ASTM C868-02(2008)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Chemical Resistance of Protective Linings
Standard Test Method for Chemical Resistance of Protective Linings
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The results obtained by this test method should serve as a guide in, but not as the sole basis for, selection of a lining material for particular application. Simple chemical-resistance evaluations of the lining materials may be performed more conveniently by other pertinent methods as a prescreening test for this procedure in accordance with Test Methods C 267 and D 471.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for evaluating the chemical resistance of a polymer-based protective lining in immersion service. The method closely approximates the service conditions, including the temperature differential between the external and internal surfaces of the equipment, which may accelerate permeation of the lining by a corrosive media.
1.2 This test may be used to simulate actual field use conditions insofar as a qualitative evaluation of the lining system after a predetermined period of exposure.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: C868 − 02(Reapproved 2008)
Standard Test Method for
Chemical Resistance of Protective Linings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C868; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D1474 Test Methods for Indentation Hardness of Organic
Coatings
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for evaluating the
D2583 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Rigid Plas-
chemical resistance of a polymer-based protective lining in
tics by Means of a Barcol Impressor
immersion service. The method closely approximates the
D3363 Test Method for Film Hardness by Pencil Test
service conditions, including the temperature differential be-
D4417 Test Methods for Field Measurement of Surface
tween the external and internal surfaces of the equipment,
Profile of Blast Cleaned Steel
which may accelerate permeation of the lining by a corrosive
D4541 Test Method for Pull-Off Strength of Coatings Using
media.
Portable Adhesion Testers
1.2 This test may be used to simulate actual field use
D5162 Practice for Discontinuity (Holiday) Testing of Non-
conditions insofar as a qualitative evaluation of the lining
conductive Protective Coating on Metallic Substrates
system after a predetermined period of exposure.
2.2 NACE Standard:
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
NACE No. 1/SSPC-SP-5 White Metal Blast Cleaning
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only 3. Significance and Use
and are not considered standard.
3.1 The results obtained by this test method should serve as
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
a guide in, but not as the sole basis for, selection of a lining
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the material for particular application. Simple chemical-resistance
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- evaluations of the lining materials may be performed more
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- conveniently by other pertinent methods as a prescreening test
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. for this procedure in accordance with Test Methods C267 and
D471.
2. Referenced Documents
4. Apparatus
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A36/A36M Specification for Carbon Structural Steel 4.1 Four-Neck Cylindrical, Borosilicate-Type Glass Test
A285/A285M Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Car-
Cell , similar to the unit shown in Fig. 1.
bon Steel, Low- and Intermediate-Tensile Strength 4.1.1 Whereanadditionalinletisneededforathermocouple
C267 Test Methods for Chemical Resistance of Mortars,
or thermistor to control temperature, a five-neck cell should be
Grouts,andMonolithicSurfacingsandPolymerConcretes used.
D471 Test Method for Rubber Property—Effect of Liquids
NOTE 1—If test solutions that are known to attack glass such as HF or
D714 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Blistering of
caustic, a fluorocarbon or other suitable cell should be used.
Paints
4.2 Heating Equipment:
D785 Test Method for Rockwell Hardness of Plastics and
4.2.1 The corrosive media may be heated by an electrical-
Electrical Insulating Materials
resistant coil fitting inside the test cell. This is protected by a
glass immersion tube. The heater shall be controlled through
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C03 on
Chemical-Resistant Nonmetallic Materials and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee C03.03 on Thermoplastics, Thermosets and Elastomers. Available from Society for Protective Coatings (SSPC), 40 24th St., 6th Floor,
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2008.PublishedJuly2008.Originallyapproved Pittsburgh, PA 15222-4656, http://www.sspc.org.
in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as C868 – 02. DOI: 10.1520/ The sole source of supply of the four-neck cylindrical, borosilicate-type glass
C0868-02R08. test cell known to the committee at this time is DelVal Glass Inc., 1135 E. 7th St.,
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Wilmington, DE. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which
the ASTM website. you may attend.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C868 − 02 (2008)
FIG. 1 Four-Neck Cylindrical, Borosilicate-Type Glass Test Cell and Accessories
the use of a rheostat or thermostat to produce the desired attached to the ground-glass fitting in the utility opening, and
temperature 64°F (2°C). extending almost to the bottom of the test cell.
4.2.2 An electrical heating tape may be wrapped around the
4.6 Thermometer or Thermocouple , to fit the prescribed
exterior of the test cell but not around the test panels and may
thermowell, capable of registering the temperature specified
not touch the test panels.
for the test.
4.3 Reflux Water Condenser, to maintain a constant level
4.7 Mounting Equipment (Alternatives):
and concentration of the test solution.
4.7.1 Mount the test panels on the test cell with a minimum
4.4 Gaskets, of a chemically resistant material, capable of
1 3
of three carbon steel bolts, ⁄4 or ⁄8 in. (6 or 9 mm) in diameter,
withstanding the chemical environment. The gaskets shall also
using wing nuts for easy removal.
provide a tight seal between the test cell and test specimen.
4.7.2 “C” clamp fixtures or stainless steel band clamps or
Gaskets having a Shore “A” Durometer of 60 are generally
othersuitablemeanscanbeusedtomountthetestpanelstothe
adequate. The gasket material shall be selected so that it does
test cell.
not contaminate the test solution.
4.7.3 Use clamping pressures sufficient to seal the opening,
4.5 Air or Gas Bubbler—It may be necessary to include an
but not so great as to destroy the test cell or test panel or
air or gas bubbler to agitate or aerate the solution. Where
damage the test lining.
aeration is not required, a magnetic stirrer may be used to
4.8 Cell Test Area:
create agitation.
4.8.1 The cells should be maintained in an open, well
4.5.1 At solution temperatures below boiling, agitation is
ventilated area with temperature controlled to 73 6 4°F (23 6
requiredtomaintaintemperatureuniformity.Wheretheservice
2°C).
solution is considered to be aerated, air should be bubbled into
the solution. In cases where the solution will be air or oxygen 4.8.2 The preferred method to ensure the free movement of
depleted, nitrogen or other suitable inert gas should be used for air past the surfaces is to utilize grills or grating to support the
agitation. cells with several inches of clearance beneath the grating to
4.5.2 Insert a bubbler for air or other gas through the utility allow air flow past the plate surfaces. If this type of support is
opening in the test cell. The bubbler shall consist of a piece of employed, cells should be at least 6 in. (152 mm) away from
fluorocarbon or glass tubing ⁄8 in. (3 mm) in inside diameter, one another or any heat source.
C868 − 02 (2008)
4.8.3 If open grating support is not used, cells should be at 5.5.4 Determine the hardness of the lining by a suitable
least 12 in. (305 mm) from one another or from any potential standard hardness test such as Test Methods D785, D1474,
source of heat. They should be placed on an open shelf or D2583, and D3363 in an area of the panel that will not be
bench top in such a way that free convective cooling of the exposed to the test solution. Hardness determinations may be
unlined side of the test panels may occur. invalid for some aggregate-filled systems.
6. Test Solution
5. Test Specimens
6.1 The test media shall simulate the anticipated service
5.1 Substrate:
environment when testing lining materials for a specific
5.1.1 Panels shall be commercial quality, unused, hot-rolled
application.
carbon steel (Specifications A36/A36M or A285/A285M) ⁄4
6.1.1 The concentration(s) of the chemical(s) shall be speci-
by 8 by 8 in. (6 by 200 by 200 mm).
fied. Unless otherwise stated, all dilutions shall be made with
distilled, demineralized or deionized water.
NOTE 2—With appropriate modification and procedures, this method
can be used to evaluate linings on other metallic substrates such as
6.1.2 If no concentration is specified, it is understood that
stainless steel or other alloys, copper, aluminum, etc., and to evaluate
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
e1
Designation:C868–85 (Reapproved 1995) Designation: C 868 – 02 (Reapproved 2008)
Standard Test Method for
Chemical Resistance of Protective Linings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 868; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e NOTE—The safety caveat was updated and Keywords were added in September 1995.
1. Scope
1.1This test method covers a procedure for evaluating the chemical resistance of a protective lining applied to a steel substrate.
The method closely approximates the service conditions, including the temperature differential between the external and internal
surfaces of the equipment, which may accelerate permeation of the lining by a corrosive media. This test method may be used to
simulateactualfielduseconditionsinsofarasaqualitativeevaluationoftheliningsystemafterapredeterminedperiodofexposure.
1.2
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for evaluating the chemical resistance of a polymer-based protective lining in
immersion service. The method closely approximates the service conditions, including the temperature differential between the
external and internal surfaces of the equipment, which may accelerate permeation of the lining by a corrosive media.
1.2 This test may be used to simulate actual field use conditions insofar as a qualitative evaluation of the lining system after
a predetermined period of exposure.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A 36/A 36M Specification for Carbon Structural Steel
A 285/A 285M Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel, Low- and Intermediate-Tensile Strength
C 267 Test Methods for Chemical Resistance of Mortars, Grouts, and Monolithic Surfacings and Polymer Concretes
D 471 Test Method for Rubber Property—Effect of Liquids
D 714 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Blistering of Paints
D 785 Test Method for Rockwell Hardness of Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials
D 1474 Test Methods for Indentation Hardness of Organic Coatings
D 2583 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Rigid Plastics by Means of a Barcol Impressor
2.2
D 3363 Test Method for Film Hardness by Pencil Test
D 4417 Test Methods for Field Measurement of Surface Profile of Blast Cleaned Steel
D 4541 Test Method for Pull-Off Strength of Coatings Using Portable Adhesion Testers
D 5162 Practice for Discontinuity (Holiday) Testing of Nonconductive Protective Coating on Metallic Substrates
2.2 NACE Standard:
TM-01-70Visual Standard for Surfaces of New Steel Airblast Cleaned with Sand Abrasive
2.3 Steel Structures Painting Council Standard:
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeC-3onChemical-ResistantNonmetallicMaterialsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeC03.01
on Test Methods.
Current edition approved Aug. 30, 1985. Published October 1985. Originally published as C868–77. Last previous edition C868–77.
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeC03onChemical-ResistantNonmetallicMaterialsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeC03.03
on Thermoplastics, Thermosets and Elastomers.
Current edition approved June 1, 2008. Published July 2008. Originally approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as C 868 – 02.
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol 01.04.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C 868 – 02 (2008)
SSPC No. 5Blast Cleaning to “White” Metal NACE No. 1/SSPC-SP-5 White Metal Blast Cleaning
3. Significance and Use
3.1 Theresultsobtainedbythistestmethodshouldserveasaguidein,butnotasthesolebasisfor,selectionofaliningmaterial
for particular application. Simple chemical-resistance evaluations of the lining materials may be performed more conveniently by
other pertinent methods as a prescreening test for this procedure in accordance with Test Methods C 267 and D 471.
4. Apparatus
4.1 Four-Neck Cylindrical, Borosilicate-Type Glass Test Cell , similar to the unit shown in Fig. 1.
4.1.1 Where an additional inlet is needed for a thermocouple or thermistor to control temperature, a five-neck cell should be
used.
NOTE 1—If test solutions that are known to attack glass such as HF or caustic, a fluorocarbon or other suitable cell should be used.
4.2 Heating Equipment:
4.2.1 The corrosive media may be heated by an electrical-resistant coil fitting inside the test cell. This is protected by a glass
immersiontube.Theheatershallbecontrolledthroughtheuseofarheostatorthermostattoproducethedesiredtemperature 64°F
(2°C).
4.2.2 An electrical heating tape may be wrapped around the exterior of the test cell but not around the test panels and may not
touch the test panels.
4.3 Reflux Water Condenser, to maintain a constant level and concentration of thisthe test solution.
4.4 Gaskets, of a chemically resistant material, capable of withstanding the chemical environment. The gaskets shall also
provide a tight seal between the test cell and test specimen. Neoprene, Hypalon, or VitonGaskets having a Shore “A” gaskets
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.05.
Available from Society for Protective Coatings (SSPC), 40 24th St., 6th Floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15222-4656, http://www.sspc.org.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.01.
The sole source of supply of the four-neck cylindrical, borosilicate-type glass test cell known to the committee at this time is DelVal Glass Inc., 1135 E. 7th St.,
Wilmington, DE. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful
consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
FIG. 1 Four-Neck Cylindrical, Borosilicate-Type Glass Test Cell and Accessories
C 868 – 02 (2008)
(Shore “A” durometer Durometer of 60)60 are generally adequate. The gasket material shall be selected so that it does not
contaminate the test solution.
4.5 Air or Gas Bubbler—Normally, it will be necessary to include an air or gas bubbler to agitate or aerate the solution. —It
maybenecessarytoincludeanairorgasbubblertoagitateoraeratethesolution.Whereaerationisnotrequired,amagneticstirrer
may be used to create agitation.
4.5.1 At solution temperatures below boiling, agitation is required to maintain temperature uniformity. Where the service
solution is considered to be aerated, air should be bubbled into the solution. In cases where the solution will be air or oxygen
depleted, nitrogen or other suitable inert gas should be used for agitation.
4.5.2 Insert a bubbler for air or other gas through the utility opening in the test cell. The bubbler shall consist of a piece of
fluorocarbon or glass tubing ⁄8 in. (3 mm) in inside diameter, attached to the ground-glass fitting in the utility opening, and
extending almost to the bottom of the test cell.
4.6 Thermometer or Thermocouple , to fit the prescribed thermowell, capable of registering the temperature range involved
inspecified for the test.
4.7 Mounting Equipment (Alternatives) :
1 3
4.7.1 Mount the test panels on the test cell with a minimum of three carbon steel bolts, ⁄4 or ⁄8 in. (6 or 9 mm) in diameter,
using wing nuts for easy removal.
4.7.2 “C” clamp fixtures or stainless steel band clamps or other suitable means can be used to mount the test panels to the test
cell.
4.7.3 Use clamping pressures sufficient to seal the opening, but not so great as to destroy the test cell or test panel or damage
the test coating. lining.
4.8 Cell Test Area:
4.8.1 The cells should be maintained in an open, well ventilated area with temperature controlled to 73 6 4°F (23 6 2°C).
4.8.2 The preferred method to ensure the free movement of air past the surfaces is to utilize grills or grating to support the cells
with several inches of clearance beneath the grating to allow air flow past the plate surfaces. If this type of support is employed,
cells should be at least 6 in. (152 mm) away from one another or any heat source.
4.8.3 If open grating support is not used, cells should be at least 12 in. (305 mm) from one another or from any potential source
of heat. They should be placed on an open shelf or bench top in such a way that free convective cooling of the unlined side of
the test panels may occur.
5. Test Specimens
5.1 Substrate:
5.1.1 Panels shall be commercial quality, unused, hot-rolled carbon steel (SpecificationsA 36/A 36M/A36M orA 285/A 285M)
⁄4 by 8 by 8 in. (6 by 200 by 200 mm).
5.1.2Thistestmethodcanalsobeusedforevaluationofliningsonothermetallicsubstratessuchasstainlesssteelorotheralloys,
copper, aluminum, etc.
5.1.3With appropriate modifications and procedures, this method can be used to evaluate linings on concrete or other substrates.
5.2Prepare one side of the panels according to the surface conditions of NACE Standard No. 1 TM-01-70 or Steel Structures
Painting Council SSPC No. 5. Measure the average profile depth using a Keane-Tator comparator, profile depth gage, or other
suitable instrument.
NOTE 2—With appropriate modification and procedures, this method can be used to evaluate linings on other metallic substrates such as stainless steel
or other alloys, copper, aluminum, etc., and to evaluate linings on concrete, fiber reinforced plastic (FRP), or other substrates.
5.2 Prepare one side of the panels according to the surface conditions of NACE No. 1 SSPC-SP-5. The profile depth of the
cleaned steel shall be as recommended by the lining manufacturer. The average profile depth shall be measured by Test Methods
D 4417.
5.3 Apply the lining to the test panels as prescribed by the manufacturer and in a manner as closely simulating field application
as possible. For example, if the lining is to be spray applied in the field, the lining for the test panels should be spray applied also.
Lining thickness should be within 10 % of the nominal thickness specified.
5.3.1 The opposite (unprepared) side should be left unlined. A very thin (1 to 3 mils, 25 to 76 µm) coating may be applied to
the unprepared side, if necessary, to prevent rusting.
5.3.2 Wherever possible, duplicate test panels should be run to determine reproducibility of results.
5.4 Conditioning of Test Panels —Condition test panels for a period of 7 days at 73 6 4°F (23 6 2°C).Additional conditioning
of test panels, including longer cure times or elevated cure temperatures, may be conducted if specified by the lining manufacturer.
5.5 Specimen Measurements:
5.4.1Check the thickness of the lining material by using an appropriate dry-film thickness gage.
5.4.2Check the discontinuities in the lining material of one-side exposure test panels by using an appropriate electrical holiday
detector with a minimum voltage of 100 V/0.001 in. (25.4 µm) of lining thickness. Consult the lining manufacturer for the
recommended voltage limitation of the lining.
5.4.2.1High-voltage holiday detection should not be used on linings that have been exposed. The test could be destructive and
C 868 – 02 (2008)
may not be meaningful since the dielectric strength of the lining materal may be changed by the exposure.
5.5.1 Check the thickness of the lining material by using an appropriate dry-film thickness gage.
5.5.2 Check the discontinuities in the lining material of one-side exposure test panels by using Practice D 5162. Consult the
lining manufacturer for the recommended voltage to be used. Low voltage detectors are not recommended unless specifically
recommended by the lining manufacturer.
5.5.2.1 High-voltage holiday detection should not be used on linings that have been exposed. The test could be destructive and
may not be meaningful since the dielectric strength of the lining material may be changed by the exposure.
5.5.2.2 If discontinuities are found, either repair the lining or replace the test panel(s).
NOTE1—Certain linings are conductive and cannot be tested in this manner.
5.4.3Visuallyinspecttheliningsufaceofallpanelsbeforethetestexposureisbeguntodeterminethecolor,clarity,surfacegloss,
and surface texture; also, any gross imperfections such as voids, cracks, runs, or sags.
5.4.4Determine the hardness of the lining by a suitable standard hardness test such asTest Methods D785, D1474, D2583 Shore,
Rockwell, or Barcol methods in an area of the panel that will not be exposed to the test solution.
5.5Conditioning of Test Panels—Conditiontestpanelsforaperiodof7daysat73 64°F(23 62.2°C).Additionalconditioning
of test panels, including longer cure times or elevated cure temperatures, may be conducted if specified by the lining manufacturer.
3—Certain linings are conductive and cannot be tested in this manner.
5.5.3 Visually inspect the lining surface of all panels before the test exposure is begun to determine the color, clarity, surface
gloss, and surface texture; also, any gross imperfections such as voids, cracks, runs, or sags.
5.5.4 Determine the hardness of the lining by a suitable standard hardness test such as Test Methods D 785, D 1474, D 2583,
and D 3363 in an area of the panel that will not be exposed to the test solution. Hardness determinations may be invalid for some
aggregate-filled systems.
6. Test Solution
6.1Although most lining tests are conducted with pure chemicals, the test solution shall be identical to the anticipated service
environment when testing lining materials for a specific application.All conditions of the service environment must be present and
reported in the results.
6.1.1If only the name of the chemical is given to describe the environment, it is underst
...
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