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ASTM D3151-88(1998)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Thermal Failure of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials Under Electric Stress (Withdrawn 2007)

Standard Test Method for Thermal Failure of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials Under Electric Stress (Withdrawn 2007)

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the thermal failure of solid electrical insulating materials subjected to electric stress at commercial power frequencies. This test method has been developed for testing materials such as certain glasses and ceramics, that exhibit large increases in dielectric loss with increasing temperature.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific hazard statement is given in 10.1.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covers the determination of the thermal failure of solid electrical insulating materials subjected to electric stress at commercial power frequencies. This test method has been developed for testing materials such as certain glasses and ceramics that exhibit large increases in dielectric loss with increasing temperature.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D09 on Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials, this test method was withdrawn in 2007 in accordance with section 10.5.3.1 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
09-Feb-1998
Withdrawal Date
12-Feb-2007
ICS
29.035.01 - Insulating materials in general
Technical Committee
D09 - Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials
Drafting Committee
D09.12 - Electrical Tests
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Referred By
ASTM D149-20 - Standard Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials at Commercial Power Frequencies
Effective Date
10-Feb-1998

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ASTM D3151-88(1998) - Standard Test Method for Thermal Failure of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials Under Electric Stress (Withdrawn 2007)ASTM D3151-88(1998) - Standard Test Method for Thermal Failure of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials Under Electric Stress (Withdrawn 2007)
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ASTM D3151-88(1998) - Standard Test Method for Thermal Failure of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials Under Electric Stress (Withdrawn 2007)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation:D3151–88 (Reapproved 1998)
Standard Test Method for
Thermal Failure of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials
Under Electric Stress
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3151; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.2.1 thermal dielectric breakdown, n—an increase in the
dissipation factor or conductance in the test material which
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationofthethermal
leads to failure by thermal runaway.The time to failure and the
failure of solid electrical insulating materials subjected to
voltage stress at which thermal breakdown occurs is influenced
electric stress at commercial power frequencies. This test
by the ambient test temperature, the test voltage, the dimen-
methodhasbeendevelopedfortestingmaterialssuchascertain
sions of the test specimen, the specific heat of the material, and
glasses and ceramics, that exhibit large increases in dielectric
its thermal conductivity.
loss with increasing temperature.
3.2.2 thermal dielectric breakdown voltage, n—the voltage
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
at which thermal dielectric breakdown takes place at a speci-
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
fied ambient temperature and thermal transfer condition.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.3 thermal runaway, n—a mode of response exhibited by
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
certain materials which, when subjected to electric stress
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific hazard
exceeding a critical value, undergo a rise in temperature which
statement is given in 10.1.
itselfincreasestheconductanceofthematerial,furtherincreas-
2. Referenced Documents
ing the temperature, and so on in a self-escalating manner.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4. Significance and Use
D 149 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and
4.1 This test method is intended to supplement the standard
Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials
dielectric strength test procedure (Test Method D 149) for tests
at Commercial Power Frequencies
at elevated temperatures, particularly of glasses and ceramics.
D 374 Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insu-
The method determines at elevated temperature the potential
lation
2 difference at which the current becomes so great due to
D 1711 Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulation
increased conductance that dielectric heating causes the tem-
E 145 Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-
3 perature in the material to rise and ultimately cause thermal
Ventilation Ovens
electric breakdown to occur.
2.2 Other Standards:
4.2 This test method is intended for use as a control and
IEEEStandard No.4 MeasurementsofVoltageinDielectric
acceptance test. It may be used also in the partial evaluation of
Tests
materials for specific end uses and as a means for detecting
3. Terminology
changes in materials due to specific deteriorating causes. A
more complete discussion of the significance of thermal
3.1 Definition:
dielectric breakdown tests is given in Annex A1.
3.1.1 dielectric breakdown voltage—see Terminology
D 1711.
5. Apparatus
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
5.1 High-Voltage Test Equipment—Suitable equipment is
described inTest Method D 149.The transformer rating should
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-9 on
beadequatetomaintainasinewaveatfull-loadcurrent.Higher
Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and is the direct responsibility of
ratings than specified in Test Method D 149 are usually
Subcommittee D09.12 on Electrical Tests.
required.
Current edition approved Aug. 26, 1988. Published October 1988. Originally
5.2 Voltmeter—The voltage shall be measured in accor-
published as D 3151–73. Last previous edition D 3151–79.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.01.
dance with IEEE Standard No. 4. The response time of the
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
voltmeter shall be such that its time lag does not introduce an
Available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 345
E. 47th St., New York, NY 10017.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D3151–88 (1998)
FIG. 1 General Arrangement in Test Chamber
error greater than 1% of full scale at the rate of rise used. The 5.4.6 Fig. 1 shows the general arrangment of the items cited
overall accuracy of the voltmeter and the voltage-measuring in 5.4.3-5.4.5.
device used shall be such that the measurement error will not 5.5 Temperature Recorder—Temperature of the specimen
exceed 5%. shall be measured with a No. 40 Awg (0.080-mm) Chromel-
5.3 Test Area, containing the test chamber and high-voltage Alumel thermocouple.The thermocouple shall be connected to
transformer shall be contained in a suitably grounded metal an adjustable-zero, multirange temperature recorder.
enclosure with a door provided with an interlock that interrupts
the high voltage when opened. 6. Surrounding Medium
5.4 Test Chamber:
6.1 Ingeneralitispreferabletotestmaterialsinthemedium
5.4.1 Thetestchambershallconsistofanelectricallyheated
in which they are to be used. However in this test the
furnace and an auxiliary temperature controller. A high-
surrounding medium is usually restricted to air or other gas or
temperature gravity-convection oven with controller conform-
liquid that is stable at the test temperature.
ing to Specification E 145, Type 1, is suitable.
5.4.2 The size of the chamber shall be such that the highest
7. Electrodes
test voltage anticipated, when applied to the test electrodes,
7.1 The specimens shall have circular gold electrodes 31.75
will not flash over to the walls of the chamber at the highest
6 3.05 mm (1.25 6 0.12 in.) in diameter applied to the center
temperature.
of each face. The gold may be applied with a brush or silk
5.4.3 The chamber shall be provided with holes for three
screen, and then fired in a furnace.
leads. A ceramic or fused-silica glass tube capable of with-
7.2 Electrical contact to the gold electrodes on the specimen
standing the anticipated test voltage shall be inserted through
shall be made by means of two gold-plated hollow stainless
one hole in the floor. The high-voltage lead shall be brought
steel cylinders having the same diameter as the gold electrodes
through this insulating tube. The ground lead and the thermo-
as shown in Fig. 2.
couple lead shall be brought through holes in the walls.
7.3 The high-voltage connection shall be made to the
NOTE 1—Some investigators have found that a conductive coating on bottom electrode. The top electrode shall be grounded.
the inside surface of the insulating tube reduces corona.
8. Test Specimens
5.4.4 Aceramic or fused-silica glass disk with a hole for the
insulating tube of 5.4.3 to fit through should be placed at the
8.1 The test specimens shall be representative of the mate-
bottom of the test chamber to prevent the high-voltage (bot- rialstobetested.Sufficientmaterialshallbeavailabletopermit
tom) electrode from shorting to the bottom of the chamber.
making ten tests.
NOTE 2—Unless the disk fits the tube very closely, or is cemented to it,
voltage breakdown may take place along the interface between the disk
and the tube. For this reason, it may be necessary in some cases to use a
Goldelectrodesthathavebeenfoundsatisfactoryforthispurposewhenapplied
one-piece insulator with an integral flange, or other appropriate shape to
in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations are:
prevent breakdown in this location.
(1) Liquid Bright Gold No. MM, Engelhard Industries, Inc., Hanovia Liquid
Gold Div., East Newark, NJ and
5.4.5 The glass tube and disk should be fastened to supports
(2) Vacuum-evaporated gold with suitable masks during application.
outside the furnace and should not touch the inside walls or
(Caution—Significant errors may be produced if the thermocouple removes
other parts of the furnace. electrode material.)
D3151–88 (1998)
FIG. 2 Electrodes and Terminal Details
8.2 The test specimens shall be in the form of disks 2.0 6 contact the circumference of the gold electrodes. Place the
0.2-mm (0.078 6 0.008-in.) having a
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 Method—It is possible that electrical insulation in service will fail as a result of tracking, erosion, or a combination of both, if exposed to high relative humidity and contamination environments. This is particularly true of organic insulations in outdoor applications where the surface of the insulation becomes contaminated by deposits of moisture and dirt, for example, coal dust or salt spray. This test method is an accelerated test that simulates extremely severe outdoor contamination. It is believed that the most severe conditions likely to be encountered in outdoor service in the United States will be relatively mild compared to the conditions specified in this test method.  
6.2 Test Results—Materials can be classified by this test method as tracking-resistant, tracking-affected, or tracking-susceptible. The exact test values for these categories as they apply to specific uses will be specified in the appropriate material specifications, but guideline figures are suggested in Note 4. Tracking-resistant materials, unless erosion failure occurs first, have the potential to last many hundreds of hours (Note 5). Erosion, though it is possible that it will progress laterally, generally results in a failure perpendicular to the specimen surface. Therefore, compare only specimens of the same nominal thickness for resistance to tracking-induced erosion. Estimate the extent of erosion from measurements of the depth of penetration of the erosion. Place materials that are not tracking-susceptible in three broad categories—erosion-resistant, erosion-affected, and erosion-susceptible. When the standard thickness specimen is tested, the following times to failure typify the categories (Note 6):    
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Erosion-resistant  
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6.1 Thermal degradation is often a major factor affecting the life of insulating materials and the equipment in which they are used. The temperature index provides a means for comparing the thermal capability of different materials in respect to the degradation of a selected property (the aging criterion). This property needs to directly or indirectly represent functional needs in application. For example, it is possible that a change in dielectric strength will be of direct, functional importance. However, more often it is possible that a decrease in dielectric strength will indirectly indicate the development of undesirable cracking (embrittlement). A decrease in flexural strength has the potential to be of direct importance in some applications, but also has the potential to indirectly indicate a susceptibility to failure in vibration. Often, it is necessary that two or more criteria of failure be used; for example, dielectric strength and flexural strength.  
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5.1 This test method provides a means to measure a variety of fire-test-response characteristics associated with smoke obscuration and resulting from burning the electrical insulating materials contained in electrical or optical fiber cables. The specimens are allowed to burn freely under well ventilated conditions after ignition by means of a propane gas burner.  
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5.1 This test method provides a means to measure a variety of fire-test-response characteristics associated with heat and smoke release and resulting from burning the materials insulating electrical or optical fiber cables, when made into cables and installed on a vertical cable tray. The specimens are allowed to burn freely under well ventilated conditions after ignition by means of a propane gas burner. The ignition source used in this test method is also described as a premixed flame flaming ignition source in Practice E3020, which contains an exhaustive compilation of ignition sources.  
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1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.  
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1.5 Data describing the burning behavior from ignition to the end of the test are obtained.  
1.6 This test equipment is suitable for measuring the concentrations of certain toxic gas species in the combustion gases (see Appendix X4).  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard (see IEEE/ASTM SI-10). The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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ASTM D6194-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Glow-Wire Ignition of Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 During operation of electrical equipment, including wires, resistors, and other conductors, it is possible for overheating to occur under certain conditions of operation, or when malfunctions occur. When this happens, a possible result is ignition of the adjacent insulation material.  
5.2 This test method assesses the susceptibility of electrical insulating materials to ignition as a result of exposure to a glowing wire.  
5.3 This test method determines the minimum temperature required to ignite a material by the effect of a glowing heat source, under the specified conditions of test.  
5.4 This method is suitable, subject to the appropriate limitations of an expected precision of ±15 %, to categorize materials.  
5.5 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure.
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1.4 This test method measures and describes the response or materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. (See IEEE/ASTM SI-10 for further details.)For specific precautionary statements, see Section 9.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 9.  
1.7 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.
Note 1: Although this test method and IEC 60695-2-12 differ in approach and in detail, data obtained to determine the glow-wire flammability index (GWFI) using either test method are technically similar. Although this test method and IEC 60695-2-13 differ in approach and in detail, data obtained to determine the glow-wire ignition temperature (GWIT) using either test method are technically similar.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5374-22a(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Forced-Convection Laboratory Ovens for Evaluation of Electrical Insulation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Ovens used for thermal evaluation of insulating materials are to be capable of maintaining uniform conditions of temperature and air circulation over the extended periods of time that are required for conducting these tests. Specification D5423 specifies the permissible variations from absolute uniformity that have been accepted internationally for these ovens. These test methods include procedures for measuring these variations and other specified characteristics of the ovens.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for evaluating the characteristics of forced-convection ventilated electrically-heated ovens, operating over all or part of the temperature range from 20 °C above the ambient temperature to 500 °C and used for thermal endurance evaluation of electrical insulating materials.  
1.2 These test methods are based on IEC Publication 60216-4-1, and are technically identical to it. This compilation of test methods and an associated specification, D5423, have replaced Specification D2436.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D3394-16(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Electrical Insulating Board

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
19.1 Apparent density affects the dielectric and physical characteristics of insulating board and is a factor in the economics of its use in apparatus. This test is useful for specification, design, and quality control purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the sampling and testing of electrical insulating boards. These boards are porous, usually fibrous sheets used for dielectric and structural purposes in electrical apparatus.  
1.2 These test methods are not intended for testing vulcanized fibre or molded laminated sheets.  
1.3 These test methods are applicable to board materials having a nominal thickness of at least 0.030 in. (0.76 mm).  
Note 1: For materials thinner than 0.030 in. (0.76 mm) see Test Methods D202.  
1.4 The test methods appear in the following sections:    
Sections  
ASTM Method
Reference  
Apparent Density  
18 – 23  
Aqueous Extract Characteristics  
36 – 42  
D202  
Ash Content  
43 – 46  
T 413  
Compatibility with Dielectric
Liquids  
47 – 52  
D664, D877, D924,
D971, D974, D1169,
D1500, D1816,
D3455, D3487  
Compressibility  
79 – 85  
Conditioning  
11  
D685  
Degree of Polymerization  
86 – 89  
D4243  
Dielectric Strength in Air  
53 – 59  
D149  
Dielectric Strength in Oil  
60 – 65  
D149, D2413, D3426  
Dimensions of Sheets  
12 – 17  
Moisture Content  
31 – 35  
D644  
Oil Absorption  
72 – 78  
Reports  
10  
Sampling  
6 – 9  
D3636  
Shrinkage  
24 – 30  
D644  
Tensile Properties  
66 – 71  
D202  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4063-99(2022)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Pressboard for Electrical Insulating Purposes

ABSTRACT
This specification covers pressboard for electrical insulating purposes as well as for dielectrical or structural purposes in transformers and other electrical apparatus. Pressboards under this specification are of three types: Type 1 consists of high-purity (Grade 1.1) calendered pressboards, while Type 2 consists of normal-purity (Grades 2.1.1, 2.2.1, 2.3.1, and 2.3.2) calendered pressboards. Precompressed pressboards (Grades 3.1.1, 3.2.1, and 3.3) fall under Type 3. Not included in this specification, however, are pressboards comprised of two or more sheets laminated together using an adhesive. Pressboards shall be manufactured from unbleached kraft pulp, cotton pulp, or a combination of both, and shall conform to the thickness, density, surface texture (smooth calendered surface for Types1 and 2, and fine-textured finish for Type 3), and color (from tan to blue-gray, depending on the pressboard's grade) requirements specified. The pressboard must also be free of dirt, metal particles, and other foreign material. Tests for apparent density, thickness, moisture and ash content, aqueous extract conductivity, chloride content, tensile strength, pH of aqueous extract, dielectric strength in air and in oil, shrinkage, and compressibility shall be performed and shall conform to the requirements specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers pressboard for electrical insulating purposes, manufactured from kraft, cotton, or kraft and cotton pulps. This board is intended for dielectrical or structural purposes in transformers and other electrical apparatus.  
1.2 Electrical insulating boards are most commonly referred to (and will be referred to herein) as pressboard. Other terms used for pressboard include transformer board, fuller board, and presspan.  
1.3 This specification covers pressboard having a nominal thickness of 0.030 to 0.315 in. (0.8 to 8.0 mm). For thinner material refer to Specification D1305.  
1.4 The maximum thickness available will differ with the type and the manufacturer. The maximum sheet size will differ with the thickness, type, and manufacturer.  
1.5 Pressboard shall normally be plied wet without pasting. Unless specified by the purchaser, this specification does not include pressboard comprised of two or more sheets that have been laminated together using an adhesive.
Note 1: The materials described in this specification are similar to corresponding types of pressboard described in IEC Specification 641-3, Sheet 1, Types B.0.1, B.2.1, B.2.3, B.3.1, and B.3.3.  
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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