provide vital information, especially if the hardness of particles is also known from other sources. 5.4 This test method specifies a minimum requirement for reporting measurements in particle size bands (A1.2.1). Some specific applications may require measurements in other particle size bands. The particle count from the test should be carefully interpreted by the user as it can potentially over-state risk of abrasive damage or filter blocking due to counting water droplets as well as hard dirt particles. 5.5 In situations where there is a requirement for the calibration of the apparatus to be solely in accordance with ISO 11171, Test Methods D7619, IP 565, or IP 577 may be used. SCOPE 1.1 This test method uses specific particle contamination monitors (PCMs) to count and measure the size of dispersed dirt particles, water droplets and other particulates, in middle distillate fuel, in the overall range from 4 µm to 70 µm and in the size bands ≥4 µm, ≥6 µm, ≥14 µm, and ≥30 µm. Note 1: The term particle contamination monitor, as used in this test method, is the same as that defined in ISO 21018-4; an instrument that automatically measures the concentrations of particles suspended in a fluid at certain sizes and cannot be calibrated in accordance with ISO 11171 whose output may be as a particle size distribution at limited sizes or as a contamination code. 1.2 This test method has interim repeatability precision only, see Section 14 for more information. Note 2: ASTM specification fuels falling within the scope of this test method include Specifications: D975, D1655, D3699, D7467, MIL-DTL-83133, MIL-DTL-5624, and distillate grades of D396 and D2880. Note 3: For the purposes of this test method, water droplets are counted as particles, and agglomerated particles are detected and counted as a single larger particle. Dirt includes microbial particulates. Although the projected area of a particle is measured, this is expressed as the diameter of a circle for the purposes of this test method. The detector is unable to distinguish between dirt and water particles. Note 4: This test method may be used for particle sizes bands up to 70 µm, however the interim repeatability has only been determined for the size bands ≥4 µm, ≥6 µm, and ≥14 µm. All measurements are counts per millilitre. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principl...
ASTM D8166-22 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 75.160.20 - Liquid fuels. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ASTM D8166-22 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ASTM D1655-24, ASTM D6300-24, ASTM D4175-23a, ASTM D975-23a, ASTM D6300-23a, ASTM D7467-23, ASTM D1655-23a, ASTM D4175-23e1, ASTM D7467-20a, ASTM D7467-20, ASTM D396-19a, ASTM D6300-19a, ASTM D396-19, ASTM D7467-19, ASTM D975-19. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
ASTM D8166-22 is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D8166 − 22
Standard Test Method for
Sizing and Counting Particulates in Middle Distillate Fuels
and Biodiesel Blend (B6 to B20) Using Continuous Flow and
Bottle Sampler Particle Contamination Monitors
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8166; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.1 This test method uses specific particle contamination
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
monitors (PCMs) to count and measure the size of dispersed
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
dirt particles, water droplets and other particulates, in middle
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
distillate fuel, in the overall range from 4 µm to 70 µm and in
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
the size bands ≥4 µm, ≥6 µm, ≥14 µm, and ≥30 µm.
NOTE 1—The term particle contamination monitor, as used in this test
2. Referenced Documents
method, is the same as that defined in ISO 21018-4; an instrument that
2.1 ASTM Standards:
automaticallymeasurestheconcentrationsofparticlessuspendedinafluid
D396 Specification for Fuel Oils
at certain sizes and cannot be calibrated in accordance with ISO 11171
whose output may be as a particle size distribution at limited sizes or as
D975 Specification for Diesel Fuel
a contamination code.
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
1.2 This test method has interim repeatability precision D2880 Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
only, see Section 14 for more information. D3699 Specification for Kerosine
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
NOTE 2—ASTM specification fuels falling within the scope of this test
Petroleum Products
method include Specifications: D975, D1655, D3699, D7467, MIL-DTL-
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid
83133, MIL-DTL-5624, and distillate grades of D396 and D2880.
NOTE 3—For the purposes of this test method, water droplets are
Fuels, and Lubricants
counted as particles, and agglomerated particles are detected and counted
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
as a single larger particle. Dirt includes microbial particulates. Although
Petroleum Products
the projected area of a particle is measured, this is expressed as the
D4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for
diameter of a circle for the purposes of this test method. The detector is
Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
unable to distinguish between dirt and water particles.
NOTE 4—This test method may be used for particle sizes bands up to D5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samples
70 µm, however the interim repeatability has only been determined for the
of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
size bands ≥4 µm, ≥6 µm, and ≥14 µm. All measurements are counts per
D6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias
millilitre.
Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products,
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
D7467 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oil, Biodiesel Blend
standard.
(B6 to B20)
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the D7619 Test Method for Sizing and Counting Particles in
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the Light and Middle Distillate Fuels, by Automatic Particle
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- Counter
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
2.2 U.S. Dept. of Defense Specifications:
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
MIL-DTL-5624 Specification: Turbine Fuel, Aviation,
Grades JP-4 (NATO F-40 and JP-5 (NATO F-44)
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Subcommittee D02.14 on Stability, Cleanliness and Compatibility of Liquid Fuels. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2022. Published October 2022. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
approved in 2017. Last previous edition approved in 2021 as D8166 – 21a. DOI: the ASTM website.
10.1520/D8166-22. Available online at ASSIST Quick Search (http://quicksearch.dla.mil).
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D8166 − 22
MIL-DTL-83133 Specification: Turbine Fuel, Aviation, 3.2.5 particles, n—solid particles, dispersed water droplets
Kerosene Type, JP-8 (NATO F-34), NATO F-35, and and air bubbles which are detected and counted by this test
JP-8+100 (NATO F-37) method.
2.3 ISO Standards:
3.3 Abbreviations:
ISO 11171 Hydraulic fluid power—Calibration of automatic
3.3.1 ACFTD—air clean fine test dust
particle counters for liquids
3.3.2 MTD—medium test dust
ISO 11943 Hydraulic fluid power — Online automatic
3.3.3 PCM—particle contamination monitor
particlecounting systems for liquids — Methods of cali-
bration and validation 3.3.4 UFTD—ultra fine test dust
ISO 12103 Road vehicles—Test contaminants for filter
4. Summary of Test Method
evaluation—Part 1: Arizona test dust
4.1 The optical measurement cell is comprised of a light
ISO 21018–4 Hydraulic fluid power — Monitoring the level
of particulate contamination in the fluid —Part 4: Use of source and an optical sensor. The principle of operation is the
measurement of laser light obscuration. Particles/droplets en-
the light extinction technique
trained within the test specimen cast shadows on the optical
2.4 Energy Institute Test Methods:
sensor, causing a reduction of the output voltage of the sensor.
IP 564 Determination of the level of cleanliness of aviation
The voltage drop is a function of the particle/droplet size. Each
turbine fuel – Automatic particle condition monitor
detectedparticleiscounted,sized,andrecorded.Uponcomple-
IP 565 Determination of the level of cleanliness of aviation
tionofthetest,thesoftwarecalculatesanddisplaysthenumber
turbine fuel – Portable automatic particle counter method
of obscuration events for each of the predetermined size
IP 577 Determination of the level of cleanliness of aviation
channels.
turbine fuel – Automatic particle counter method using
light extinction
4.2 The principle of operation (4.1) for PCMs is the same
for both continuous flow (Procedure A) and bottle sampler
3. Terminology
(Procedure B) PCMs. The instruments differ in the test
specimen volume and the mode of operation (manual for
3.1 For definition of terms used in this test method, refer to
continuous flow PCM, and automatic for bottle sampler PCM)
Terminology D4175.
(4.2) The only manual operation required by continuous flow
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
PCM is during the initiation of each of the determinations, by
3.2.1 coincidence error limit, n—the highest concentration
turning a knob.
of ISO ultrafine test dust (ISO 12103-1, A.1) that can be
4.2.1 Continuous Flow PCM—The test specimen is manu-
counted with less than a 5 % error resulting from the presence
ally mixed in its container to suspend the particles. Upon
of more than one particle in the sensing volume at a time.
initiation of a test, the PCM draws the test specimen directly
3.2.2 particle count, n—the sum of the number of solid
from a test specimen container (see Fig. A1.1). The test
particles and dispersed water droplets counted by this test
sequence is started manually. The test sequence comprises of
method.
four manual initiations. The first initiation and resulting deter-
3.2.3 particle size, µm, n—the diameter of the circle of an mination is used as a flush. The optical measurement cell is
area equivalent to that of the projected area of the particle flushed with 10 mL test specimen. The remaining three
passing through the detecting cell. determinations, each initiated manually and using 10 mL of
3.2.3.1 Discussion—Particles are not generally spherical in test specimen, are averaged to give the test result. PCM counts
shape. The shadow cast by a particle on the detector will particles in the specified size bands.
nevertheless have a measurable area. The particle size is here 4.2.2 Bottle Sampler PCM—The test specimen is manually
mixed in its container to suspend the particles. Upon initiation
defined as the diameter of that circle equal in area to this
projected area. of a test, the PCM draws the test specimen directly from a test
specimen container (see Fig. A1.2). The test sequence com-
3.2.4 particle size cumulative count, n—the total number of
mences by flushing the optical measurement cell and internal
particles per millilitre, in size bands, ≥4 µm, ≥6 µm, ≥14 µm,
tubing known as the dead volume. This is immediately
and ≥30 µm.
followed by the test of 25 mL test specimen. The PCM counts
3.2.4.1 Discussion—The cumulative count in each (increas-
particles in the specified size bands. This is repeated automati-
ing) size band includes the counts from all larger sizes but
cally two more times. The results are averaged as in Procedure
excludes the counts in all previous (smaller) size bands. PCMs
A.
usedinthismethodcanalsocountthetotalnumberofparticles
permillilitreinothersizebandsadditionaltothoseindicatedin
4.3 Obtaining a representative sample and following the
3.2.4,upto ≥70 µm.
recommended sample and test specimen preparation proce-
dures and timescales are particularly important with particle
counting methods (see Sections 8 and 10).
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. 5. Significance and Use
Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, W1G 7AR,
5.1 This test method is intended for use in the laboratory or
U.K., http://www.energyinst.org. Available online at http://
publishing.energyinst.org/ip-test-methods in the field to evaluate the cleanliness of distillate fuels, and
D8166 − 22
liquid biofuels, such as biodiesel and diesel blends. This 7. Reagents and Materials
specific test method and the precision statement applies to 7
7.1 Verification and Calibration Fluids —containing ISO
off-line analysis.
Medium Test Dust (MTD) as specified in specification ISO
NOTE 5—These PCMs can be used for high pressure on-line applica-
12103-1, A.3.
tions as well, however the repeatability (r) and reproducibility (R) for
on-line application were not established.
7.2 Shop Air—optional for bottle sampler (Procedure B).
(Warning—High pressure, health hazard.)
5.2 An increase in particulate counts can indicate a change
in the fuel condition caused for example by contamination
7.3 Isopropanol—reagent grade filtered down to 0.45 µm.
during storage or transfer. Potential causes of particulates
7.3.1 Prepare the isopropanol by filtering through a 0.45 µm
formationduringstoragecouldbe“fuel-degradationproducts,”
filter (6.4.1) contained in a filter apparatus (6.4). Store in a
as described in Specification D975, Appendix X3.
container prepared in accordance with 10.2.
5.3 High levels of particles can cause filter blockages
7.4 Isopropanol—HPLC grade, required only for procedure
(especially when the particles are close in size to the filter
in Appendix X1.(Warning—Flammable, health hazard.)
porosityrating)andhaveaseriousimpactonthelifeofpumps,
8. Sampling
injectors, pistons, and other moving parts. Knowledge of
particle size in relation to the metallurgy can provide vital
8.1 Unless otherwise specified, take a sample of at least
information, especially if the hardness of particles is also
400 mL in accordance with Practices D4057, D4177, or other
known from other sources.
comparable sampling practices.
5.4 This test method specifies a minimum requirement for
8.2 If collecting field samples, use sample containers that
reporting measurements in particle size bands (A1.2.1). Some
are capable of transporting the sample without contamination,
specific applications may require measurements in other par-
follow Practice D4306. Examples of these are fully epoxy-
ticle size bands. The particle count from the test should be
lined metal or amber-colored glass containers with a threaded
carefully interpreted by the user as it can potentially over-state
cap, fitted with an inert liner, forming a seal with the container.
riskofabrasivedamageorfilterblockingduetocountingwater
For additional guidance on handling samples and transport
droplets as well as hard dirt particles.
containers consult Practice D5854.
5.5 In situations where there is a requirement for the
8.3 Prior to taking the sample, rinse the sample containers
calibrationoftheapparatustobesolelyinaccordancewithISO
with the product to be sampled at least three times. Each rinse
11171, Test Methods D7619, IP 565, or IP 577 may be used.
shall use product equal to 10 % to 20 % of the container
volume.Arinseshallincludeclosingandshakingthecontainer
6. Apparatus
for a minimum of 5 s and then draining the product.
6.1 Particle Contamination Monitor (PCM) —Operating
8.4 Do not fill the sample container more than 90 % full.
on the laser light obscuration principle, comprising an optical
Overfilling adversely affects the preparation of the test speci-
measurement cell, bi-directional pump, electronics, and soft-
men as specified in 10.1.
ware to analyze the test specimen, and display and print the
9. Preparation of Apparatus
particle measurement data (see ISO 21018 and Annex A1).
9.1 Ensure that the PCM is set up according to the instru-
6.2 Test Specimen Container, cylindrical, made of glass or
ment manufacturer’s operating instructions and the verification
other suitable material, of at least 400 mL volume for Proce-
and calibration requirements stated in both Sections 11 and
dureAwith provision for holding the test specimen input tube
A1.2.3 have been performed.
at least 10 mm above the bottom of the container, or 200 mL
volumeforProcedureB,andacapwithasuitableinertinternal
9.2 Clean the outside of the test specimen input tube before
seal.
eachtestsequencebywashingtheoutsideincleanisopropanol.
NOTE 6—Some containers cause particles to adhere to the walls of the
9.3 If a test specimen reports a ≥4 µm measurement of over
container due to static electricity effects.
20 000 particles per millilitre, perform several test sequences
6.3 Waste Container, for collecting the tested test specimen
using filtered isopropanol to clean and flush the measurement
and filtered solvent used for flushing.
cell and the dead volume inside the unit before testing other
6.4 Filter Apparatus, general purpose for filtering solvents.
test specimens.
6.4.1 Filters, cellulose, glass fiber or polycarbonate
10. Test Specimen Preparation
membranes, rated at 0.45 µm.
10.1 To prepare the test specimen, gently rotate the sample
6.5 Printer, to record details of the measurements and
container end-over-end for 1 min at approximately 1 r⁄s by
results.
hand, or use a suitable automated mechanical agitator, being
careful not to form air bubbles. See Note 7. This ensures that
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time a representative test specimen can be drawn into the test
is Parker Hannifin Corporation, Hydraulic and Fuel Filtration Division, Colorado
specimen container.
Springs, CO 80907. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this
information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive
1 7
careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which The verification and calibration fluids are available from the instrument
you may attend. manufacturer.
D8166 − 22
10.2 Use a clean test specimen container, or flush the test 12.1.1 Immediately before commencing a test, gently rotate
specimen container by rinsing the inside of the container three the specimen container end-over-end for 1 min at approxi-
times with the sample to be tested. Each rinse should use mately 1 r⁄s by hand, or use a suitable automated mechanical
product equal to 10 % to 20 % of the container volume.Arinse agitatorthenimmediatelyinitiatethetestaspermanufacturer’s
shall include closing and shaking the container for a minimum instructions. If the test is not started within approximately 90 s
of 5 s and then draining product. Alternatively, the test speci- after agitation, gently repeat sample rotation for a further
men container may be cleaned by washing thoroughly with minute.
filtered isopropanol (7.3.1) and then allowed to dry in a clean
12.1.2 If the sample container, container closure, and
environment.
sample volume allow the test specimen to be drawn by the
automatic particle counter, and the sample has been gently
10.3 The efficacy of cleaning of the test specimen container
agitated as described in 10.1, the test specimen may be drawn
can be checked by testing a sample of filtered isopropanol (see
directly from the sample container, however the remaining
7.3.1), in the cleaned test specimen container; this should give
sample could then be unsuitable for carrying out other types of
a count of less than 200 counts⁄mL for the ≥4 µm measure-
test methods due to possible cross-contamination.
ment. If less than 200 counts⁄mLare not achieved after several
runs, then re-filter the isopropanol and recheck.
NOTE 9—Testing directly from the sample container reduces the
possibility of introducing local contamination into the test specimen.
10.4 After rinsing the test specimen con
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D8166 − 21a D8166 − 22
Standard Test Method for
Sizing and Counting Particulates in Middle Distillate Fuels
and Biodiesel Blend (B6 to B20) Using Continuous Flow and
Bottle Sampler Automatic Particle ConditionContamination
Monitors
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8166; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method uses specific automatic particle conditioncontamination monitors (PCMs) to count and measure the size of
dispersed dirt particles, water droplets and other particulates, in middle distillate fuel, in the overall range from 4 μm to 70 μm and
in the size bands ≥4 μm, ≥6 μm, ≥14 μm, and ≥30 μm.
NOTE 1—The term particle contamination monitor, as used in this test method, is the same as that defined in ISO 21018-4; an instrument that automatically
measures the concentrations of particles suspended in a fluid at certain sizes and cannot be calibrated in accordance with ISO 11171 whose output may
be as a particle size distribution at limited sizes or as a contamination code.
1.2 This test method has interim repeatability precision only, see Section 14 for more information.
NOTE 2—ASTM specification fuels falling within the scope of this test method include Specifications: D975, D1655, D3699, D7467, MIL-DTL-83133,
MIL-DTL-5624, and distillate grades of D396 and D2880.
NOTE 3—For the purposes of this test method, water droplets are counted as particles, and agglomerated particles are detected and counted as a single
larger particle. Dirt includes microbial particulates. Although the projected area of a particle is measured, this is expressed as the diameter of a circle for
the purposes of this test method. The detector is unable to distinguish between dirt and water particles.
NOTE 4—This test method may be used for particle sizes bands up to 70 μm, however the interim repeatability has only been determined for the size bands
≥4 μm, ≥6 μm, and ≥14 μm. All measurements are counts per millilitre.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.14 on Stability, Cleanliness and Compatibility of Liquid Fuels.
Current edition approved March 1, 2021Oct. 1, 2022. Published March 2021October 2022. Originally approved in 2017. Last previous edition approved in 2021 as
D8166 – 21.D8166 – 21a. DOI: 10.1520/D8166-21A.10.1520/D8166-22.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D8166 − 22
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D396 Specification for Fuel Oils
D975 Specification for Diesel Fuel
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
D2880 Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
D3699 Specification for Kerosine
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
D5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samples of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and
Lubricants
D7467 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oil, Biodiesel Blend (B6 to B20)
D7619 Test Method for Sizing and Counting Particles in Light and Middle Distillate Fuels, by Automatic Particle Counter
2.2 U.S. Dept. of Defense Specifications:
MIL-DTL-5624 Specification: Turbine Fuel, Aviation, Grades JP-4 (NATO F-40 and JP-5 (NATO F-44)
MIL-DTL-83133 Specification: Turbine Fuel, Aviation, Kerosene Type, JP-8 (NATO F-34), NATO F-35, and JP-8+100 (NATO
F-37)
2.3 ISO Standards:
ISO 11171 Hydraulic fluid power—Calibration of automatic particle counters for liquids
ISO 11943 Hydraulic fluid power — Online automatic particlecounting systems for liquids — Methods of calibration and
validation
ISO 12103 Road vehicles—Test contaminants for filter evaluation—Part 1: Arizona test dust
ISO 21018–4 Hydraulic fluid power — Monitoring the level of particulate contamination in the fluid —Part 4: Use of the light
extinction technique
2.4 Energy Institute Test Methods:
IP 564 Determination of the level of cleanliness of aviation turbine fuel – Automatic particle condition monitor
IP 565 Determination of the level of cleanliness of aviation turbine fuel – Portable automatic particle counter method
IP 577 Determination of the level of cleanliness of aviation turbine fuel – Automatic particle counter method using light
extinction
3. Terminology
3.1 For definition of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D4175.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 coincidence error limit, n—the highest concentration of ISO ultrafine test dust (ISO 12103-1, A.1) that can be counted with
an automatic particle counter with less than a 5 % error resulting from the presence of more than one particle in the sensing volume
at a time.
3.2.2 particle count, n—the sum of the number of solid particles and dispersed water droplets counted by this test method.
3.2.3 particle size, μm, n—the diameter of the circle of an area equivalent to that of the projected area of the particle passing
through the detecting cell.
3.2.3.1 Discussion—
Particles are not generally spherical in shape. The shadow cast by a particle on the detector will nevertheless have a measurable
area. The particle size is here defined as the diameter of that circle equal in area to this projected area.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available online at ASSIST Quick Search (http://quicksearch.dla.mil).
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, W1G 7AR, U.K., http://www.energyinst.org. Available online at http://publishing.energyinst.org/ip-
test-methods
D8166 − 22
3.2.4 particle size cumulative count, n—the total number of particles per millilitre, in size bands, ≥4 μm, ≥6 μm, ≥14 μm, and
≥30 μm.
3.2.4.1 Discussion—
The cumulative count in each (increasing) size band includes the counts from all larger sizes but excludes the counts in all previous
(smaller) size bands. PCMs used in this method can also count the total number of particles per millilitre in other size bands
additional to those indicated in 3.2.4, up to ≥70 μm.
3.2.5 particles, n—solid particles, dispersed water droplets and air bubbles which are detected and counted by this test method.
3.3 Abbreviations:
3.3.1 ACFTD—air clean fine test dust
3.3.2 MTD—medium test dust
3.3.3 PCM—particle conditioncontamination monitor
3.3.4 UFTD—ultra fine test dust
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The optical measurement cell is comprised of a light source and an optical sensor. The principle of operation is the
measurement of laser light obscuration. Particles/droplets entrained within the test specimen cast shadows on the optical sensor,
causing a reduction of the output voltage of the sensor. The voltage drop is a function of the particle/droplet size. Each detected
particle is counted, sized, and recorded. Upon completion of the test, the software calculates and displays the number of
obscuration events for each of the predetermined size channels.
4.2 The principle of operation (4.1) for PCMs is the same for both continuous flow (Procedure A) and bottle sampler (Procedure
B) PCMs. The instruments differ in the test specimen volume and the mode of operation (manual for continuous flow PCM, and
automatic for bottle sampler PCM) (4.2) The only manual operation required by continuous flow PCM is during the initiation of
each of the determinations, by turning a knob.
4.2.1 Continuous Flow PCM—The test specimen is manually mixed in its container to suspend the particles. Upon initiation of
a test, the PCM draws the test specimen directly from a test specimen container (see Fig. A1.1). The test sequence is started
manually. The test sequence comprises of four manual initiations. The first initiation and resulting determination is used as a flush.
The optical measurement cell is flushed with 10 mL test specimen. The remaining three determinations, each initiated manually
and using 10 mL of test specimen, are averaged to give the test result. PCM counts particles in the specified size bands.
4.2.2 Bottle Sampler PCM—The test specimen is manually mixed in its container to suspend the particles. Upon initiation of a
test, the PCM draws the test specimen directly from a test specimen container (see Fig. A1.2). The test sequence commences by
flushing the optical measurement cell and internal tubing known as the dead volume. This is immediately followed by the test of
25 mL test specimen. The PCM counts particles in the specified size bands. This is repeated automatically two more times. The
results are averaged as in Procedure A.
4.3 Obtaining a representative sample and following the recommended sample and test specimen preparation procedures and
timescales are particularly important with particle counting methods (see Sections 8 and 10).
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method is intended for use in the laboratory or in the field to evaluate the cleanliness of distillate fuels, and liquid
biofuels, such as biodiesel and diesel blends. This specific test method and the precision statement applies to off-line analysis.
NOTE 5—These PCMs can be used for high pressure on-line applications as well, however the repeatability (r) and reproducibility (R) for on-line
application were not established.
D8166 − 22
5.2 An increase in particulate counts can indicate a change in the fuel condition caused for example by contamination during
storage or transfer. Potential causes of particulates formation during storage could be “fuel-degradation products,” as described in
Specification D975, Appendix X3.
5.3 High levels of particles can cause filter blockages (especially when the particles are close in size to the filter porosity rating)
and have a serious impact on the life of pumps, injectors, pistons, and other moving parts. Knowledge of particle size in relation
to the metallurgy can provide vital information, especially if the hardness of particles is also known from other sources.
5.4 This test method specifies a minimum requirement for reporting measurements in particle size bands (A1.2.1). Some specific
applications may require measurements in other particle size bands. The particle count from the test should be carefully interpreted
by the user as it can potentially over-state risk of abrasive damage or filter blocking due to counting water droplets as well as hard
dirt particles.
5.5 In situations where there is a requirement for the calibration of the apparatus to be solely in accordance with ISO 11171, Test
Methods D7619, IP 565, or IP 577 shouldmay be used.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Particle ConditionContamination Monitor (PCM) —Operating on the laser light obscuration principle, comprising an optical
measurement cell, bi-directional pump, electronics, and software to analyze the test specimen, and display and print the particle
measurement data (see ISO 21018 and Annex A1).
6.2 Test Specimen Container, cylindrical, made of glass or other suitable material, of at least 400 mL volume for Procedure A with
provision for holding the test specimen input tube at least 10 mm above the bottom of the container, or 200 mL volume for
Procedure B, and a cap with a suitable inert internal seal.
NOTE 6—Some containers cause particles to adhere to the walls of the container due to static electricity effects.
6.3 Waste Container, for collecting the tested test specimen and filtered solvent used for flushing.
6.4 Filter Apparatus, general purpose for filtering solvents.
6.4.1 Filters, cellulose, glass fiber or polycarbonate membranes, rated at 0.45 μm.
6.5 Printer, to record details of the measurements and results.
7. Reagents and Materials
7.1 Verification and Calibration Fluids —containing ISO Medium Test Dust (MTD) as specified in specification ISO 12103-1,
A.3.
7.2 Shop Air—optional for bottle sampler (Procedure B). (Warning—High pressure, health hazard.)
7.3 Isopropanol—reagent grade filtered down to 0.45 μm.
7.3.1 Prepare the isopropanol by filtering through a 0.45 μm filter (6.4.1) contained in a filter apparatus (6.4). Store in a container
prepared in accordance with 10.2.
7.4 Isopropanol—HPLC grade, required only for procedure in Appendix X1. (Warning—Flammable, health hazard.)
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time is Parker Hannifin Corporation, Hydraulic and Fuel Filtration Division, Colorado Springs,
CO 80907. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration
at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
The verification and calibration fluids are available from the instrument manufacturer.
D8166 − 22
8. Sampling
8.1 Unless otherwise specified, take a sample of at least 400 mL in accordance with Practices D4057, D4177, or other comparable
sampling practices.
8.2 If collecting field samples, use sample containers that are capable of transporting the sample without contamination, follow
Practice D4306. Examples of these are fully epoxy-lined metal or amber-colored glass containers with a threaded cap, fitted with
an inert liner, forming a seal with the container. For additional guidance on handling samples and transport containers consult
Practice D5854.
8.3 Prior to taking the sample, rinse the sample containers with the product to be sampled at least three times. Each rinse shall
use product equal to 10 % to 20 % of the container volume. A rinse shall include closing and shaking the container for a minimum
of 5 s and then draining the product.
8.4 Do not fill the sample container more than 90 % full. Overfilling adversely affects the preparation of the test specimen as
specified in 10.1.
9. Preparation of Apparatus
9.1 Ensure that the PCM is set up according to the instrument manufacturer’s operating instructions and the verification and
calibration requirements stated in both Sections 11 and A1.2.3 have been performed.
9.2 Clean the outside of the test specimen input tube before each test sequence by washing the outside in clean isopropanol.
9.3 If a test specimen reports a ≥4 μm measurement of over 20 000 particles per millilitre, perform several test sequences using
filtered isopropanol to clean and flush the measurement cell and the dead volume inside the unit before testing other test specimens.
10. Test Specimen Preparation
10.1 To prepare the test specimen, gently rotate the sample container end-over-end for 1 min at approximately 1 r ⁄s by hand, or
use a suitable automated mechanical agitator, being careful not to form air bubbles. See Note 67. This ensures that a representative
test specimen can be drawn into the test specimen container.
10.2 Use a clean test specimen container, or flush the test specimen container by rinsing the inside of the container three times
with the sample to be tested. Each rinse should use product equal to 10 % to 20 % of the container volume. A rinse shall include
closing and shaking the container for a minimum of 5 s and then draining product. Alternatively, the test specimen container may
be cleaned by washing thoroughly with filtered isopropanol (7.3.1) and then allowed to dry in a clean environment.
10.3 The efficacy of cleaning of the test specimen container can be checked by testing a sample of filtered isopropanol (see 7.3.1),
in the cleaned test specimen container; this should give a count of less than 200 counts ⁄mL for the ≥4 μm measurement. If less
than 200 counts ⁄mL are not achieved after several runs, then re-filter the isopropanol and recheck.
10.4 After rinsing the test specimen container, re-agitate the sample by gently rotating the sample container end-over-end for 1 min
at approximately 1 r ⁄s by hand, or use a suitable automated mechanical agitator and immediately pour the re-agitated sample into
the test specimen container. Ensure that the test specimen container is less than 90 % full.
NOTE 7—Over-shaken or mechanically stirred samples can result in entrain air bubbles that will be counted as solid particles. Test specimens given
ultrasonic treatment can result in the break-up of agglomerated particles into smaller ones that can affect the particle distribution.
11. Apparatus Verification and Calibration
11.1 Verification:
11.1.1 Follow the manufacturer’s instructions to prepare verification fluid.
11.1.2 Verify the correct operation of the PCM at least every 6 months or more frequently if required by local quality controls,
D8166 − 22
by using the verification fluid (see 7.1) in accordance with 11.1.1 and 12.1 or 12.2. The result obtained shall be within the limits
stated on the verification fluid certificate for the reported ≥4 μm channel count. If the result obtained is not within this figure, ensure
the sample preparation is in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, check the verification fluid’s validity date, and run
a fu
...
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