ASTM C1778-22
(Guide)Standard Guide for Reducing the Risk of Deleterious Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete
Standard Guide for Reducing the Risk of Deleterious Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide provides recommendations for identifying the potential for deleterious AAR and selecting appropriate preventive measures, based on a prescriptive-based or performance approach, to minimize the risk of deleterious reaction. In regions where occurrences of AAR are rare or the aggregate sources in use have a satisfactory field performance record verified by following the guidance in this standard, it is reasonable to continue to rely on the previous field history without subjecting the aggregates to laboratory tests for AAR. In regions where AAR problems have occurred or the reactivity of aggregates is known to vary from source to source, it may be necessary to follow a testing program to determine potential reactivity and evaluate preventive measures. In this guide, the level of prevention required is a function of the reactivity of the aggregate, the nature of the exposure conditions (especially availability of moisture), the criticality of the structure, and the availability of alkali in the concrete.
5.2 Risk Evaluation—To use this guide effectively, it is necessary to define the level of risk that is acceptable, as this will determine the type and complexity of testing (Note 1). The risk of deleterious expansion occurring as a result of a failure to detect deleteriously reactive aggregates can be reduced by routine testing using petrography, or laboratory expansion tests, or both.
Note 1: The level of risk of alkali-silica reaction will depend upon the nature of the project (criticality of the structure and anticipated exposure). The determination of the level of risk is the responsibility of the individual in charge of the design, commonly a representative of the owner, and for structures designed in accordance with ACI 318, the level of acceptable risk would be determined by the licensed design professional.
5.3 For conventional structures, preventive measures determined by either performance testing or the prescriptive approach described ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides guidance on how to address the potential for deleterious alkali aggregate reaction (AAR) in concrete construction. This guide addresses the process of identifying both potentially alkali-silica reactive (ASR) and alkali-carbonate reactive (ACR) aggregates through standardized testing procedures and the selection of mitigation options to minimize the risk of expansion when ASR aggregates are used in concrete construction. Mitigation methods for ASR aggregates are selected using either prescriptive or performance-based alternatives. Preventive measures for ACR aggregates are limited to avoidance of use. Because the potential for deleterious reactions depends not only on the concrete mixture but also the in-service exposure, guidance is provided on the type of structures and exposure environments where AAR may be of concern.
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C1778 − 22
Standard Guide for
Reducing the Risk of Deleterious Alkali-Aggregate Reaction
1
in Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1778; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This guide provides guidance on how to address the
C33/C33M Specification for Concrete Aggregates
potential for deleterious alkali aggregate reaction (AAR) in
C114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic
concrete construction. This guide addresses the process of
Cement
identifying both potentially alkali-silica reactive (ASR) and
C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-
alkali-carbonate reactive (ACR) aggregates through standard-
gregates
ized testing procedures and the selection of mitigation options
C150/C150M Specification for Portland Cement
to minimize the risk of expansion when ASR aggregates are
C219 Terminology Relating to Hydraulic and Other Inor-
used in concrete construction. Mitigation methods for ASR
ganic Cements
aggregates are selected using either prescriptive or
C294 Descriptive Nomenclature for Constituents of Con-
performance-based alternatives. Preventive measures for ACR
crete Aggregates
aggregates are limited to avoidance of use. Because the
C295/C295M Guide for Petrographic Examination of Ag-
potential for deleterious reactions depends not only on the
gregates for Concrete
concrete mixture but also the in-service exposure, guidance is
C311/C311M Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly
provided on the type of structures and exposure environments
Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement
where AAR may be of concern.
Concrete
C586 TestMethodforPotentialAlkaliReactivityofCarbon-
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-
ate Rocks as Concrete Aggregates (Rock-Cylinder
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The
Method)
values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;
C595/C595M Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements
therefore,eachsystemshallbeusedindependentlyoftheother.
C618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined
Combining values from the two systems may result in noncon-
Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete
formance with the standard.
C823/C823M Practice for Examination and Sampling of
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Hardened Concrete in Constructions
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
C856 Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Concrete
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
C989/C989M Specification for Slag Cement for Use in
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Concrete and Mortars
C1105 Test Method for Length Change of Concrete Due to
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
Alkali-Carbonate Rock Reaction
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
C1157/C1157M Performance Specification for Hydraulic
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Cement
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
C1240 Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Mixtures
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
C1260 Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of Ag-
gregates (Mortar-Bar Method)
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and
Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.50 on
2
Aggregate Reactions in Concrete. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved March 1, 2022. Published April 2022. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as C1778 – 20. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/C1778-22. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1778 − 22
3 3
C1293 Test Method for Determination of Length Change of containing 350 kg/m [590 lb/yd ] of cementitious materials
Concrete Due to Alkali-Silica Reaction con
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1778 − 20 C1778 − 22
Standard Guide for
Reducing the Risk of Deleterious Alkali-Aggregate Reaction
1
in Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1778; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This guide provides guidance on how to address the potential for deleterious alkali aggregate reaction (AAR) in concrete
construction. This guide addresses the process of identifying both potentially alkali-silica reactive (ASR) and alkali-carbonate
reactive (ACR) aggregates through standardized testing procedures and the selection of mitigation options to minimize the risk of
expansion when ASR aggregates are used in concrete construction. Mitigation methods for ASR aggregates are selected using
either prescriptive or performance-based alternatives. Preventive measures for ACR aggregates are limited to avoidance of use.
Because the potential for deleterious reactions depends not only on the concrete mixture but also the in-service exposure, guidance
is provided on the type of structures and exposure environments where AAR may be of concern.
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from
the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C33/C33M Specification for Concrete Aggregates
C114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic Cement
C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
C150/C150M Specification for Portland Cement
C219 Terminology Relating to Hydraulic and Other Inorganic Cements
C294 Descriptive Nomenclature for Constituents of Concrete Aggregates
C295/C295M Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for Concrete
C311/C311M Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement Concrete
C586 Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of Carbonate Rocks as Concrete Aggregates (Rock-Cylinder Method)
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.50 on Aggregate
Reactions in Concrete.
Current edition approved April 1, 2020March 1, 2022. Published May 2020April 2022. Originally approved in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 20192020 as
C1778 – 19b.C1778 – 20. DOI: 10.1520/C1778-20.10.1520/C1778-22.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1778 − 22
C595/C595M Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements
C618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete
C823/C823M Practice for Examination and Sampling of Hardened Concrete in Constructions
C856 Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete
C989/C989M Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and Mortars
C1105 Test Method for Length Change of Concrete Due to Alkali-Carbonate Rock Reaction
C1157/C1157M Performance Specification for Hydraulic Cement
C1240 Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures
C1260 Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of Aggregates (Mor
...
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