D01.46 - Industrial Protective Coatings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method offers a means of comparing the relative linear shrinkage and coefficient of thermal expansion.  
4.1.1 The material to be tested is placed in the mold in a fluid or plastic state. As the material makes a transition to a solid state, it adheres to and captures the end studs.  
4.1.2 The linear shrinkage measured is the change in length that occurs after the material is rigid enough and strong enough to move the studs.  
4.2 This test method can be used for research purposes to provide information on linear changes taking place in the test materials. Other dimensional changes may occur that do not manifest themselves as changes in length.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the linear shrinkage during setting and curing and the coefficient of thermal expansion of chemical-resistant mortars, grouts, monolithic surfacings, and polymer concretes.  
1.2 A bar of square cross-section is cast to a prescribed length in a mold that holds measuring studs that are captured in the ends of the finished casting.  
1.2.1 The change in length after curing is measured and used to calculate shrinkage.
Note 1: Shrinkage determinations should not be made on sulfur mortars, since this test method cannot truly reflect the overall linear shrinkage of a sulfur mortar.  
1.2.2 The change in length at a specific elevated temperature is measured and used to calculate the coefficient of thermal expansion.  
1.3 This test method is limited to materials with aggregate size of 0.25 in. (6 mm) or less.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 It is recognized that chemical-resistant mortars, grouts, and monolithic surfacings are not usually under tension when in service; however, such data are useful for purposes of determining the rate of cure and other properties.  
4.2 This test method is not recommended for mortars, grouts, and monolithic surfacings containing aggregate greater than 1/4 in.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of tensile strength of cured chemical-resistant materials in the form of molded briquets. These materials include mortars, brick and tile grouts, machinery grouts, and monolithic surfacings. These materials shall be based on resin, silicate, silica, or sulfur binders.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The results obtained by this test method should serve as a guide in, but not as the sole basis for, selection of a chemical-resistant material for a particular application. No attempt has been made to incorporate in the test method all the various factors which may affect the performance of a material when subjected to actual service.  
4.2 This is not a test for permeability and the test results are not to be interpreted as a measurement of, or indication of, the permeability properties of the materials tested.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the absorption of chemical-resistant mortars, grouts, monolithic surfacings, and polymer concretes. These materials may be based on resin, silicate, silica, or sulfur binders.  
1.2 Mold Method A is used for systems containing aggregates less than 0.0625 in. (1.6 mm) in size. Mold Method B is used for systems containing aggregates from 0.0625 in. to 0.4 in. (1.6 mm to 10 mm) in size. Mold Method C is used for systems containing aggregates larger than 0.4 in.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods offer a means of determining the compressive strength of chemical-resistant mortars, grouts, monolithic surfacings, and polymer concretes.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the compressive strength of chemical-resistant mortars, grouts, monolithic surfacings, and polymer concretes. These materials may be based on resin, silicate, silica, or sulfur binders.  
1.2 Test Method A outlines the testing procedure generally used for systems containing aggregate less than 0.0625 in. (1.6 mm) in size. Test Method B covers the testing procedure generally used for systems containing aggregate from 0.0625 in. to 0.4 in. (1.6 mm to 10 mm) in size. Test Method C is used for systems containing aggregate larger than 0.4 in.  
1.3 These test methods provide two different methods for controlling the testing rate.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for aggregate-filled, resin-based, monolithic surfacing for use over concrete floors in areas where chemical resistance and the protection of concrete are required. The application methods for these floor surfacing shall include troweled, broadcast, slurry broadcast, self-leveling, sprayed, and reinforced. The resin chemistries include epoxy, urethane, polyester, and vinyl ester. Service conditions such as chemical exposure; traffic, and temperature conditions shall be considered in selecting the flooring system. The flooring material shall conform to the physical properties, chemical resistance, and performance requirements of the specific flooring system. The following methods shall be performed for the specific system to be tested: chemical resistance of mortars, grouts, and monolithic surfacing; test method for tensile strength of chemical-resistant mortars, grouts, and monolithic surfacing; test method for absorption of chemical-resistant mortars, grouts, and monolithic surfacing; test method for compressive strength of chemical-resistant mortars, grouts, monolithic surfacing, and polymer concretes; test method for flexural strength and modulus of elasticity of chemical-resistant mortars, grouts, monolithic surfacing, and polymer concretes; test method for determining the static coefficient of friction of ceramic tile and other like surfaces by horizontal dynamometer pull-meter method.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for aggregate-filled, resin-based, monolithic surfacings for use over concrete floors in areas where chemical resistance and the protection of concrete are required.  
1.2 The application methods for these floor surfacings include troweled, broadcast, slurry broadcast, self-leveling, sprayed, and reinforced. The resin chemistries include epoxy, urethane, polyester, and vinyl ester.  
1.3 Floor surfacings used as vessel linings are excluded from this specification.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parenthesis are provided for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is generally applicable to rigid and semirigid materials. Although flexural strength cannot be determined for those materials that do not break, tangent modulus of elasticity can be determined.  
4.2 The results obtained by this test method should serve as a guide in, but not as the sole basis for, selection of a chemical-resistant material for a particular application. No attempt has been made to incorporate into this test method all the various factors that may affect the performance of a material when subjected to actual service.  
4.3 In addition to the tangent modulus of elasticity, a secant modulus is calculated at the point on the stress-strain (load-deflection) graph where the strain is 50 % of the maximum strain.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of flexural strength and modulus of elasticity in flexure of cured chemical-resistant materials in the form of molded rectangular beams. These materials include mortars, brick and tile grouts, structural grouts, machinery grouts, monolithic surfacings (60 mils or greater), and polymer concretes. These materials shall be based on resin, silicate, silica, or sulfur binders.  
1.2 A bar of rectangular cross section is tested in flexure as a simple beam in center point loading: the bar rests on two supports and the load is applied by means of a loading nose midway between supports.  
1.3 Method A outlines the testing procedure generally used for systems containing aggregate less than 0.2 in. (5 mm) in size. Method B covers the testing procedure generally used for systems containing aggregate from 0.2 in. to 0.4 in. (10 mm) in size. Method C is used for systems containing aggregate larger than 0.4 in.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These methods offer a means of estimating the working time, initial setting time and service strength setting time of chemical-resistant resin mortars. The results obtained should serve as a guide in, but not as the sole basis for, selection of a chemical-resistant mortar for a particular application.
SCOPE
1.1 These methods are used to estimate the working, initial setting, and service strength setting times of chemical-resistant resin mortars.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Because the sample is prepared in a manner as it would be applied in the field, the test specimens may be considered representative of the application of a specified surfacing. Such methods include application by squeegees, rollers, trowels, notched trowels, and gage rakes.  
4.2 These systems vary in several ways, including the number of layers or application steps, the surface finish, and variation in composition.  
4.3 The results obtained in carrying out this practice should serve as a guide in comparing similarly applied surfacings. No attempt has been made to incorporate into this practice all of the various factors that may affect the performance of such applications when subjected to actual service.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers methods for preparing test specimens and testing procedures for broadcast or slurry-broadcast monolithic floor surfacings in areas where chemical resistance is required.  
1.2 These floor surfacings are applied by various application methods including squeegees, rollers, trowels, notched trowels, and gage rakes onto suitably prepared concrete substrates. The surfacings bond to the substrate upon curing to provide a nominal thickness of 60 mils (1.5 mm) or greater.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The pull-off strength and mode of failure of a coating from a concrete substrate are important performance properties that are used in specifications. This test method serves as a means for uniformly preparing and testing coated surfaces, and evaluating and reporting the results.  
5.2 Variations in strength results obtained using different instruments, different substrates, or different loading fixtures with the same coating are possible. Therefore, it is recommended that the specific test instrument and loading fixture be mutually agreed upon between the interested parties.  
5.3 It is recommended that the coating be sufficiently cured to ensure cohesive strength and adhesion. This required minimum cure time before testing should be provided by the coating manufacturer, and may require an extension due to atmospheric conditions on site (for example, low temperature, and low or high humidity).  
5.4 This test method may be adapted to determine surface strength of uncoated concrete (see X2.1). Test Method C1583 is also suitable for that determination.  
5.5 The objective of this method is to determine the adhesion of a coating to concrete (or adapted for surface strength as stated in 5.4) and will result in failure in the coating or near the substrate surface. If evaluating the cohesive strength of the substrate or cementitious surfacers is the purpose of the testing, or if the substrate or cementitious surfacers have low strength, then Test Method C1583 may be more suitable.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for evaluating the pull-off strength of a coating on concrete. Pull-Off strength of coatings for other rigid substrates is described in Test Method D4541. The test determines the greatest perpendicular force (in tension) that a surface area can bear before a plug of material is detached. Failure will occur along the weakest plane within the system comprised of the loading fixture, glue, coating system, and substrate, and will be exposed by the fracture surface.  
1.2 This test method uses a class of apparatus known as portable pull-off adhesion testers.2 They are capable of applying a concentric load and counter load to a single surface so that coatings can be tested even though only one side is accessible. Measurements are limited by the strength of adhesion bonds between the loading fixture, coating system and the substrate or the cohesive strengths of the glue, coating layers, and substrate.  
1.3 This test method is suitable for both laboratory and field testing.  
1.4 Pull-off strength measurements depend upon both material and instrumental parameters. There are different instruments used that comply with this test method. The specific instrument used should be identified when reporting results. This test is destructive and spot repairs may be necessary.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Coatings, to perform satisfactorily, must adhere to the substrates on which they are applied. This test method has been found useful as a simple means of assessing the adhesion of coatings. Although this method is a qualitative (subjective) test it has been used in industry for many years and can provide valuable information.  
4.2 Other adhesion test methods may be useful in obtaining quantitative results. See Test Methods D2197, D3359, D4541, and D7234.  
4.3 The Performance Evaluation Scale (see Table 1) is based on both the degree of difficulty to remove the coating from the substrate and the size of removed coating chip.  
4.4 This test method does not have a known correlation to other adhesion test methods (pull-off, tape, etc.).  
4.5 A coating that has a high degree of cohesive strength may appear to have worse adhesion than one that is brittle and hence fractures easily when probed.  
4.6 This method is not to be used on overly thick coatings, that is, those which cannot be cut to the substrate with a utility knife in one stroke.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for assessing the adhesion of coating films to substrate by using a knife.  
1.2 This test method is used to establish whether the adhesion of a coating to a substrate or to another coating (in multi-coat systems) is at a generally adequate level.
Note 1: The term “substrate” relates to the basic surface on which a coating adheres (may be steel, concrete, etc. or other coating).  
1.3 This method can be used in the laboratory and field.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Prior to beginning a project that involves the removal, cutting, grinding, or burning of paint, it is necessary to determine if the coating contains hazardous metals, such as lead. If it does, certain requirements for worker and environmental protection may need to be imposed. The presence and quantity of hazardous metals in a paint can be determined through laboratory analysis. Proper sampling protocol is needed to assure the laboratory results represent the actual amount of heavy metal in the coating. The number and location of samples to be removed must also be determined to characterize properly the extent of the presence of hazardous materials, if any, on a structure.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a method to control the removal of samples of coating films from substrates for subsequent laboratory analysis for heavy metal content on a mass basis. This technique can be used in the field, the fabricating shop, or laboratory.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard information, see Section 5, Note 1, and Note 3.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The pull-off strength of a coating is a performance property that may be referenced in specifications. This test method serves as a means for uniformly preparing and testing coated surfaces, and evaluating and reporting the results. This test method is applicable to any portable apparatus meeting the requirements for determining the pull-off strength of a coating in this standard (see Annex A1 – Annex A5).  
4.2 Variations in results with the same coating are likely when any parameter of the test is changed. This includes change in glue, load fixture size, substrate coating cure time, pull rate, environmental conditions, if the coating is scored, or using a different device. Therefore, when a series of results will be compared with one another or used for statistical analysis, the type of apparatus, substrate, test procedures, glue type, and if scoring is used should be the same for the pulls considered.4 It is recommended that these parameters and the environmental conditions allowed during the test be mutually agreed upon between the interested parties.  
4.3 The purchaser or specifier shall designate a specific test method procedure; B, C, D, E, or F and test Protocol; 1, or 2, when calling out this standard. In cases where either the Protocol or a pass/fail criterion is not designated, Protocol 1 shall be used.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for evaluating the pull-off strength (commonly referred to as adhesion) of a coating system from metal substrates. Pull-off strength of coatings from concrete is described in Test Method D7234. This test offers two test protocols. Protocol 1 (test to fracture) determines the greatest perpendicular force (in tension) that a surface area can bear before a plug of material is detached. Protocol 2 (pass/fail) determines if the coated surface remains intact at a defined load criteria. Fracture will occur along the weakest plane within the system comprised of the test fixture, glue, coating system, and substrate, and will be exposed by the fracture surface. This test method maximizes tensile stress as compared to the shear stress applied by other methods, such as scratch or knife adhesion, and results may not be comparable.
Note 1: The procedure in this standard was developed for metal substrates, but may be appropriate for other rigid substrates such as plastic and wood. Factors such as loading rate and flexibility of the substrate must be addressed by the user/specifier.
Note 2: The procedure in this standard was developed for use on flat surfaces. The results could have greater variability with lower values and averages for surfaces other than flat.  
1.2 Pull-off strength measurements depend upon material, instrumentation and test parameters. Results obtained by each test method may give different results. Results should only be assessed for each test method and not be compared with other instruments. There are five instrument types, identified as Test Methods B-F. It is imperative to identify the test method used when reporting results.
Note 3: Method A, which appeared in previous versions of this standard, has been eliminated as its main use is for testing on concrete substrates (see Test Method D7234).  
1.3 This test method describes a class of apparatus known as portable pull-off adhesion testers.2 They are capable of applying a concentric load and counter load to a single surface so that coatings can be tested even though only one side is accessible. Measurements are limited by the strength of adhesive bonds between the loading fixture and the specimen surface or the cohesive strengths of the glue, coating layers, and substrate.  
1.4 This test can be destructive and spot repairs may be necessary.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the st...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 For proper bonding of overlays and coatings, it is important that a concrete surface have the correct surface profile. This test method allows one to obtain a permanent replica of the concrete surface, which can then be compared to visual profile standards, or evaluated quantitatively for profile depth. The permanent replica may also prove useful in resolving future disputes.
FIG. 1 Plastic Profiler with Replica Putty on Concrete
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is suitable for both field and laboratory use to obtain a permanent record of concrete surface profile using replica putty and to determine the depth of that surface profile.
Note 1: The procedure in this standard was developed for concrete substrates but may be appropriate for other rigid substrates.  
1.2 A profile can be imparted to concrete by various methods such as blast cleaning and acid etching. The depth of the surface profile has been shown to be a factor in coating adhesion and performance.  
1.3 The International Concrete Repair Institute (ICRI) provides a means of visually judging a concrete surface by use of ten different visual comparators called Concrete Surface Profiles (CSP). This standard compliments the use of these visual comparators.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice describes the procedures that can be used to prepare new and weathered zinc-coated surfaces on after-fabrication steel products for painting, and that can improve the bond of paint to the zinc surface.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes methods of preparing surfaces of new and weathered hot-dip galvanized steel for painting with liquid paint and coating products. Preparing surfaces of new and partially weathered galvanized steel for powder coating is addressed in Practice D7803. Hot-dip galvanized steel is produced by the immersion of fabricated or unfabricated products in a bath of molten zinc, as specified in Specifications A123/A123M or A153/A153M. This practice covers surface preparation on iron and steel products and hardware that have not been painted previously. Galvanized surfaces may have been treated with protective coatings to prevent the occurrence of wet storage stain. This practice does not apply to sheet galvanized steel products nor to the coil coating or continuous roller coating processes. Sheet and coil surface preparation can be done in accordance with Practice D7396.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The appearance of the various degrees of dry and wet abrasive blast cleaning, hand and power tool cleaning, and water jetting are influenced by the initial rust grades of the steel being cleaned and/or the type and condition of the coating on the existing steel. The standards and guides aid visually in judging and evaluating the degree of rusting and/or paint deterioration before cleaning and the degree of cleaning of steel surfaces prior to painting.  
4.2 Five methods have evolved because of differences in the practice of using visual standards and guides throughout the world, and the method of surface preparation employed. In Europe, the visual standards (Method A) are used as the primary means of assessing the degree of cleaning. In the U.S., the SSPC written definitions take precedence with the visual guides and reference photographs used as a supplement. The visual guides and reference photographs of Methods B, C, and D conform to the SSPC written definitions. There are written definitions for Method E, however, the visual guide for Method E does not contain a complete set of pictorials corresponding to each surface cleanliness definition.
SCOPE
1.1 The visual surface preparation guides and standards consist of a series of color prints available as separate publications. Five different sets of photographs are described in this standard, designated as Method A (ISO/Swedish Standard2) and Methods B through E (SSPC Guides and Reference Photographs3). The methods differ in the depiction of the initial surface, in the definition and depiction of the cleaning conditions, and in the number of cleaning methods included. Because of these differences, the specifier should state which guide to use.  
1.2 The colored visual surface preparation guides represent different conditions of hot-rolled carbon steel before and after surface preparation. Prior to cleaning, there are four rust grades, A to D, that cover the range from intact mill scale to 100 % rusted and pitted steel. The standards then depict the appearance of the initial conditions after cleaning by one or more methods (for example, dry abrasive blast cleaning) to various degrees of thoroughness. In addition, Method B includes three painted conditions that contain various degrees of deterioration. The Guide3 depicts these conditions after various degrees of dry abrasive blast cleaning. Method C includes four rust grades and three painted conditions that contain various degrees of deterioration. The Guide4 depicts these conditions after various degrees of hand and power tool cleaning. Method D includes two rust grades and four painted conditions that contain various degrees of deterioration. The Guide5 depicts these conditions after various degrees of water jetting, with three levels of flash rusting. Method E includes two rust grades. The Guide6 depicts these conditions after various degrees of wet abrasive blast cleaning, with three levels of flash rusting.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Attachment of overspray particles to vehicles and other surfaces not intended to be coated can result in property damage and insurance claims. Dry fall coatings are formulated such that overspray particles dry as they move through the air, and before they land on horizontal surfaces. These particles can then be brushed off, vacuumed or washed from the surfaces with no damage. This practice can be used to evaluate the dry fall properties of coatings prior to large scale use. The practice can also be used to evaluate whether the coating(s) possess the same dry fall properties when the fallout collects on surfaces with an elevated temperature.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for qualitatively evaluating the dry fall properties of coatings. The establishment of the test environment and the evaluation procedures are described.  
1.2 This practice uses panels containing an automotive finish since these types of surfaces are often the primary concern relating to overspray damage. Panels coated with other systems may be used as collection surfaces when they are deemed to be more representative.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This guide is intended as a reference for those concerned with the inspection of industrial coating work. The requirements for inspection should be addressed in all protective coating and lining work specifications. This guide may be used by specification writers when selecting and establishing the inspection requirements for coating and lining specifications. A checklist for use by inspectors in the field is included in Appendix X1.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended as an information aid to painting inspectors in carrying out their task efficiently. It includes the key elements of surface preparation, coatings application, and final approval for both field and shop work. The items should be selected that are pertinent to the specification of a particular job.  
Note 1: For additional helpful information, refer to the following documents:
Manual of Coating Work for Light-Water Nuclear Power Plant Primary Containment and Other Safety-Related Facilities 2
New Concepts for Coating Protection of Steel Structures3
D16 Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications4
D4538 Terminology Relating to Protective Coatings and Lining Work for Power Generation Facilities4
Steel Structures Painting Manual Vol 1 Good Painting Practice5
Steel Structures Painting Manual Vol 2 Systems and Specifications5
Manufacturers Specifications and Instructions (made available to the inspector for reference to special requirements for proper application)
Safety Data Sheets (needed to ensure that personnel take necessary precautions in handling hazardous materials). Available from Materials manufacturer.  
1.2 Certain industries or owners may require certified inspection personnel. See Guide D4537 for establishing procedures to certify inspectors for coatings work in nuclear facilities.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This guide is arranged in the following order:    
Section  
Referenced Documents  
2  
ASTM Standards  
2.1  
OSHA Standards  
2.2  
Steel Structures Painting Council Publications  
2.3  
International Standards Organization (ISO)  
2.4  
ASTM Adjuncts  
2.6  
Significance and Use  
3  
Preparation for Inspection  
4  
Surface Preparation Methods and Requirements  
5  
Surface Preparation  
5.1  
Pictorial Standard D2200  
5.1.1  
Factors Affecting Coating Performance  
5.2  
Cleanliness  
5.2.1  
Mill Scale  
5.2.2  
Surface Profile  
5.2.3  
Sharp Edges  
5.2.4  
Cleaning Procedures  
5.3  
Chemical Cleaning  
5.3.1  
Solvent Vapor Cleaning  
5.3.1.1  
Hand Tool Cleaning  
5.3.2  
Power Tool Cleaning  
5.3.3  
Power Tool Cleaning to Bare Metal  
5.3.4  
Commercial Grade Power Tool Cleaning  
5.3.4.4  
Blast Cleaning  
5.3.5  
Pressurized Water Cleaning  
5.3.6  
Cleaning and Preparation of Various Surfaces  
5.4  
Steel Surfaces  
5.4.1  
Galvanized Surfaces  
5.4.2  
Aluminum Surfaces  
5.4.3  
Precautions in Preparing Unpainted and Previously  
Painted Surfaces  
5.4.4  
Inspection of Surfaces Prior to Field Painting  
5.5  
New Construction  
5.5.1  
Maintenance Repainting  
5.5.2  
Coating Storage and Handling  
6  
Storage of Coating and Thinner  
6.1  
Mixing of Coatings  
6.2  
Thinning  
6.3  
Initial Samples  
6.3.1  
Thinning of Coating  
6.3.2  
Sampling of Thinned Coating  
6.3.3  
Heating of Coating  
6.4  
Weather Considerations  
7  
Drying  
7.1  
Low Temperature  
7.2  
High Temperature  
7.3  
Moisture  
7.4  
Wind  
7.5  
Coating Application  
8  
Residual Contaminants  
8.1  
Quality Assurance  
8.2  
Film Defects  
8.2.1  
Brush Application  
8.3  
Spray Application  
8.4  
Roller Application  
8.5...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A coating/lining is applied to a metallic substrate to prevent corrosion or reduce product contamination, or both. The degree of coating continuity required is dictated by service conditions. Discontinuities in a coating/lining are frequently very minute and may not be readily visible. This practice provides a procedure for electrical detection of discontinuities in nonconductive coating systems.  
4.2 Electrical testing to determine the presence and number of discontinuities in a coating/lining is performed on a nonconductive coating/lining applied to an electrically conductive surface. The allowable number of discontinuities should be determined prior to conducting this test since the acceptable quantity of discontinuities will vary depending on film thickness, design, and service conditions.  
4.3 The low voltage wet sponge test equipment is generally used for detecting discontinuities in coatings/linings having a total thickness of 0.5 mm (20 mil) or less. High voltage spark test equipment is generally used for detecting discontinuities in coatings/linings having a total thickness of greater than 0.5 mm (20 mil).  
4.3.1 Coatings/linings less than 0.5 mm (20 mil) in thickness may be susceptible to damage if tested with high voltage spark testing equipment. However, coatings/linings greater than 0.25 mm (10 mil) and less than 0.5 mm (20 mil) may be tested with high voltage spark test equipment provided the voltage is calculated and set correctly, and the coating manufacturer approves its use.  
4.4 To prevent damage to a coating film when using high voltage test instrumentation, total film thickness and dielectric strength in a coating system shall be considered in determining the appropriate voltage for detection of discontinuities. Atmospheric conditions shall also be considered since the voltage required for the spark to gap a given distance in air varies with the conductivity of the air at the time the test is conducted. Table X1.1 in Appendix X1 cont...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for determining discontinuities using two types of test equipment:  
1.1.1 Test Method A—Low Voltage Wet Sponge, and  
1.1.2 Test Method B—High Voltage Spark Testers.  
1.2 This practice addresses metallic substrates. For concrete surfaces, refer to Practice D4787.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Assessment of the condition of aged coated surfaces strengthens decisions on when coating maintenance is required, aids in the selection of effective coating maintenance procedures, and provides a means to characterize performance of coating systems. SSPC Technology Update No. 3 discusses the risks associated with selecting overcoating as a maintenance strategy, particularly without performing visual assessments and evaluating the physical properties of the existing coating system(s) described in Section 5.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes general procedures for conducting a detailed assessment of the condition of aged coatings on steel structures and the extent of rust breakthrough of the coated surface. Additional assessment may be required to support coating failure analyses or other job-specific needs.  
1.2 This guide does not address determining the structural condition of a steel substrate. It provides procedures to determine the percent of the surface rusted, but not the severity, condition, or cause of such rusting.  
Note 1: A more comprehensive condition assessment procedure, Practice F1130, has been developed for determining the condition of coatings on a ship.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Specimens for analysis must be adequately sampled, packaged, and documented to obtain meaningful information from the laboratory. The sampling procedure and packaging will be dependent upon the reason for taking the sample.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers methods to remove samples of coating films for subsequent analysis related to identification of generic coating type and failure analysis or other reasons. These techniques can be used in the field, the fabricating shop, or laboratory.  
1.2 The method for obtaining coating samples for heavy metal analysis is presented in Practice D5702.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In performing maintenance of a coating system, the new coating being applied must be compatible with the existing coating. While general guides exist which indicate compatibility of different generic types of coatings, differences in manufacturer’s formulation and the condition of the in-place coating system may affect compatibility.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for assessing coating compatibility when maintenance of an in-place coating system is being contemplated. It does not address procedures for assessing the integrity of the existing coating to determine if it can be repainted, nor does it establish the compatibility of the maintenance coating system with the substrate or corrosion products. The practice is intended for use in the field. SSPC-TU 3 discusses the risks associated with the maintenance painting practice known as overcoating.
Note 1: Pass-Fail Criteria (for example, adhesion requirements) are not established by this practice. These should be established by the user or specifier with input from the coating manufacturer.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Proper bonding of coatings and linings to concrete surfaces requires proper cleaning and frequently requires the concrete to be roughened to increase the surface area. The roughness, also known as surface profile, can be imparted into concrete by abrasive blast cleaning, acid etching or various impact/scarifying power tools. The resulting surface profile depth can influence coating/lining adhesion and performance. Coating/lining manufacturers or facility owners, or both, frequently specify cleaning and roughening of the concrete surface prior to product installation. The procedure described herein enables the user to quantitatively determine the profile directly from the prepared concrete surface in multiple locations. The procedure is similar to that described in Method B of Test Methods D4417, which addresses measurement of surface profile on abrasive blast cleaned steel surfaces.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is suitable for both field and laboratory use to quantify the depth of surface profile of prepared concrete. It may also be used on unprepared concrete surfaces.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The height of surface profile has been shown to be a factor in the performance of various coatings applied to steel. For this reason, surface profile should be measured prior to coating application to ensure conformance of a prepared surface to profile requirements specified by the manufacturer of a protective coating or the coating job specification.  
Note 2: The peak count/peak density has been shown to be a factor in the performance of various coatings applied to steel. According to research performed by Roper, Weaver and Brandon6, an increase in peak count can improve the adhesion of some coatings to the prepared steel, as well as provide greater resistance to corrosion undercutting once the coating becomes damaged in service.
Note 3: Optical microscope methods serve as a referee method for surface profile measurement methods A and B. Profile depth designations are based on the concept of mean maximum profile (h max); this value is determined by averaging a given number (usually 20) of the highest peak to lowest valley measurements made in the field of view of a standard measuring microscope. This is done because of evidence that coating performance in any one small area is primarily influenced by the highest surface features in that area and not by the average roughness.7
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the description of techniques for measuring the profile of abrasive blast cleaned surfaces in the field, shop, and laboratory. There are other techniques suitable for laboratory use not covered by these test methods.  
1.2 Method B may also be appropriate to the measurement of profile produced by using power tools.
Note 1: The Method B procedure in this standard was developed for use on flat surfaces. Depending on the radius of the surface, the results could have greater variability with lower values and averages.  
1.3 SSPC standard SSPC-PA 17 provides additional guidance for determining conformance with surface profile requirements.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Oil in abrasives can be transferred to the surface being cleaned, thus contaminating it. This can cause film defects, affect adhesion of the coating applied over it, and the ultimate performance of the coating system.  
4.2 Oil in abrasives is one of the cleanliness tests required for mineral and slag abrasives in SSPC-AB 1, for recycled ferrous abrasives in SSPC-AB 2, for new ferrous abrasives in SSPC-AB 3, and for recyclable encapsulated abrasive media in SSPC-AB 4.  
4.3 Other contaminants in abrasive such as chemical contaminants or particulate matter require other methods for detection such as Test Method D4940 for conductive-potential, ionic contaminants. Because Test Method D4940 specifies a different ratio of abrasive to water and requires the use of higher purity water, the solution resulting from the evaluation of the oil in abrasive shall not be used for the evaluation in accordance with Test Method D4940.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is used to determine the presence of oil in abrasives used for abrasive blast cleaning.  
1.2 The procedure can be used in the laboratory, field, blast and paint shop or steel fabrication shop.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The results obtained by these test methods should serve as a guide in, but not as the sole basis for, selection of a chemical-resistant material for a particular application. No attempt has been made to incorporate into these test methods all the various factors that may affect the performance of a material when subjected to actual service. The strength values obtained by these test methods should not be used to evaluate the compressive strength of chemical-resistant materials. The appropriate ASTM test method for the specific material should be used for determining and evaluating the compressive strength.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods are intended to evaluate the chemical resistance of resin, silica, silicate, sulfur, and hydraulic materials, grouts, monolithic surfacings, and polymer concretes under anticipated service conditions. These test methods provide for the determination of changes in the following properties of the test specimens and test medium after exposure of the specimens to the medium:  
1.1.1 Weight of specimen,  
1.1.2 Appearance of specimen,  
1.1.3 Appearance of test medium, and  
1.1.4 Compressive strength of specimens.  
1.2 Test Method A outlines the testing procedure generally used for systems containing aggregate less than 0.0625 in. (1.6 mm) in size. Test Method B covers the testing procedure generally used for systems containing aggregate from 0.0625 to 0.4 in. (1.6 to 1.0 mm) in size. Test Method C is used for systems containing aggregate larger than 0.4 in.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Abrasive media may contain ionic contamination naturally (for example, beach sand), from manufacturing (quenching with contaminated water), transportation, storage or use (in the case of abrasive that is reused). Ionic contamination on the abrasive may transfer to the surface during abrasive blast cleaning, resulting in potential osmotic blistering, accelerated underfilm corrosion and premature coating failure.  
4.2 This test method describes a shop/field procedure for assessing the level of conductive species on an abrasive.  
4.3 Abrasive standards published by SSPC (AB) and ISO 11126 provide tolerance levels for water soluble contaminants of the abrasive.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for assessing blast cleaning abrasives for the presence of conductive-potential, ionic contaminants by determining the total concentration of water soluble conductive species using a conductivity test.  
1.2 This test method does not identify the ionic species present nor provide quantitative results on each species.  
1.3 This test method is based on a volume comparison among abrasives of similar sizes. A volume comparison is more closely related to surface area of the abrasives than is a weight comparison.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this test is to obtain information on the ability of a coating system to adhere to substrates under thermal stress. It is assumed that the coating systems tested are applied and cured according to the coating manufacturer’s instructions.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice determines the resistance of cured coatings or coating systems to repeated thermal cycles and is designed to assess the effect of thermal cycling on the properties of a coating or coating system. These properties may include adhesion, resistance to checking, cracking, blistering, or others. This procedure is not intended to provide a quantitative measure of the service life that can be expected from a specific coating system on a given substrate.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide describes procedures that can be used to prepare new zinc-coated surfaces for painting and improve the bond of paint to the zinc surface.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers surface cleaning and various methods for treating new, continuous zinc-coated (galvanized) steel surfaces produced by either the hot-dip method or by electroplating. This guide is applicable to only surface preparation for application of liquid paint and coating products, and not for powder coating applications. This guide covers surfaces that have not been treated previously at the mill to provide temporary protection against staining by moisture other than by easily removed protective oils (see Appendix X1). For preparing surfaces of new or weathered items of zinc-coated steel produced by batch processing, refer to Practice D6386.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Ethyl silicate zinc-rich primers cure by the reaction of the vehicle with moisture, thereby providing a binder for the zinc. As relative humidity and temperature vary, so does the rate of cure. A certain minimum degree of cure is necessary prior to topcoating. It has been shown that the degree of cure of ethyl silicate zinc-rich primers can be measured by the chemical changes occurring using diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy.2 This solvent rub test has been shown to correlate well with the infrared spectroscopic results of some two-component ethyl silicate inorganic zinc systems.  
4.2 The degree of cure rating (Resistance Rating in Table 1) required prior to the application of specific topcoats must be agreed upon before the practice is used.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a solvent rub technique for assessing the MEK resistance of ethyl silicate (inorganic) zinc-rich primers. The MEK resistance of some two-component ethyl silicate zinc-rich primers has been shown to correlate well with the cure of the primer as determined by diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy.2 The technique can be used in the laboratory, field, or in the fabricating shop. Practice D5402 is the preferred method for organic coatings.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 6. Consult supplier’s Safety Data Sheet(s) for specific hazard information relating to the solvent used.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to provide assistance in selecting appropriate tests for evaluating the general performance level to be expected of a coating or coating system on a given substrate exposed to a given type of environment. Table 1 represents a listing of all the tests.  
4.2 Surface preparation or cleanliness prior to application of the coating can be critical to the proper performance of the coating.  
4.3 Results obtained in the tests cited in this guide may not be adequate for predicting coating service life of a specific coating system in a specific environmental exposure. A suitable control coating system of known performance in the service environment should be included in the testing for comparison.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the selection and use of test methods and procedures for testing industrial protective coatings. Selection of the standards to be followed must be governed by experience and the requirements in each individual case, together with agreement between the supplier and the user.  
1.2 This guide covers the testing of liquid coatings as applied on substrate by brushing, rolling, spraying, or other means appropriate to the coating and circumstance.
Note 1: The term “industrial protective coating” as used in this guide is described in the scope of Subcommittee D01.461 as “paints applied to substrates on-site of structures and buildings, especially where subject to corrosive environments, as industrial, urban, and marine environments.”
Note 2: Guides for testing other coating types, such as Guides D4712, D5146, D5324 or for surface preparation, coating application, such as Guide D3276, are available and should be used when it is applicable.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Protective coatings are used on metallic and concrete storage and processing vessels, shipping containers, dams and rail cars to protect the substrate from corrosive attack and to protect stored materials (cargo) from contamination. This method provides a means to assess the ability of a protective coating to resist degradation by chemicals and to protect the liquid cargo from contamination by either the substrate or coating, based on visual observations. Other measures of degradation, such as changes in weight or dimensions of the coating material, or chemical changes to the cargo, may be used to assess this protective ability as mutually agreed upon between contracting parties. Simple chemical-resistance evaluations of the lining materials may be performed more conveniently by other pertinent methods as a prescreening test for this procedure in accordance with Test Methods C267 and D471.  
4.2 This practice covers three approaches to conducting evaluations of a lining coating material’s fitness for purpose.  
4.2.1 Method A—Evaluation of specimens under conditions of constant temperature at atmospheric pressure (that is, without a thermal gradient).  
4.2.2 Method B—Evaluation of specimens under conditions which provide a temperature gradient across the sample.  
4.2.3 Method C—Evaluation of specimens under conditions of constant temperature and increased pressure (that is, without a thermal gradient).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes procedures for the evaluation of the resistance of industrial protective coatings to immersion in chemicals.  
1.2 Linings are a particular type of coating intended for protection of substrates from corrosion as a result of continuous or intermittent fluid immersion.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parenthesis are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This guide is intended as a reference for those concerned with the inspection of thin- or thick-film coating application to concrete and masonry substrates. It does not cover the application of cement-type coatings. The requirements for inspection should be addressed in all protective coating and lining work specifications. This guide may be used by specification writers when selecting and establishing the inspection requirements for coating and lining specifications. A sample checklist for use by inspectors is included as Appendix X1.1.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended as an information aid to painting inspectors in carrying out the task efficiently. It includes the key elements of surface preparation, coatings application, and final approval for both field and shop work. The items should be selected that are pertinent to a specific project.
Note 1: For additional helpful information, refer to the following documents:
Manual of Concrete Practice ACI 515R American Concrete Institute2
Manual of Coating Work for Light Water Nuclear Power Plant Primary Containment and Other Safety Related Facilities3
C811 Practice for Surface Preparation of Concrete for Application of Chemical-Resistant Resin Monolithic Surfacings4
Steel Structures Painting Manual Vol. 1 - Good Painting Practices5
Steel Structures Painting Manual Vol. 2 - Systems and Specifications5
Manufacturers Specifications and Instructions (made available to the inspector for reference to special requirements for proper application)
Safety Data Sheets (needed to ensure that personnel take necessary precautions in handling hazardous materials). Available from Materials manufacturer.  
1.2 Certain industries or owners may require certified inspection personnel. See Guide D4537 for establishing procedures to certify inspectors for coating work in nuclear facilities. SSPC offers a training and certification program for concrete coating inspection.5  
1.3 In certain cases the inspector may be required to assess the condition of the concrete substrate. SSPC has published an illustrated guide for performing a concrete condition assessment.5  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This guide is arranged in the following order:    
Section  
Referenced Documents  
2  
ASTM Standards  
2.1  
OSHA Standards  
2.2  
ICRI Standards  
2.3  
SSPC Standards  
2.4  
Significance and Use  
3  
Preparation for Inspection  
4  
Surface Preparation Methods and Requirements  
5  
Surface Preparation  
5.1  
Factors Affecting Coating Performance  
5.2  
Surface Condition  
5.2.1  
Cleanliness  
5.2.2  
Moisture  
5.2.3  
Surface Preparation Procedures  
5.3  
Dry Surface Cleaning  
5.3.1  
Water and Steam Cleaning  
5.3.2  
Mechanical Tool Cleaning  
5.3.3  
Hand Tool Cleaning  
5.3.3.1  
Power Tool Cleaning  
5.3.3.2  
Scarifying Machines  
5.3.3.3  
Pre- and Post-Surface Preparation  
5.3.3.4  
Finished Surface  
5.3.3.5  
Blast Cleaning  
5.3.4  
Water Blast Cleaning  
5.3.5  
Acid Etching  
5.3.6  
Precautions in Preparing Unpainted and  
Previously Painted Surfaces  
5.4  
Inspection of Surfaces Prior to Field Painting  
5.5  
New Construction  
5.5.1  
Maintenance Repainting  
5.5.2  
Cracks and Voids  
6  
Cracks  
6.1  
Cracks in Concrete  
6.1.1  
Joints in Concrete  
...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Coatings that chemically change during the curing process, such as epoxies, vinyl esters, polyesters, alkyds and urethanes, become more resistant to solvents as they cure. These coatings should reach specific levels of solvent resistance prior to being topcoated and prior to placing in service; the levels of solvent resistance necessary vary with the type of coating and the intended service. Rubbing with a cloth saturated with the appropriate solvent is one way to determine when a specific level of solvent resistance is reached. However, the level of solvent resistance by itself does not indicate full cure and some coatings become solvent resistant before they become sufficiently cured for service.  
4.2 The time required to reach a specific level of solvent resistance can be influenced by temperature, film thickness, air movement and, for water-borne or water-reactive coatings, humidity.  
4.3 The test solvent’s effect upon the coating varies with coating type and solvent used. The coating manufacturer may specify the solvent, the number of double rubs, and the specific test results needed.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a solvent rub technique for assessing the solvent resistance of an organic coating that chemically changes during the curing process. This technique can be used in the laboratory, in the field, or in the fabricating shop. Test Method D4752 is the preferred method for ethyl silicate zinc-rich primers.  
1.2 This practice does not specify the solvent, number of double rubs, or expected test results.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Consult the supplier’s Safety Data Sheet for specific hazard information relating to the solvent used.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The procedures described in this practice are designed to provide hot-rolled, carbon steel panels with uniform and reproducible abrasive blast cleaned surfaces for testing of coatings.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures to be followed in the preparation (by abrasive blast cleaning) of hot rolled steel panels for laboratory testing of coatings.  
1.2 This standard practice does not include procedures for the application of coatings.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice describes the methods of preparation of hot-dip galvanized surfaces prior to the application of powder coating. The key to achieving proper adhesion between powder coatings and galvanized steel is surface preparation. The surface must be entirely free from visible metal oxides prior to powder coating. Any metal oxides that remain on the surface of the galvanized steel can potentially retain air or moisture. Upon heating during the curing stages of the powder application, the oxides may release water vapor or air, which can expand and penetrate the powder coating, causing blisters or voids.  
4.2 The zinc coating is constantly in a state of change. From the time the steel part is removed from the galvanizing kettle, the exposed zinc coating interacts with the environment to form, first zinc oxides and zinc hydroxides, and then zinc carbonates.5 The process of complete conversion of the outer layer of zinc carbonates can take up to two years of exposure to the environment, depending on the local weather and moisture conditions.  
4.3 The zinc surface after full weathering is very resistant to atmospheric corrosion because the tight patina that is formed (zinc oxide, zinc hydroxide and zinc carbonate) is dense and tenacious. However, during the formative stages of patina development, the oxide/hydroxide layer is poorly adhered and must be removed in order for the powder coating to adhere properly to the galvanized coating. The second is pinholing/blistering of the coating which can severely limit its potential performance, especially in aggressive chloride environments. Entrapped gasses developed during the galvanizing process escape the surface through the coating as it cures at high temperatures. If these volatile materials are not removed through an outgassing process prior to the baking of the powder, then pinholing or blistering can occur. The presence of pinholes gives chlorides and other corrosive agents access to the zinc substrate consequen...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes methods of preparing surfaces of hot-dip galvanized iron and steel for powder coating and the application of powder coating materials.  
1.1.1 Powder coating is a dry finishing process which uses finely ground particles of pigment and resin, electrostatically charged, and sprayed onto a part to be coated. The parts are electrically grounded so that the charged particles projected at them adhere to the surface and are held there until melted and fused into a smooth coating in the curing oven.  
1.1.2 Hot-dip galvanized iron or steel is produced by the immersion of fabricated or un-fabricated products in a bath of molten zinc, as specified in Specification A123/A123M or A153/A153M. This practice covers surface preparation and thermal pretreatment of iron and steel products and hardware which have not been painted or powder coated previously (Practice D6386). Galvanized surfaces may have been treated with protective coatings to prevent the occurrence of wet storage stain. This practice neither applies to sheet galvanized steel products nor to the coil coating or continuous roller coating processes.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Graffiti on building and structures is an ongoing and increasing problem. A number of coatings have been produced that are intended to be resistant to the application of a graffiti marking, or to provide a surface from which such markings can be easily removed. The procedures described in this practice provide a standard set of conditions that can be used to evaluate the graffiti resistance of a surface.  
5.2 Graffiti resistance determined according to this practice is applicable to smooth surfaces. Graffiti resistance of the same coatings applied to a rough or textured surface may be lower.  
5.3 Graffiti resistance of coatings determined after natural or laboratory accelerated weathering, either before or after marking, conducted according to this practice, is considered as having more weight than graffiti resistance of the same coating determined without weathering. Graffiti resistance of coatings determined after natural weathering should be considered as having more weight than graffiti resistance determined after laboratory accelerated weathering.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a basic method for evaluating graffiti resistance of coatings, and use of this practice to evaluate graffiti resistance of coatings after outdoor or laboratory accelerated exposure (either prior to or after graffiti is applied). Graffiti resistance is based on how a defined set of markings is removed by a defined set of cleaning agents.  
1.2 This practice also defines procedures (optional) to evaluate graffiti removal after re-marking with subsequent re-cleaning. It does not address recoatability after a coating is no longer graffiti resistant.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The electrical conductivity of concrete is primarily influenced by the presence of moisture. Other factors, which affect the electrical continuity of concrete structures, include the following:  
5.1.1 Presence of metal rebars,  
5.1.2 Cement content and type,  
5.1.3 Aggregate types,  
5.1.4 Admixtures,  
5.1.5 Porosity within the concrete,  
5.1.6 Above or below grade elevation,  
5.1.7 Indoor or outdoor location,  
5.1.8 Temperature and humidity, and  
5.1.9 Age of concrete.  
5.2 The electrical conductivity of concrete itself may be successfully used for high-voltage continuity testing of linings applied directly with no specific conductive underlayment installed. However, the voltage required to find a discontinuity may vary greatly from point to point on the structure. This variance may reduce the test reliability.  
5.3 Although the most common conductive underlayments are liquid primers applied by trowel, roller, or spray, and which contain carbon or graphite fillers, others may take the form of the following:  
5.3.1 Sheet-applied graphite veils,  
5.3.2 Conductive polymers,  
5.3.3 Conductive graphite fibers,  
5.3.4 Conductive metallic fibers, and  
5.3.5 Conductive metallic screening.  
5.4 Liquid-applied conductive underlayments may be desirable as they can serve to address imperfections in the concrete surface and provide a better base for which to apply the lining.  
5.5 This practice is intended for use only with new linings applied to concrete substrates. Inspecting a lining previously exposed to an immersion condition could result in damaging the lining or produce an erroneous detection of discontinuities due to permeation or moisture absorption of the lining. Deposits may also be present on the surface causing telegraphing. The use of a high voltage tester on a previously exposed lining is not recommended because of possible spark through which will damage an otherwise sound lining. A low voltage tester can be used but could ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures that may be used to allow the detection of discontinuities in nonconductive linings or other non-conductive coatings applied to concrete substrates.  
1.2 Discontinuities may include pinholes, internal voids, holidays, cracks, and conductive inclusions.  
1.3 This practice describes detection of discontinuities utilizing a high voltage spark tester using either pulsed or continuous dc voltage.  
Note 1: For further information on discontinuity testing refer to NACE Standard SP0188-2006 or Practice D5162.  
1.4 This practice describes procedures both with and without the use of a conductive underlayment.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see Section 7.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The pull-off adhesion strength and mode of failure of a coating from a concrete substrate are important performance properties that are used in specifications. This test method serves as a means for uniformly preparing and testing coated surfaces, and evaluating and reporting the results.  
5.2 Variations in strength results obtained using different instruments, different substrates, or different loading fixtures with the same coating are possible. Therefore, it is recommended that the specific test instrument and loading fixture be mutually agreed upon between the interested parties.  
5.3 It is recommended that the coating be sufficiently cured to ensure cohesive strength and adhesion. This required minimum cure time before testing should be provided by the coating manufacturer, and may require an extension due to atmospheric conditions on site (for example, low temperature, and low or high humidity).  
5.4 This test method may be adapted to determine surface strength of uncoated concrete (see X2.1). Test Method C1583 is also suitable for that determination.  
5.5 The objective of this method is to determine the adhesion of a coating to concrete (or adapted for surface strength as stated in 5.4) and will result in failure in the coating or near the substrate surface. If evaluating the cohesive strength of the substrate or cementitious surfacers is the purpose of the testing, or if the substrate or cementitious surfacers have low strength, then Test Method C1583 may be more suitable.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for evaluating the pull-off adhesion strength of a coating on concrete. The test determines the greatest perpendicular force (in tension) that a surface area can bear before a plug of material is detached. Failure will occur along the weakest plane within the system comprised of the loading fixture, glue, coating system, and substrate, and will be exposed by the fracture surface.  
1.2 This test method uses a class of apparatus known as portable pull-off adhesion testers.2 They are capable of applying a concentric load and counter load to a single surface so that coatings can be tested even though only one side is accessible. Measurements are limited by the strength of adhesion bonds between the loading fixture, coating system and the substrate or the cohesive strengths of the glue, coating layers, and substrate.  
1.3 This test method is suitable for both laboratory and field testing.  
1.4 Pull-off adhesion strength measurements depend upon both material and instrumental parameters. There are different instruments used that comply with this test method. The specific instrument used should be identified when reporting results. This test is destructive and spot repairs may be necessary.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The height of surface profile has been shown to be a factor in the performance of various coatings applied to steel. For this reason, surface profile should be measured prior to coating application to ensure conformance of a prepared surface to profile requirements specified by the manufacturer of a protective coating or the coating job specification.  
Note 2: The peak count/peak density has been shown to be a factor in the performance of various coatings applied to steel. According to research performed by Roper, Weaver and Brandon6, an increase in peak count can improve the adhesion of some coatings to the prepared steel, as well as provide greater resistance to corrosion undercutting once the coating becomes damaged in service.
Note 3: Optical microscope methods serve as a referee method for surface profile measurement methods A and B. Profile depth designations are based on the concept of mean maximum profile (h max); this value is determined by averaging a given number (usually 20) of the highest peak to lowest valley measurements made in the field of view of a standard measuring microscope. This is done because of evidence that coating performance in any one small area is primarily influenced by the highest surface features in that area and not by the average roughness.7
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the description of techniques for measuring the profile of abrasive blast cleaned surfaces in the field, shop, and laboratory. There are other techniques suitable for laboratory use not covered by these test methods.  
1.2 Method B may also be appropriate to the measurement of profile produced by using power tools.
Note 1: The Method B procedure in this standard was developed for use on flat surfaces. Depending on the radius of the surface, the results could have greater variability with lower values and averages.  
1.3 SSPC standard SSPC-PA 17 provides additional guidance for determining conformance with surface profile requirements.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The height of surface profile has been shown to be a factor in the performance of various coatings applied to steel. For this reason, surface profile should be measured prior to coating application to ensure conformance of a prepared surface to profile requirements specified by the manufacturer of a protective coating or the coating job specification.  
Note 2: The peak count/peak density has been shown to be a factor in the performance of various coatings applied to steel. According to research performed by Roper, Weaver and Brandon6, an increase in peak count can improve the adhesion of some coatings to the prepared steel, as well as provide greater resistance to corrosion undercutting once the coating becomes damaged in service.
Note 3: Optical microscope methods serve as a referee method for surface profile measurement methods A and B. Profile depth designations are based on the concept of mean maximum profile (h max); this value is determined by averaging a given number (usually 20) of the highest peak to lowest valley measurements made in the field of view of a standard measuring microscope. This is done because of evidence that coating performance in any one small area is primarily influenced by the highest surface features in that area and not by the average roughness.7
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the description of techniques for measuring the profile of abrasive blast cleaned surfaces in the field, shop, and laboratory. There are other techniques suitable for laboratory use not covered by these test methods.  
1.2 Method B may also be appropriate to the measurement of profile produced by using power tools.
Note 1: The Method B procedure in this standard was developed for use on flat surfaces. Depending on the radius of the surface, the results could have greater variability with lower values and averages.  
1.3 SSPC standard SSPC-PA 17 provides additional guidance for determining conformance with surface profile requirements.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The height of surface profile has been shown to be a factor in the performance of various coatings applied to steel. For this reason, surface profile should be measured prior to coating application to ensure conformance of a prepared surface to profile requirements specified by the manufacturer of a protective coating or the coating job specification. The instruments described are readily portable and sufficiently sturdy for use in the field.
Note 2: Methods C and D include determination of the peak count (number of profile peaks in a specified distance or unit area). According to research performed by Roper, Weaver and Brandon6, an increase in peak count can improve the adhesion of some coatings to the prepared steel, as well as provide greater resistance to corrosion undercutting once the coating becomes damaged in service.
Note 3: Optical microscope methods serve as a referee method for surface profile measurement methods A and B. Profile depth designations are based on the concept of mean maximum profile (h max); this value is determined by averaging a given number (usually 20) of the highest peak to lowest valley measurements made in the field of view of a standard measuring microscope. This is done because of evidence that coating performance in any one small area is primarily influenced by the highest surface features in that area and not by the average roughness.7
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the description of techniques for measuring the profile of abrasive blast cleaned surfaces in the field. There are other techniques suitable for laboratory use not covered by these test methods.  
1.2 Method B may also be appropriate to the measurement of profile produced by using power tools.
Note 1: The Method B procedure in this standard was developed for use on flat surfaces. Depending on the radius of the surface, the results could have greater variability with lower values and averages.  
1.3 SSPC standard SSPC-PA 17 provides additional guidance for determining conformance with surface profile requirements.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The pull-off adhesion strength and mode of failure of a coating from a concrete substrate are important performance properties that are used in specifications. This test method serves as a means for uniformly preparing and testing coated surfaces, and evaluating and reporting the results.  
5.2 Variations in strength results obtained using different instruments, different substrates, or different loading fixtures with the same coating are possible. Therefore, it is recommended that the specific test instrument and loading fixture be mutually agreed upon between the interested parties.  
5.3 This test method should not be used to determine surface strength of uncoated concrete. Test Method C1583 is suitable for that determination.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for evaluating the pull-off adhesion strength of a coating on concrete. The test determines the greatest perpendicular force (in tension) that a surface area can bear before a plug of material is detached. Failure will occur along the weakest plane within the system comprised of the loading fixture, glue, coating system, and substrate, and will be exposed by the fracture surface.  
1.2 This test method uses a class of apparatus known as portable pull-off adhesion testers.2 They are capable of applying a concentric load and counter load to a single surface so that coatings can be tested even though only one side is accessible. Measurements are limited by the strength of adhesion bonds between the loading fixture, coating system and the substrate or the cohesive strengths of the glue, coating layers, and substrate.  
1.3 Pull-off adhesion strength measurements depend upon both material and instrumental parameters. There are different instruments used that comply with this test method. The specific instrument used should be identified when reporting results. This test is destructive and spot repairs may be necessary.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Proper bonding of coatings and linings to concrete surfaces requires proper cleaning and frequently requires the concrete to be roughened to increase the surface area. The roughness, also known as surface profile, can be imparted into concrete by abrasive blast cleaning, acid etching or various impact/scarifying power tools. The resulting surface profile depth can influence coating/lining adhesion and performance. Coating/lining manufacturers and/or facility owners frequently specify cleaning and roughening of the concrete surface prior to product installation. The procedure described herein enables the user to quantitatively determine the profile directly from the prepared concrete surface in multiple locations. The procedure is similar to that described in Method B of ASTM D4417, which addresses measurement of surface profile on abrasive blast cleaned steel surfaces.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is suitable for both field and laboratory use to quantify the depth of surface profile of prepared concrete. It may also be used on unprepared concrete surfaces.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These methods offer a means of estimating the working time, initial setting time and service strength setting time of chemical-resistant resin mortars. The results obtained should serve as a guide in, but not as the sole basis for, selection of a chemical-resistant mortar for a particular application.
SCOPE
1.1 These methods are used to estimate the working, initial setting, and service strength setting times of chemical-resistant resin mortars.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is generally applicable to rigid and semirigid materials. Although flexural strength cannot be determined for those materials that do not break, tangent modulus of elasticity can be determined.  
4.2 The results obtained by this test method should serve as a guide in, but not as the sole basis for, selection of a chemical-resistant material for a particular application. No attempt has been made to incorporate into this test method all the various factors that may affect the performance of a material when subjected to actual service.  
4.3 In addition to the tangent modulus of elasticity, a secant modulus is calculated at the point on the stress-strain (load-deflection) graph where the strain is 50 % of the maximum strain.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of flexural strength and modulus of elasticity in flexure of cured chemical-resistant materials in the form of molded rectangular beams. These materials include mortars, brick and tile grouts, structural grouts, machinery grouts, monolithic surfacings (60 mils or greater), and polymer concretes. These materials shall be based on resin, silicate, silica, or sulfur binders.  
1.2 A bar of rectangular cross section is tested in flexure as a simple beam in center point loading: the bar rests on two supports and the load is applied by means of a loading nose midway between supports.  
1.3 Method A outlines the testing procedure generally used for systems containing aggregate less than 0.2 in. (5 mm) in size. Method B covers the testing procedure generally used for systems containing aggregate from 0.2 to 0.4 in. (10 mm) in size. Method C is used for systems containing aggregate larger than 0.4 in.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods offer a means of determining the compressive strength of chemical-resistant mortars, grouts, monolithic surfacings, and polymer concretes.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the compressive strength of chemical-resistant mortars, grouts, monolithic surfacings, and polymer concretes. These materials may be based on resin, silicate, silica, or sulfur binders.  
1.2 Test Method A outlines the testing procedure generally used for systems containing aggregate less than 0.0625 in. (1.6 mm) in size. Test Method B covers the testing procedure generally used for systems containing aggregate from 0.0625 to 0.4 in. (1.6 to 10 mm) in size. Test Method C is used for systems containing aggregate larger than 0.4 in.  
1.3 These test methods provide two different methods for controlling the testing rate.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 It is recognized that chemical-resistant mortars, grouts, and monolithic surfacings are not usually under tension when in service; however, such data are useful for purposes of determining the rate of cure and other properties.  
4.2 This test method is not recommended for mortars, grouts, and monolithic surfacings containing aggregate greater than 1/4 in.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of tensile strength of cured chemical-resistant materials in the form of molded briquets. These materials include mortars, brick and tile grouts, machinery grouts, and monolithic surfacings. These materials shall be based on resin, silicate, silica, or sulfur binders.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method offers a means of comparing the relative linear shrinkage and coefficient of thermal expansion.  
4.1.1 The material to be tested is placed in the mold in a fluid or plastic state. As the material makes a transition to a solid state, it adheres to and captures the end studs.  
4.1.2 The linear shrinkage measured is the change in length that occurs after the material is rigid enough and strong enough to move the studs.  
4.2 This test method can be used for research purposes to provide information on linear changes taking place in the test materials. Other dimensional changes may occur that do not manifest themselves as changes in length.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the linear shrinkage during setting and curing and the coefficient of thermal expansion of chemical-resistant mortars, grouts, monolithic surfacings, and polymer concretes.  
1.2 A bar of square cross-section is cast to a prescribed length in a mold that holds measuring studs that are captured in the ends of the finished casting.  
1.2.1 The change in length after curing is measured and used to calculate shrinkage.
Note 1: Shrinkage determinations should not be made on sulfur mortars, since this test method cannot truly reflect the overall linear shrinkage of a sulfur mortar.  
1.2.2 The change in length at a specific elevated temperature is measured and used to calculate the coefficient of thermal expansion.  
1.3 This test method is limited to materials with aggregate size of 0.25 in. (6 mm) or less.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The results obtained by this test method should serve as a guide in, but not as the sole basis for, selection of a chemical-resistant material for a particular application. No attempt has been made to incorporate in the test method all the various factors which may affect the performance of a material when subjected to actual service.  
4.2 This is not a test for permeability and the test results are not to be interpreted as a measurement of, or indication of, the permeability properties of the materials tested.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the absorption of chemical-resistant mortars, grouts, monolithic surfacings, and polymer concretes. These materials may be based on resin, silicate, silica, or sulfur binders.  
1.2 Mold Method A is used for systems containing aggregates less than 0.0625 in. (1.6 mm) in size. Mold Method B is used for systems containing aggregates from 0.0625 to 0.4 in. (1.6 to 10 mm) in size. Mold Method C is used for systems containing aggregates larger than 0.4 in.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.