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ASTM D5042-90(2004)e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Estimating the Organic Fouling of Particulate Anion Exchange Resins

Standard Test Method for Estimating the Organic Fouling of Particulate Anion Exchange Resins

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
One of the major factors in the unsatisfactory performance of anion exchange resins is their fouling by organic material. Knowledge of the degree of fouling can be used to assess the condition of the resin and may indicate the need for pretreatment of the influent, remedial cleaning procedures, or resin replacement.
It is recognized that this test method may not remove and detect cation sloughage products or declumping agents. It is not intended to remove all organic compounds from the resin.
Since the chemical structures of organics compounds fouling the resin are generally unknown and are expressed only on the basis of their carbon content, interpretation of test results to form a basis for predictions for resin performance or cleaning procedures should be approached with caution.
Samples may be taken before or after plant regeneration, or both, depending on the type of information desired. This decision is left to the judgment of the user.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a general estimate of the organic fouling of an anion exchange resin based upon total organic carbon measurements.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see 8.3.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2004
ICS
71.100.40 - Surface active agents
Technical Committee
D19 - Water
Drafting Committee
D19.08 - Membranes and Ion Exchange Materials
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D5042-90(1998) - Standard Test Method for Estimating the Organic Fouling of Particulate Anion Exchange Resins
Effective Date
01-Jun-2004
Replaced By
ASTM D5042-90(2009) - Standard Test Method for Estimating the Organic Fouling of Particulate Anion Exchange Resins (Withdrawn 2018)
Effective Date
01-May-2009
Referred By
ASTM D5217-17 - Standard Guide for Detection of Fouling and Degradation of Particulate Ion Exchange Materials
Effective Date
01-Jun-2004

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ASTM D5042-90(2004)e1 - Standard Test Method for Estimating the Organic Fouling of Particulate Anion Exchange ResinsASTM D5042-90(2004)e1 - Standard Test Method for Estimating the Organic Fouling of Particulate Anion Exchange Resins
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ASTM D5042-90(2004)e1 - Standard Test Method for Estimating the Organic Fouling of Particulate Anion Exchange Resins
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
e1
Designation:D5042–90(Reapproved2004)
Standard Test Method for
Estimating the Organic Fouling of Particulate Anion
Exchange Resins
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5042; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e NOTE—Warning statements were editorially moved into the text in June 2004.
1. Scope 3.2.1 organic fouling—buildup of organic material in or on
anion exchange resins by sorption during the service cycle and
1.1 This test method provides a general estimate of the
incomplete removal during regeneration.
organic fouling of an anion exchange resin based upon total
organic carbon measurements.
4. Summary of Test Method
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1 A sample of particulate anion exchange material is
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
contacted with a sodium chloride/sodium hydroxide solution at
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
an elevated temperature. After a specified contact time, the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
concentration of organic material in the aqueous phase is
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific
measured as total organic carbon (TOC).
hazard statement, see 8.3.
5. Significance and Use
2. Referenced Documents
5.1 One of the major factors in the unsatisfactory perfor-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
mance of anion exchange resins is their fouling by organic
D 1129 Terminology Relating to Water
material. Knowledge of the degree of fouling can be used to
D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
assess the condition of the resin and may indicate the need for
D 2187 Test Methods for Physical and Chemical Properties
pretreatment of the influent, remedial cleaning procedures, or
of Particulate Ion Exchange Resins
3 resin replacement.
D 2579 Test Methods for Total Organic Carbon in Water
5.2 It is recognized that this test method may not remove
D 2687 Practices for Sampling Particulate Ion-Exchange
and detect cation sloughage products or declumping agents. It
Materials
is not intended to remove all organic compounds from the
D 4839 Test Method for Total Carbon and Organic Carbon
resin.
in Water by Ultraviolet, or Persulfate Oxidation, or Both,
5.3 Since the chemical structures of organics compounds
and Infrared Detection
foulingtheresinaregenerallyunknownandareexpressedonly
3. Terminology on the basis of their carbon content, interpretation of test
results to form a basis for predictions for resin performance or
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test
cleaning procedures should be approached with caution.
method, refer to Terminology D 1129.
5.4 Samplesmaybetakenbeforeorafterplantregeneration,
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
or both, depending on the type of information desired. This
decision is left to the judgment of the user.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.08 on Membrane and Ion
6. Interferences
Exchange Materials.
6.1 The high sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration of the
Current edition approved June 1, 2004. Published June 2004. Originally
approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D 5042 – 90 (1998). test solutions may interfere with the response of the total
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Fisher, S., and Otten, G., “Standardization of Methodology for Estimating the
the ASTM website. Organic Fouling of Ion Exchange Resins,” Proceedings of the International Water
Withdrawn Conference, October 1989.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
e1
D5042–90 (2004)
organiccarbonanalyzer.Theresponseoftheinstrumentshould 10.2 Weigh three 2.0-g portions of the drained sample into
be determined using standards prepared in this matrix. 125-mL Erlenmeyer flasks. Add 20 mL of sodium chloride/
sodium hydroxide solution (see 8.3) to each. Cover the flask
7. Apparatus
with a small inverted beaker. Place flasks in a water bath at 90
6 2°C for 1 h.
7.1 Instrument to determine total organic carbon are as
10.3 After1hof heating, remove the flasks from the water
specified in Test Methods D 2579, Oxidation—Infrared Detec-
bath.Add 50 mLof water and cool to room temperature. Filter
tion test method, or D 4839. TOC instruments using conduc-
the supernatant solution through a sintered glass funnel and
tivity detection have also been fo
...

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ASTM D2687-95(2024)(Practice)
Standard Practices for Sampling Particulate Ion-Exchange Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice will be used most frequently to sample materials as received from the manufacturer in the original shipping container and prior to any resin-conditioning procedure. Since certain ion-exchange materials are supplied by the manufacturer in the dry or free-flowing state whereas others are supplied moist, it is necessary to employ two different sampling devices. Therefore, this practice is divided into Sampling Procedure—Dry or Free-Flowing Material (Section 8), and Sampling Procedure—Moist Material (Section 9).  
5.2 Once the sample is obtained, it is necessary to protect the ion-exchange materials from changes. Samples should be placed in sealable, gasproof containers immediately.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices2 cover procedures for obtaining representative samples of ion-exchange materials. The following practices are included:    
Sections  
Practice A—Sampling from a Single Package and
Multiple Package Lots or Shipments  
4 to 11  
Practice B—Sampling from Fixed Bed Ion-Exchange
Equipment Having Unrestricted Head Room  
12 to 16  
Practice C—Sampling from Fixed Bed Ion-Exchange
Equipment Having Restricted Head Room  
17 to 21  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D4548-11(2019)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Anion-Cation Balance of Mixed Bed Ion-Exchange Resins

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is applicable to the analysis of new materials that are sold as mixtures and to samples taken from regenerable units containing mixtures of anion-exchanging and cation-exchanging materials. It is used to determine the ratio of the components without separating them from each other.  
5.2 This test method is intended for mixtures of ion-exchange materials that have salt-splitting capacity as measured by Test Method E of Test Methods and Practices D2187 for cation-exchange resins, and Test Method H for anion-exchange resins. In the case of cation-exchange resins, these are styrene-based polymers with sulfonic acid functional groups. The anion-exchanging materials in this class are styrene-based materials with quaternary ammonium functional groups. The test method will determine the amount of anion-exchange material of any functionality present in the mixture. However, when anionic groups that are not salt-splitting are present, the values for cationic groups will be high due to the acidic character of the anion effluent. Cationic groups that do not split salts are not measured.  
5.3 Samples are analyzed in this test method as received. It is not necessary that the cation-exchanging resin be in the hydrogen form and the anion-exchanging resin be in the hydroxide form for this test method.  
5.4 This test method may be used to determine if new materials are balanced to meet their specification values. In operating regenerable units, it may be used to determine if the components are separating properly or remixing properly. It may also be used to check for improper balance in bedding or for loss of a component during operation.  
5.5 This test method begins with the conversion to the hydrogen and chloride forms. However, it may be combined with the determination of the residual chloride and sulfate sites by elution with sodium nitrate as described in Test Methods J and L in Test Methods and Practices D2187. In such cases the hydrogen ion as well...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the ratio between the equivalents of anion-exchange capacity and the equivalents of cation-exchange capacity present in a physical mixture of salt-splitting anion-exchange material and salt-splitting cation-exchange material.  
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1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D3375-18(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Column Capacity of Particulate Mixed Bed IonExchange Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used to evaluate unused mixed bed ion exchange materials for conformance to specifications. When a representative sample of the mixed bed can be obtained from an operating unit, this test method can be used to evaluate the regeneration efficiency by comparison with the same data obtained with new material from the same manufactured lots, or retained samples of the in-place products.  
5.2 This test method provides for the calculation of capacity in terms of the volume of water treated to a conductivity end point.  
5.3 The test method as written assumes that the cation exchange material has been regenerated to the hydrogen form with acid and the anion exchange material has been regenerated with alkali to the hydroxide or free-base form. In certain applications a cation exchange material in the potassium, ammonium, or other monovalent form may be encountered. Such materials may be tested following this procedure using Test Water A (Test Methods D1782) as the influent and substituting the hardness end point (Test Methods D1782) for the end points prescribed herein.  
5.4 In most cases the product tested will be properly mixed and will contain the correct proportions of anion and cation exchange materials. However, if the pH as well as the conductivity of the effluent is measured, the test method will indicate which of the components is present in excess; an acid effluent at breakthrough indicating an excess of regenerated cation exchange groups and an alkaline effluent an excess of regenerated anion exchange groups. In such cases the volumes of the two components obtained in the final backwash will indicate whether this imbalance arises from improper regeneration or from an improper ratio of the two components. It should be noted, however, that not all units are charged with a balanced ratio of anion-exchanging and cation-exchanging groups. Hence, wherever possible, a field sample should be evaluated in comparison with a retained sample ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the performance of particulate mixed bed ion exchange materials in the regenerated form when used for deionization. It is intended for use in testing unused mixed bed materials and samples of regenerated mixed beds from operating units.  
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ASTM D7742-17(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determination of Nonylphenol Polyethoxylates (NPnEO, 3 ≤ n ≤ 18) and Octylphenol Polyethoxylates (OPnEO, 2 ≤ n ≤ 12) in Water by Single Reaction Monitoring (SRM) Liquid Chromatography/ Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice has been developed in support of the U.S. EPA Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology by the Chicago Regional Laboratory (CRL).  
5.2 Nonylphenol (NP) and Octylphenol (OP) have been shown to have toxic effects in aquatic organisms. The prominent source of NP and OP is from common commercial surfactants which are longer chain APEOs. The most widely used surfactant is nonylphenol polyethoxylate (NPnEO) which has an average ethoxylate chain length of nine. The APEOs are readily biodegraded to form NP1EO, NP2EO, nonylphenol carboxylate (NPEC) and NP. NP will also biodegrade, but may be released into environmental waters directly at trace levels. This practice screens for the longer chain APEOs which may enter the STP at elevated levels and may cause a STP to violate its permitted discharge concentration of nonylphenol.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPnEO, 3 ≤ n ≤ 18) and octylphenol polyethoxylates (OPnEO, 2 ≤ n ≤ 12) in water by Single Reaction Monitoring (SRM) Liquid Chromatography/ Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) using direct injection liquid chromatography (LC) and detected with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) detection. This is a screening practice with qualified quantitative data to check for the presence of longer chain ethoxylates in a water sample.  
1.1.1 All data are qualified because neat standards of each alkylphenol ethoxylate (APEO) are not available and the synthesis and characterization of these neat standards would be very expensive. The Igepal2 brand standards, which contain a mixture of various chain lengths of the alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs), were used. The mixture was characterized in-house assuming the instrument response at an optimum electrospray ionization cone and collision voltage for each APEO was the same. This assumption, which may not be accurate, is used to determine qualified amounts of each ethoxylate in the standards. The n-Nonylphenol diethoxylate (n-NP2EO) surrogate was available as a neat characterized standard, therefore, this concentration and recovery data was not estimated. APEOs are not regulated by the EPA, but nonylphenol, a breakdown product of NPnEOs, is regulated for fresh and saltwater dischargers. A request by a sewage treatment plant (STP) was made to make this practice available through ASTM in order to screen for the influent or effluent from sources of APEOs coming into the STP. The interest lies in stopping the source of the longer chain APEOs from entering the STP in order to meet effluent guidelines. Based upon the above, this is a practice rather than a test method. A comparison between samples is possible using this practice to determine which has a higher concentration of APEOs.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this practice.  
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FIG. 2 SRM Chromatograms NP9EO-NP14EO  
FIG. 3 SRM Chromatograms NP15EO-NP18EO and n-NP2EO  
FIG. 4 SRM Chromatograms OP2EO-OP7EO  
FIG. 5 SRM Chromatograms OP8EO-OP12EO  
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ASTM D5217-17(Guide)
Standard Guide for Detection of Fouling and Degradation of Particulate Ion Exchange Materials

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4.1 Resins used in demineralization systems may deteriorate due to many factors including chemical attack, fouling by organic and inorganic materials, mishandling, or the effects of aging. Detection of degradation or fouling may be important in determining the cause of poor demineralizer performance.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide presents a series of tests and evaluations intended to detect fouling and degradation of particulate ion exchange materials. Suggestions on reducing fouling and on cleaning resins are given.  
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1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D2187-17(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods and Practices for Evaluating Physical and Chemical Properties of Particulate Ion-Exchange Resins

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
7.1 The ionic form of an ion-exchange material affects both its equivalent mass and its equilibrium water content. These in turn influence the numerical values obtained in exchange capacity determinations, in density measurements, and in the size of the particles. To provide a uniform basis for comparison, therefore, the sample should be converted to a known ionic form before analysis. This procedure provides for the conversion of cation-exchange materials to the sodium form and anion-exchange materials to the chloride form prior to analysis. These forms are chosen since they permit samples to be weighed and dried without concern for air contamination or decomposition. If other ionic forms are used this fact should be noted in reporting the results.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the physical and chemical properties of ion-exchange resins when used for the treatment of water. They are intended for use in testing both new and used materials. The following thirteen test methods are included:
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Test Method C—Backwashed and Settled Density  
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Test Method D—Particle Size Distribution  
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Test Method F—Total Capacity of Cation-Exchange Resins  
46 – 55    
Test Method G—Percent Regeneration of Hydrogen-Form Cation-Exchange Resins  
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Test Method H—Total and Salt-Splitting Capacity of Anion-Exchange Resins  
65 – 73  
Test Practice I—Percent Regeneration of Anion Exchange Resins  
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Test Practice J—Ionic Chloride Content of Anion-Exchange Resins  
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Test Method K—Carbonate Content of Anion-Exchange Resins  
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Test Practice M—Total Anion Capacity of Anion-Exchange Resins  
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ASTM D1782-17(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Operating Performance of Particulate Cation-Exchange Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
9.1 Cation exchange materials are frequently used in the sodium form to exchange divalent and trivalent ions in the influent water for sodium ions on the resin sites. This process is commonly referred to as softening water since it removes those ions that form a “hard” curd of insoluble salts with the fatty acids used in some soaps and that also precipitate when water is boiled. In such a process, sodium chloride is used as the regenerant to return the cation-exchanging groups to the sodium form.  
9.2 This test method is intended to simulate the performance of such materials in actual usage. It may be used either to compare the performance of new materials or to compare the performance of a material that has been used with its original performance.  
9.3 Regenerant concentrations and dosages used herein are typical for the types of materials used in this application. If different concentrations or amounts of regenerant are agreed upon by parties using this test method, this fact should be stated when the results are reported. Similarly, the test water specified is the agreed upon standard. Where other test waters or the water to be treated are used in the test, the analysis of the water in terms of total solids, sodium, calcium, magnesium, other di- or trivalent metals as well as the major anions present should be reported with the test results.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the operating capacity of particulate cation-exchange materials when used for the removal of calcium, magnesium, and sodium ions from water. It is intended for use in testing both new and used materials. The following two test methods are included:    
Sections  
Test Method A—Sodium Cycle  
8 to 14  
Test Method B—Hydrogen Cycle  
15 to 21  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D4456-17(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Physical and Chemical Properties of Powdered Ion Exchange Resins

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
7.1 The particle size distribution of powdered ion exchange resins and, more importantly, the derived parameters of mean particle size and percent above and below specified size limits are useful for determining batch to batch variations and, in some cases, can be related to certain aspects of product performance.  
7.2 Although automatic multichannel particle size analyzers, of the type described in Section 9, yield information on the entire distribution of sizes present in a given sample, it has been found that, for this application, the numerical value of three derived parameters may adequately describe the particle size characteristics of the samples: the mean particle diameter (in micrometres), the percent of the sample that falls below some size limit, and the percent of the sample that falls above some size limit.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the physical and chemical properties of powdered ion exchange resins and are intended for use in testing new materials. The following test methods are included:  
Sections  
Test Method A—Particle Size Distribution  
5 to 15  
Test Method B—Solids Content  
16 to 23  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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Standard Test Method for Capacity of Mixed Bed Ion Exchange Cartridges

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used to evaluate unused mixed bed ion exchange cartridges for conformance to specifications.  
5.2 This test method provides for the calculation of capacity in terms of the volume of water treated to a conductivity end point.  
5.3 The test method as written assumes that the ion exchange resins in the cartridge are either partially or fully converted to the H+ or OH– form. Regeneration of the resins is not part of this method.  
5.4 This test method provides for the calculation of capacity on a cartridge basis.  
5.5 This test method may be used to test different size mixed bed resin cartridges. The flow rate of test water and the frequency of sampling are varied to compensate for the approximate volume of resin in the test cartridge.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the performance of mixed bed ion exchange resin cartridges in the active form when used for deionization. The test can be used to determine the initial capacity of unused cartridges or the remaining capacity of used cartridges. In this case performance is defined as ion exchange capacity (or throughput) to two defined endpoints. The method does not measure organics and does not attempt to determine the ultimate water quality attainable by the cartridge.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D3087-17(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Operating Performance of Anion-Exchange Materials for Strong Acid Removal

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used for evaluating performance of commercially available anion-exchange materials regardless of the basic strength of the ion exchange groups. When previous operating history is known, a good interpretation of resin fouling or malfunction can be obtained by comparison against a reference sample of unused ion-exchange material evaluated in the same way.  
5.2 While resistivity has been chosen as the preferred analytical method for defining the exhaustion end point, with titration as the alternative, it is understood that observation of pH during rinse and the service run can yield useful information. The variations in pH observed with an ion exchange material suspected of having degraded, can be helpful in interpretation of performance when compared with similar data for a reference sample of unused material exhausted in the same way.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the operating capacity of anion-exchange materials when used for the removal of hydrochloric and sulfuric acid from water. It is designed to simulate operating conditions for strong acid removal and is intended for use in testing both new and used materials.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
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    English language
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  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off