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ASTM F2908-14

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM) for a Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS)

Standard Specification for Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM) for a Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS)

SCOPE
1.1 This specification provides the minimum requirements for an Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM) for an unmanned aircraft system (UAS) designed, manufactured, and operated in the small UAS (sUAS) category as defined by a nation’s Governing Aviation Authority (GAA). Depending on the size and complexity of the sUAS, an AFM may also contain the instruction for maintenance and continuing airworthiness for owner / operator authorized maintenance.  
1.2 This specification defines the AFM information that shall be provided by the manufacturer of a sUAS as part of the initial sale or transfer to an end user.  
1.3 This specification applies to a sUAS seeking a nation’s GAA approval, in the form of flight certificates, airworthiness certificates, type certificates, flight permits, or other like documentation as a sUAS, in the configuration specified in the AFM delivered with the system.  
1.4 Any modifications that invalidate or otherwise affect the accuracy of AFM operating instructions shall be approved by the manufacturer and communicated to the regulatory authority in the certificate / permit application.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Jan-2014
ICS
49.020 - Aircraft and space vehicles in general
Technical Committee
F38 - Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Drafting Committee
F38.03 - Personnel Training, Qualification and Certification
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM F2908-16 - Standard Specification for Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM) for a Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS)
Effective Date
15-Feb-2016
Referred By
ASTM F3366-19 - Standard Specification for General Maintenance Manual (GMM) for a small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS)
Effective Date
15-Jan-2014
Referred By
ASTM F3298-19 - Standard Specification for Design, Construction, and Verification of Lightweight Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)
Effective Date
15-Jan-2014
Referred By
ASTM F2909-19 - Standard Specification for Continued Airworthiness of Lightweight Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Effective Date
15-Jan-2014
Referred By
ASTM F3322-22 - Standard Specification for Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS) Parachutes
Effective Date
15-Jan-2014
Referred By
ASTM F3341/F3341M-23 - Standard Terminology for Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Effective Date
15-Jan-2014
Referred By
ASTM F3266-23 - Standard Guide for Training for Remote Pilot in Command of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Endorsement
Effective Date
15-Jan-2014
Referred By
ASTM F3196-18 - Standard Practice for Seeking Approval for Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS) Operations
Effective Date
15-Jan-2014
Referred By
ASTM F2910-22 - Standard Specification for Design and Construction of a Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS)
Effective Date
15-Jan-2014
Referred By
ASTM F3478-20 - Standard Practice for Development of a Durability and Reliability Flight Demonstration Program for Low-Risk Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) under FAA Oversight
Effective Date
15-Jan-2014
Referred By
ASTM F3379-20 - Standard Guide for Training for Public Safety Remote Pilot of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Endorsement
Effective Date
15-Jan-2014

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ASTM F2908-14 - Standard Specification for Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM) for a Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS)ASTM F2908-14 - Standard Specification for Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM) for a Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS)
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ASTM F2908-14 - Standard Specification for Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM) for a Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:F2908 −14
StandardSpecification for
Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM) for a Small Unmanned Aircraft
1
System (sUAS)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2908; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope F3003 Specification for Quality Assurance of a Small Un-
manned Aircraft System (sUAS)
1.1 This specification provides the minimum requirements
F3005 Specification for Batteries for Use in Small Un-
for anAircraft Flight Manual (AFM) for an unmanned aircraft
manned Aircraft Systems (sUAS)
system (UAS) designed, manufactured, and operated in the
small UAS (sUAS) category as defined by a nation’s Govern-
3. Terminology
ing Aviation Authority (GAA). Depending on the size and
complexity of the sUAS, an AFM may also contain the 3.1 Definitions:
instruction for maintenance and continuing airworthiness for
3.1.1 basic empty weight (BEW), n—basic empty weight
owner / operator authorized maintenance.
includes the standard empty weight plus operational and
special equipment that has been installed in the unmanned
1.2 This specification defines the AFM information that
aircraft.
shall be provided by the manufacturer of a sUAS as part of the
initial sale or transfer to an end user.
3.1.2 field maintenance, n—inspections and repairs made by
owners/operators at a remote operating location away from
1.3 This specification applies to a sUAS seeking a nation’s
their normal maintenance facility/provider.
GAA approval, in the form of flight certificates, airworthiness
certificates, type certificates, flight permits, or other like 3.1.3 flight training supplement (FTS), n—additional infor-
documentation as a sUAS, in the configuration specified in the mation provided by the sUAS manufacturer to provide instruc-
AFM delivered with the system. tion in the proper operation of the system.
1.4 Any modifications that invalidate or otherwise affect the 3.1.4 landing area, n—the total area defined by the manu-
facturer needed to recover and bring the sUAS to a complete
accuracy of AFM operating instructions shall be approved by
themanufacturerandcommunicatedtotheregulatoryauthority stop from a height of 35 feet above the surface.
in the certificate / permit application.
3.1.5 manufacturer, n—entity responsible for assembly and
integration of components and subsystems to create a safe
2. Referenced Documents
operating sUAS.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.6 maximum takeoff weight, n—the maximum allowable
F2909 Practice for Maintenance and Continued Airworthi-
weight for takeoff (including payload).
ness of Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS)
3.1.7 minimum operating crew (MOC), n—the minimum
F2910 Specification for Design, Construction, and Test of a
operating crew includes the pilot in command, a visual
Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS)
observer (if one is required) and any other required crew
F2911 Practice for Production Acceptance of a Small Un-
member in order to safely operate a specific UAS which
manned Aircraft System (sUAS)
includes the make, model and control station specific to that
F3002 Specification for Design of the Command and Con-
unmanned aircraft.
trolSystemforSmallUnmannedAircraftSystems(sUAS)
3.1.8 model number, n—a manufacturer-issued unique iden-
tifying number or code assigned to each manufactured type of
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F38 on aircraft having the same structural design, components, and
UnmannedAircraftSystemsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeF38.03
standard configuration.
on Personnel Training, Qualification and Certification.
3.1.9 pre-flight planning, n—an activity conducted by the
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2014. Published February 2014. DOI:
10.1520/F2908-14.
pilot and his/her flight crew prior to takeoff to ensure that the
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
flight will be conducted safely and in accordance with all
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
applicable standards and regulations. The activity includes, but
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. is not limited to, such things as checking weather, route of
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F2908−14
flight, airspace, equipment configuration, support personnel, provide for the sense and avoid requirement to avoid collisions
terrain and communications requirements. with other aircraft and that the maximum ran
...

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Standard Specification for Unmanned Aircraft Flight Manual (UFM) for an Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS)

SCOPE
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This specification provides a consensus standard for an application to a nation's governing aviation authority (GAA) for a permit to operate a small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS) for commercial or public use purposes. It is intended for all sUAS that are allowed to operate over a defined area and in airspace authorized by a nation's GAA. Unless otherwise specified by a nation's GAA, this specification applies only to UA that have a maximum gross takeoff weight of 25 kg (55 lb) or less. This specification covers general command and control (C2) requirements, C2 system spectrum requirements, C2 link requirements, UA requirements, and fly-away functionality.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification is provided as a consensus standard in support of an application to a nation’s governing aviation authority (GAA) for a permit to operate a small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS) for commercial or public use purposes.  
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1.1 This specification defines the requirements for the planning, design, and establishment of vertiports intended to service vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft. These aircraft include, but are not limited to, standard category aircraft, optionally piloted aircraft, and unmanned aircraft. Aircraft not covered by this specification include VTOL aircraft less than 55 lb [25 kg]. In developing these standards, identified types of eVTOL aircraft, for example, Multi-Rotor, Lift & Cruise, Vectored Thrust, Tilt Wing, Tilt Rotor, etc., were considered. Ultimately it is up to the authorities having jurisdiction (AHJ) as to how and to what extent these standards are applied. Vertiports may provide commercial or private services in support of the operation of eVTOL aircraft including, but not limited to, some or all of occupant and cargo transport, air medical, flight instruction, aerial work, aircraft rental, fueling, charging of energy storage devices, battery exchange, hangaring, and maintenance services.  
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1.2.2 Vertistop—The same as Vertiport, except that no fueling, defueling, scheduled maintenance, scheduled repairs, or storage of aircraft is permitted. Unscheduled maintenance and repairs to return an aircraft in an AOG (Aircraft on Ground) status to a serviceable status are permissible.  
1.3 This document may present information in either SI units, English Engineering units, or both. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined  
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ASTM F3411-22a(Specification)
Standard Specification for Remote ID and Tracking

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the performance requirements for remote identification (Remote ID) of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). Remote ID allows governmental and civil identification of UAS for safety, security, and compliance purposes. The objective is to increase UAS remote pilot accountability by removing anonymity while preserving operational privacy for remote pilots, businesses, and their customers. Remote ID is an enabler of enhanced operations such as beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) operations as well as operations over people.  
1.2 This specification defines message formats, transmission methods, and minimum performance standards for two forms of Remote ID: broadcast and network. Broadcast Remote ID is based on the transmission of radio signals directly from a UAS to receivers in the UAS’s vicinity. Network Remote ID is based on communication by means of the internet from a network Remote ID service provider (Net-RID SP) that interfaces directly or indirectly with the UAS, or with other sources in the case of intent-based network participants.  
1.3 This specification addresses the communications and test requirements of broadcast or network Remote ID, or both, in UAS and Net-RID SP systems.  
1.4 Applicability:  
1.4.1 This specification is applicable to UAS that operate at very low level (VLL) airspace over diverse environments including but not limited to rural, urban, networked, network degraded, and network denied environments, regardless of airspace class.  
1.4.2 This specification neither purports to address UAS operating with approval to use ADS-B or secondary surveillance radar transponders, nor does it purport to solve ID needs of UAS for all operations.  
1.4.3 In particular, this specification does not purport to address identification needs for UAS that are not participating in Remote ID or operators that purposefully circumvent Remote ID.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5.1 Units of measurement included in this specification:    
m  
meters  
deg, °  
degrees of latitude and longitude, compass direction  
s  
seconds  
Hz  
Hertz (frequency)  
dBm  
decibel-milliwatts (radio frequency power)  
ppm  
parts per million (radio frequency variation)  
μs  
microseconds  
ms  
milliseconds  
1.6 Table of Contents:    
Title  
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Remote ID and Network Interoperability Conceptual Overview  
4  
Performance Requirements  
5  
TEST METHODS  
Scope  
6  
Significance and Use  
7  
Hazards  
8  
Test Units  
9  
Procedure  
10  
Precision and Bias  
11  
Product Marking  
12  
Packaging and Package Marking  
13  
Keywords  
14  
ANNEX A1—Broadcast Authentication Verifier Service  
Annex A1  
ANNEX A2—Network Remote ID Interoperability Requirements, APIs, and Testing  
Annex A2  
ANNEX A3—Tables of Values  
Annex A3  
ANNEX A4—USS-DSS and USS-USS OpenAPI YAML Description  
Annex A4  
ANNEX A5—Number Registrar Management Policy  
Annex A5  
APPENDIX X1—Performance Characteristics  
Appendix X1  
APPENDIX X2—List of Subcommittee Participants and Contributors  
Appendix X2  
APPENDIX X3—Background Information  
Appendix X3  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Some specific hazards statements are given in Section 8 on Hazards.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the D...

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