ASTM D4167-97(2007)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Fans and Blowers
Standard Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Fans and Blowers
ABSTRACT
This specification covers the minimum requirements for construction of fiber-reinforced thermoset plastic fans (both centrifugal and axial) and blowers, and provides for a common basis for determining safe operating speeds. The fan housing shall be of laminate construction consisting of a resin-rich inner surface layer reinforced with a chemical-resistant glass-fiber or organic-fiber surface mat and an interior layer made of resin reinforced only with noncontinuous glass-fiber strands. Fan wheels shall be manufactured from a corrosion-resistant material as well, with visible defects limited only to the requirements specified. Further rendering the fan wheel and housing electrostatically conductive shall result in a spark-resistant fan. Tests for balance, fan aerodynamic rating, and safe operating speed shall be performed and shall conform to the requirements specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers centrifugal and axial fans and blowers with airstream components fabricated of fiber-reinforced thermoset plastics (FRP) for corrosion resistance. Internal structures may include encapsulated metal fastening devices, hubs, and shafts.
1.2 Reinforcing materials other than fibrous glass may be used in the fabrication, provided the fans and blowers produced meet all the requirements of this specification.
1.3 The term “fans” as used in this specification includes fans and blowers, both centrifugal and axial.
1.4 The purpose of this specification is to provide users, system designers, specifiers, and manufacturers of FRP fans with minimum standards for fan construction and a common basis for determining safe operating speeds.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.
Note 1—There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.
Note 2—Appendix X2 contains a list of documents that may be of interest to designers of fan systems.
1.6 This standard does not puport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and helath practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:D4167 −97(Reapproved 2007) An American National Standard
Standard Specification for
Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Fans and Blowers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4167; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D2563 Practice for Classifying Visual Defects in Glass-
1.1 This specification covers centrifugal and axial fans and
Reinforced Plastic Laminate Parts
blowers with airstream components fabricated of fiber-
2.2 Other Standards:
reinforced thermoset plastics (FRP) for corrosion resistance.
AMCABulletin210 LaboratoryMethodsofTestingFansfor
Internal structures may include encapsulated metal fastening
Rating Purposes
devices, hubs, and shafts.
ANSI S2.19 Balance Quality of Rotating Rigid Bodies
1.2 Reinforcing materials other than fibrous glass may be
usedinthefabrication,providedthefansandblowersproduced
3. Terminology
meet all the requirements of this specification.
3.1 Definitions—The definitions of terms used in this speci-
1.3 The term “fans” as used in this specification includes
fication are the same as those found in Terminology D883.
fans and blowers, both centrifugal and axial.
4. Construction of Fan Housings
1.4 The purpose of this specification is to provide users,
4.1 Laminate Construction shall conform to Specification
system designers, specifiers, and manufacturers of FRP fans
with minimum standards for fan construction and a common C582. The same resin shall be used throughout a housing
unless the user and manufacturer agree to use a different resin
basis for determining safe operating speeds.
for the inner surface and interior layer than for the structural
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
layer.
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided
4.1.1 The inner surface exposed to the chemical environ-
for information only.
ment shall be a resin-rich layer 0.010 to 0.020 in. (0.25 to 0.5
NOTE 1—There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.
mm) thick reinforced with a suitable chemical-resistant glass-
NOTE 2—Appendix X2 contains a list of documents that may be of
fiber surface mat or with an organic-fiber surface mat.
interest to designers of fan systems.
4.1.2 The inner surface layer shall be followed with an
1.6 This standard does not puport to address all of the safety
interior layer composed of resin reinforced only with noncon-
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
tinuous glass-fiber strands applied in a minimum of two plies
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and 2
of chopped-strand mat equivalent to a total of 3 oz/ft (0.92
helath practices and determine the applicability of regulatory 2
kg/m ).Asanalternative,aminimumoftwopassesofchopped
limitations prior to use.
roving of minimum length of 0.5 in. (13 mm) to a maximum
length of 2.0 in. (50.8 mm) shall be applied uniformly to an
2. Referenced Documents
2 2
equivalent weight of 3 oz/ft (0.92 kg/m ). Each ply of mat or
2.1 ASTM Standards: pass of chopped roving shall be well rolled prior to the
C582 Specification for Contact-Molded ReinforcedThermo-
application of additional reinforcement. The combined thick-
setting Plastic (RTP) Laminates for Corrosion-Resistant nessoftheinnersurfaceandinteriorlayershallnotbelessthan
Equipment
0.10 in. (2.5 mm).
4.1.3 The structural layer comprises the balance of the
housing laminate.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on
NOTE 3—Although fan housings are subject to vibrational stresses, the
Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.23 on Reinforced
design considerations regarding construction of the laminate are similar to
Plastic Piping Systems and Chemical Equipment.
those used for static FRP process system components.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2007. Published December 2007. Originally
approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D4167 –97(2002).
DOI: 10.1520/D4167-97R07.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or AvailablefromAirMovementandControlAssociation,30WestUniversityDr.,
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Arlington Heights, IL 60004.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4167−97 (2007)
4.2 Fastening Devices, such as bolts, shall be made of deemed acceptable if the test does not cause any part of the
material the user and manufacturer agree is at least as housing to move more than a distance equal to ⁄2 of 1 % of the
corrosion-resistant to the specified corrosive environment as is
wheel diameter from the position with the fan not running.
the laminate construction, or shall be embedded in a laminate
4.6 Where the user determines that system design is such
in such a way that the laminate covering the device is
2 2
that liquid may collect in housings, the fan housings shall be
reinforced with at least two layers of 1 ⁄2 oz/ft (4.57 g/m )
specified with drains.
chopped-strandglassmatandwiththesamesurfacefinishused
in the housing laminate.
5. Construction of Fan Wheels
4.3 Gasketing, used where housings are constructed so that
5.1 Where a history of service acceptable to the manufac-
sections or inspection panels are removable, shall be of
elastomeric material sufficiently resilient to seal the sections. turer and the user shows that resin systems and joint designs
The gasketing shall be of material the user and manufacturer selected for use in the construction of fan wheels are
agree is suitable for the corrosive environment.
acceptable, destruction tests need not be run.Where acceptable
history does not exist, destruction tests shall be performed in
4.4 Housings, shall have minimum inside corner radii of 0.6
accordance with Section 10.
in. (15 mm).
4.5 Suitable housing construction design shall be deter- 5.2 Defects visible in fan wheels shall be limited to those
mined by running the fan at maximum-rated speed with the shown in Table 1 (taken from Practice D2563 and modified for
inlet blocked tight and with an open outlet. The design will be specific use with fan wheels).
TABLE 1 Allowable Defects in the Construction of FRP Fan Wheels (adapted from Practice D2563)
Type of Defect Definition Degree Allowed
Chip A small piece broken off an edge or surface None permitted
Crack An actual separation of the laminate, visible on opposite surfaces, and extending through the None permitted
thickness
Crack, surface Crack existing only on the surface of the laminate None permitted
Crazing Fine cracks at or under the surface of a laminate None permitted
Delamination, edge Separation of the layers of material at the edge of a laminate None permitted
Delamination, internal Separation of the layers of material in a laminate None permitted
Dry spot Area of incomplete surface film where the reinforcement has not been wetted with resin 0.4-in. (10-mm) diameter and
2 2
1/ft (12/m )
Foreign inclusion Metallic particles included in a laminate that are foreign to its composition 0.04-in. (1-mm) diameter and
2 2
(metallic) 1/ft (12/m )
Foreign inclusion Nonmetallic particles of substance included in a laminate that seem foreign to its composition 0.04-in. (1-mm) diameter and
2 2
(nonmetallic) 1/ft (12/m )
Fracture Rupture of laminate surface without complete penetration None permitted
Air bubble (void) Air entrapment within and between the plies of reinforcement, usually spherical in shape 0.04-in. (1-mm) diameter and
2 2
200/ft (2000/m )
Blister Rounded elevation of the surface of a laminate, with boundaries that may be more or less None permitted
sharply defined, somewhat resembling in shape a blister on the human skin
Burned Showing evidence of thermal decomposition through some discoloration, distortion, or destruc- None permitted
tion of the surface of the laminate
Fish-eye Small globular mass that has not blended completely into the surrounding material and is None permitted
particularly evident in a transparent or translucent material
Lack of fillout An area, occurring usually at the edge of a laminated plastic, where the reinforcement has not None permitted
been wetted with resin
Orange peel Uneven surface somewhat resembling an orange peel None permitted
Pimple Small, sharp, or conical elevation on the surface of a laminate None permitted
Pit (pinhole) Small crater in the surface of a laminate, with its width approximately of the same order of 0.02 in. (0.5 mm) and 200/ft
magnitude as its depth (2000/m )
Porosity (pinhole) Presence of numerous visible pits (pinholes) None permitted
Pre-gel An unintentional extra layer of cured resin on part of the surface of the laminate. (This condition None permitted
does not cover gel coats.)
Resin pocket An apparent accumulation of excess resin in a small localized area within the laminate 0.125 by 0.250-in. (3 by 6
2 2
mm) and 1/ft (12/m )
Resin-rich edge Insufficient reinforcing material at the edge of molded laminate None permitted
Shrink mark (sink) Depression in the surface of a molded laminate where it has retracted from the mold None permitted
Wash Area where the reinforcement of molded plastic has moved inadvertently during closure of the None permitted
mold resulting in resin-rich areas
Wormhole Elongated air entrapment that is either on or near the surface of a laminate and may be None permitted
covered by a thin film of cured resin
Wrinkles In a laminate, an imperfection that has the appearance of a wave molded into one or more plies None permitted
of fabric or other reinforcement material
Scratch Shallow mark groove, furrow, or channel caused by improper handling or storage None permitted
Short In a laminate, an incompletely filled out condition None permitted
Note—This may be evident either through an absence of surface film in some areas, or as
lighter unfused particles of material showing through a covering surface film, possibly
accompanied by thin-skinned blisters.
D416
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