iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
ASTM

ASTM D8407-21

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Measurement Techniques for Formaldehyde in Air

Standard Guide for Measurement Techniques for Formaldehyde in Air

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The objective of this guide is to provide the user with an information base on commercially available instruments and technologies that can be used to measure indoor air formaldehyde concentrations.  
5.2 This guide is intended as a repository for formaldehyde measurement technologies that other approved ASTM methods can reference to meet ASTM indoor air formaldehyde quantification needs.  
5.3 This guide does not discuss the equivalency of the technologies presented. Each technology may have positive or negative interferences that are unique to that technology. When using a new method, equivalence with old methods should be demonstrated for each matrix, measuring environment and media (that is, each type of wood for formaldehyde emission testing in chamber environments). This is especially true when the method is intended to generate regulatory compliance data. Demonstrating equivalence or compliance, or both, is beyond the scope of this method. For guidance equivalence see references such as 40 CFR § 136.6 and CEN Guide to the Demonstration of Equivalence of Ambient Air Monitoring Methods (1).5
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes analytical methods for determining formaldehyde concentrations in air.  
1.2 The guide is primarily focused on formaldehyde measurement technologies applicable to indoor (including in vehicle and workplace) air and associated environments (that is, chambers or bags, or both, used for formaldehyde emission testing). The described technologies may be applicable to other environments (ambient outdoor).  
1.3 This guide reviews a range of commercially available technologies that can be used to measure indoor air formaldehyde concentrations. These technologies typically can measure airborne formaldehyde concentrations with detection limits in the range of 0.04 ppbv (0.05 µg m-3) to 10 ppbv (12 µg m-3). The described technologies are typically applied to research or regulatory applications and not consumer level uses.  
1.4 This guide describes the principles behind each method and their advantages and limitations.  
1.5 This guide does not attempt to differentiate between the effectiveness of the methods nor determine equivalence of the methods.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Aug-2021
ICS
13.040.01 - Air quality in general
Technical Committee
D22 - Air Quality
Drafting Committee
D22.05 - Indoor Air
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D1356-20a - Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
Effective Date
01-Sep-2020
Refers
ASTM D1356-20 - Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
Effective Date
15-Mar-2020

Buy Standard

ASTM D8407-21 - Standard Guide for Measurement Techniques for Formaldehyde in AirASTM D8407-21 - Standard Guide for Measurement Techniques for Formaldehyde in Air
PreviousNext
Guide
ASTM D8407-21 - Standard Guide for Measurement Techniques for Formaldehyde in Air
English language
9 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D8407 − 21
Standard Guide for
1
Measurement Techniques for Formaldehyde in Air
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8407; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This guide describes analytical methods for determining
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
formaldehyde concentrations in air.
Atmospheres
1.2 The guide is primarily focused on formaldehyde mea-
D5197 Test Method for Determination of Formaldehyde and
surement technologies applicable to indoor (including in ve-
OtherCarbonylCompoundsinAir(ActiveSamplerMeth-
hicle and workplace) air and associated environments (that is,
odology)
chambers or bags, or both, used for formaldehyde emission
D6007 TestMethodforDeterminingFormaldehydeConcen-
testing).Thedescribedtechnologiesmaybeapplicabletoother
trations in Air from Wood Products Using a Small-Scale
environments (ambient outdoor).
Chamber
E1333 Test Method for Determining Formaldehyde Concen-
1.3 This guide reviews a range of commercially available
trations in Air and Emission Rates from Wood Products
technologies that can be used to measure indoor air formalde-
Using a Large Chamber
hyde concentrations.These technologies typically can measure
2.2 Other Standards:
airborne formaldehyde concentrations with detection limits in
-3 -3
ISO 16000-3:2011 Part 3: Determination of formaldehyde
the range of 0.04 ppb (0.05 µg m )to10ppb (12 µg m ).
v v
and other carbonyl compounds in indoor air and test
The described technologies are typically applied to research or
3
chamber air — Active sampling method
regulatory applications and not consumer level uses.
40 CFR § 136.6 Method modifications and analytical re-
1.4 This guide describes the principles behind each method 4
quirements
and their advantages and limitations.
3. Terminology
1.5 This guide does not attempt to differentiate between the
effectiveness of the methods nor determine equivalence of the 3.1 Definitions—For definitions and terms used in this
methods. guide, refer to Terminology D1356.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
4. Summary of the Guide
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
4.1 This guide reviews technologies that can be used to
standard.
determine formaldehyde concentrations in indoor air.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Historically,ASTM methods for determining indoor formalde-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
hyde concentrations have been based upon the chromotropic
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
acid method (Test Methods E1333 and D6007) and derivati-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
zation using 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (Test Method
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D5197). However, alternative technologies have been devel-
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor- oped to determine formaldehyde concentrations since these
methods obtained consensus approval. These technologies can
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the betimeaveragingmethodsorreal-timemethods.Someinvolve
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality Central Secretariat, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva,
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.05 on Indoor Air. Switzerland, https://www.iso.org.
4
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2021. Published January 2022. DOI: 10.1520/ Available from U.S. Government Publishing Office (GPO), 732 N. Capitol St.,
D8407-21. NW, Washington, DC 20401, http://www.gpo.gov.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D8407 − 21
the use of
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

ASTM
ASTM D6281-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Airborne Asbestos Concentration in Ambient and Indoor Atmospheres as Determined by Transmission Electron Microscopy Direct Transfer (TEM)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is applicable to the measurement of airborne asbestos in a wide range of ambient air situations and for detailed evaluation of any atmosphere for asbestos structures. Most fibers in ambient atmospheres are not asbestos, and therefore, there is a requirement for fibers to be identified. Most of the airborne asbestos fibers in ambient atmospheres have diameters below the resolution limit of the light microscope. This test method is based on transmission electron microscopy, which has adequate resolution to allow detection of small thin fibers and is currently the only technique capable of unequivocal identification of the majority of individual fibers of asbestos. Asbestos is often found, not as single fibers, but as very complex, aggregated structures, which may or may not also be aggregated with other particles. The fibers found suspended in an ambient atmosphere can often be identified unequivocally if sufficient measurement effort is expended. However, if each fiber were to be identified in this way, the analysis would become prohibitively expensive. Because of instrumental deficiencies or because of the nature of the particulate matter, some fibers cannot be positively identified as asbestos even though the measurements all indicate that they could be asbestos. Therefore, subjective factors contribute to this measurement, and consequently, a very precise definition of the procedure for identification and enumeration of asbestos fibers is required. The method defined in this test method is designed to provide a description of the nature, numerical concentration, and sizes of asbestos-containing particles found in an air sample. The test method is necessarily complex because the structures observed are frequently very complex. The method of data recording specified in the test method is designed to allow reevaluation of the structure-counting data as new applications for measurements are developed. All of the feasible specimen preparation techn...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method2 is an analytical procedure using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for the determination of the concentration of asbestos structures in ambient atmospheres and includes measurement of the dimension of structures and of the asbestos fibers found in the structures from which aspect ratios are calculated.  
1.1.1 This test method allows determination of the type(s) of asbestos fibers present.  
1.1.2 This test method cannot always discriminate between individual fibers of the asbestos and non-asbestos analogues of the same amphibole mineral.  
1.2 This test method is suitable for determination of asbestos in both ambient (outdoor) and building atmospheres.  
1.2.1 This test method is defined for polycarbonate capillary-pore filters or cellulose ester (either mixed esters of cellulose or cellulose nitrate) filters through which a known volume of air has been drawn and for blank filters.  
1.3 The upper range of concentrations that can be determined by this test method is 7000 s/mm2. The air concentration represented by this value is a function of the volume of air sampled.  
1.3.1 There is no lower limit to the dimensions of asbestos fibers that can be detected. In practice, microscopists vary in their ability to detect very small asbestos fibers. Therefore, a minimum length of 0.5 μm has been defined as the shortest fiber to be incorporated in the reported results.  
1.4 The direct analytical method cannot be used if the general particulate matter loading of the sample collection filter as analyzed exceeds approximately 10 % coverage of the collection filter by particulate matter.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropri...

  • Standard
    33 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    33 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D5953M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Non-methane Organic Compounds (NMOC) in Ambient Air Using Cryogenic Preconcentration and Direct Flame Ionization Detection

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many regulators, industrial processes, and other stakeholders require determination of NMOC in atmospheres.  
5.2 Accurate measurements of ambient NMOC concentrations are critical in devising air pollution control strategies and in assessing control effectiveness because NMOCs are primary precursors of atmospheric ozone and other oxidants (7, 8).  
5.2.1 The NMOC concentrations typically found at urban sites may range up to 1 ppm C to 3 ppm C or higher. In order to determine transport of precursors into an area monitoring site, measurement of NMOC upwind of the site may be necessary. Rural NMOC concentrations originating from areas free from NMOC sources are likely to be less than a few tenths of 1 ppm C.  
5.3 Conventional test methods based upon gas chromatography and qualitative and quantitative species evaluation are relatively time consuming, sometimes difficult and expensive in staff time and resources, and are not needed when only a measurement of NMOC is desired. The test method described requires only a simple, cryogenic pre-concentration procedure followed by direct detection with an FID. This test method provides a sensitive and accurate measurement of ambient total NMOC concentrations where speciated data are not required. Typical uses of this standard test method are as follows.  
5.4 An application of the test method is the monitoring of the cleanliness of canisters.  
5.5 Another use of the test method is the screening of canister samples prior to analysis.  
5.6 Collection of ambient air samples in pressurized canisters provides the following advantages:  
5.6.1 Convenient collection of integrated ambient samples over a specific time period,  
5.6.2 Capability of remote sampling with subsequent central laboratory analysis,  
5.6.3 Ability to ship and store samples, if necessary,  
5.6.4 Unattended sample collection,  
5.6.5 Analysis of samples from multiple sites with one analytical system,  
5.6.6 Collection of replicate samples for ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method2 presents a procedure for sampling and determination of non-methane organic compounds (NMOC) in ambient, indoor, or workplace atmospheres.  
1.2 This test method describes the collection of integrated whole air samples in silanized or other passivated stainless steel canisters, and their subsequent laboratory analysis.  
1.2.1 This test method describes a procedure for sampling in canisters at final pressures above atmospheric pressure (pressurized sampling).  
1.3 This test method employs a cryogenic trapping procedure for concentration of the NMOC prior to analysis.  
1.4 This test method describes the determination of the NMOC by the flame ionization detection (FID), without the use of gas chromatographic columns and other procedures necessary for species separation.  
1.5 The range of this test method is from 20 ppb C to 10 000 ppb C (1, 2).3  
1.6 This test method has a larger uncertainty for some halogenated or oxygenated hydrocarbons than for simple hydrocarbons or aromatic compounds. This is especially true if there are high concentrations of chlorocarbons or chlorofluorocarbons present.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Techn...

  • Standard
    14 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    14 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D8141-22(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selecting Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs) Emission Testing Methods to Determine Emission Parameters for Modeling of Indoor Environments

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Emissions of VOCs are typically controlled by internal mass-transfer limitations (for example, diffusion through the material), while emissions of SVOCs are typically controlled by external mass-transfer limitations (migration through the air immediately above the material). The emission of some chemicals may be controlled by both internal and external mass-transfer limitations. In addition, due to their lower vapor pressure, SVOCs generally adsorb to different media (chamber walls, building materials, particles, and other surfaces) at greater rates than VOCs. This sorption can increase the amount of time required to reach steady-state SVOC concentrations using conventional VOC emission test methods to months for a single test (2).  
4.2 Thus, existing methods for characterizing emissions of VOCs may not be appropriate or practical to properly characterize emission rates of SVOCs for use in modeling SVOC concentrations in indoor environments. A mass-transfer framework is needed to accurately assess emission rates of SVOCs when predicting the SVOC indoor air concentrations in indoor environments. The SVOC mass-transfer framework includes SVOC emission characteristics and its partition to multimedia including sorption to indoor surfaces, airborne particles, and settled dust. Once the SVOC emission parameters and partitioning coefficients have been determined, these values can be used to modeling SVOC indoor concentrations.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to serve as a foundation for understanding when to use emission testing methods designed for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to determine area-specific emission rates that are typically used in modeling indoor air VOC concentrations and when to use emission testing methods designed for semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) to determine mass transfer emission parameters that are typically used to model indoor air, dust, and surface SVOC concentrations.  
1.2 This guide discusses how organic chemicals are conventionally categorized with respect to volatility.  
1.3 This guide presents a simplified mass-transfer model describing organic chemical emissions from a material to bulk air. The values of the model parameters are shown to be specific to material/chemical/chamber combinations.  
1.4 This guide shows how to use a mass-transfer model to estimate whether diffusion of the chemical within the material or convective mass transfer of the chemical from the surface of the material to the overlying air limits chemical emissions from the material surface.  
1.5 This guide describes the range of different chambers that are available for emission testing. The chambers are classified as either dynamic or static and either conventional or sandwich. The chambers are categorized as being optimal to determine either the area-specific emission rate or mass-transfer emission parameters.  
1.6 This guide discusses the roles sorption and convective mass-transfer coefficients play in selecting the appropriate emission chamber and analysis method to accurately and efficiently characterize emissions from indoor materials for use in modeling indoor chemical concentrations.  
1.7 This guide recommends when to choose an emission test method that is optimized to determine either the area-specific emission rate or mass-transfer emission parameters. For chemicals where the controlling mass-transfer process is unknown, the guide outlines a procedure to determine if the chemical emission is controlled by convective mass transfer of the chemical from the material.  
1.8 This guide does not provide specific guidance for measuring emission parameters or conducting indoor exposure modeling.  
1.9 Mechanisms controlling emissions from wet and dry materials and products are different. This guide considers the emission of chemicals from dry materials and products. Examples of functional uses of VOCs and SVOCs that this guide applies to include blowing agents, ...

  • Guide
    11 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Guide
    11 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D5110-22a(Practice)
Standard Practice for Calibration of Ozone Monitors and Certification of Ozone Transfer Standards Using Ultraviolet Photometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The reactivity and instability of O3 preclude the storage of O3 concentration standards for any practical length of time, and precludes direct certification of O3 concentrations as Standard Reference Materials (SRMs). Moreover, there is no available SRM that can be readily and directly adapted to the generation of O3 standards analogous to permeation devices and standard gas cylinders for sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Dynamic generation of O3 concentrations is relatively easy with a source of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. However, accurately certifying an O3 concentration as a primary standard requires assay of the concentration by a comprehensively specified analytical procedure, which must be performed every time a standard is needed (10).  
5.2 This practice is not designed for the routine calibration of O3 monitors at remote locations (see Practices D5011).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a means for calibrating ambient, workplace, or indoor ozone monitors, and for certifying transfer standards to be used for that purpose.  
1.2 This practice describes means by which dynamic streams of ozone in air can be designated as primary ozone standards.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 8 for specific precautionary statements.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D8445-22a(Practice)
Standard Practice for Measuring Chemical Emissions from Spray Polyurethane Foam (SPF) Insulation Samples in a Large-scale Ventilated Enclosure

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The demand for SPF insulation in homes and commercial buildings has increased as emphasis on energy efficiency increases. In an effort to protect the health and safety of both trade workers and building occupants due to the application of SPF, it is essential that reentry/reoccupancy-times into the structure where SPF has been applied, be established.  
5.2 Concentrations of chemical emissions determined in large-scale ventilated enclosure studies conducted by this practice may be used to generate source emission terms for IAQ models.  
5.3 The emission factors determined using this practice may be used to evaluate comparability and scalability of emission factors determined in other environments.  
5.4 This practice was designed to determine emission factors for chemicals emitted by SPF insulation in a controlled room environment.  
5.5 New or existing formulations may be sprayed, and emissions may be evaluated by this practice. The user of this practice is responsible for ensuring analytical methods are appropriate for novel compounds present in new formulations (see Appendix X1 for target compounds and generic formulations).  
5.6 This practice may be useful for testing variations in emissions from non-ideal applications. Examples of non-ideal applications include those that are off-ratio, applied outside of recommended range of temperature and relative humidity, or applied outside of manufacturer recommendations for thickness.  
5.7 The determined emission factors are not directly applicable to all potential real-world applications of SPF. While this data can be used for VOCs to estimate indoor environmental concentrations beyond three days, the uncertainty in the predicted concentrations increases with increasing time. Estimating longer term chemical concentrations (beyond three days) for SVOCs is not recommended unless additional data (beyond this practice) is used, see (1).4  
5.8 During the application of SPF, chemicals deposited on the non-applie...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for measuring the chemical emissions of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds (VOCs and SVOCs) from spray polyurethane foam (SPF) insulation samples in a large-scale ventilated enclosure.  
1.2 This practice is used to identify emission rates and factors during SPF application and up to three days following application.  
1.3 This practice can be used to generate emissions data for research activities or modeled for the purpose to inform potential reentry and reoccupancy times. Potential reentry and re-occupancy times only apply to the applications that meet manufacturer guidelines and are specific to the tested formulation.  
1.4 This practice describes emission testing at ambient room and substrate temperature and relative humidity conditions recognizing chemical emissions may differ at different room and substrate temperatures and relative humidity.  
1.5 This practice does not address all SPF chemical emissions. This practice addresses specific chemical compounds of potential health and regulatory concern including methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), polymeric MDI (MDI oligomeric polyisocyanates mixture), flame retardants, aldehydes, and VOCs including blowing agents, and catalysts. Although specific chemicals are discussed in this practice, other chemical compounds of interest can be quantified (see target compound and generic formulation list in Appendix X1). Other chemical compounds used in SPF such as polyols, emulsifiers, and surfactants are not addressed by this practice. Particulate sizing and distribution are also outside the scope of this practice.  
1.6 Emission rates during application are determined from air phase concentration measurements that may include particle bound chemicals. SVOC deposition to floors and ceilings is also quantified for post application modeling inputs. SVOC emission rates should only be used for modeling purposes for the durati...

  • Standard
    14 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    14 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D6327-10(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Radon Decay Product Concentration and Working Level in Indoor Atmospheres by Active Sampling on a Filter

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test method provides a relatively simple method for determination of the concentration of RDP without the need for specialty equipment built expressly for such purposes.  
5.2 Using this test method will afford investigators of radon in dwellings a technique by which the RDP can be determined. The use of the results of this test method are generally for diagnostic purposes and are not necessarily indicative of results that might be obtained by longer term measurement methods.  
5.3 An improved understanding of the frequency of elevated radon in buildings and the health effect of exposure has increased the importance of knowledge of actual exposures. The measurement of RDP, which are the direct cause of potential adverse health effects, should be conducted in a manner that is uniform and reproducible; it is to this end that this test method is addressed.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides instruction for using the grab sampling filter technique to determine accurate and reproducible measurements of indoor radon decay product (RDP) concentrations and of the working level (WL) value corresponding to those concentrations.  
1.2 Measurements made in accordance with this test method will produce RDP concentrations representative of closed-building conditions. Results of measurements made under closed-building conditions will have a smaller variability and are more reproducible than measurements obtained when building conditions are not controlled. This test method may be utilized under non-controlled conditions, but a greater degree of variability in the results will occur. Variability in the results may also be an indication of temporal variability present at the sampling site.  
1.3 This test method utilizes a short sampling period and the results are indicative of the conditions only at the place and time of sampling. The results obtained by this test method are not necessarily indicative of longer terms of sampling and should not be confused with such results. The averaging of multiple measurements over hours and days can, however, provide useful screening information. Individual measurements are generally obtained for diagnostic purposes.  
1.4 The range of the test method may be considered from 0.0005 WL to unlimited working levels, and from 40 Bq/m3 to unlimited for each individual radon decay product.  
1.5 This test method provides information on equipment, procedures, and quality control. It provides for measurements within typical residential or building environments and may not necessarily apply to specialized circumstances, for example, clean rooms.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 9 for additional precautions  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D5466-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Atmospheres (Canister Sampling, Mass Spectrometry Analysis Methodology)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 VOCs are emitted into ambient, indoor, and workplace air from many different sources. These VOCs are of interest for a variety of reasons including participation in atmospheric chemistry and contributing to air toxics with their associated acute or chronic health impacts.  
5.2 Canisters are particularly well suited for the collection and analysis of very volatile and volatile organic compounds because they collect whole gas samples.  
5.3 Chemically stable selected VOCs have been successfully collected in passivated stainless steel canisters. Collection of atmospheric samples in canisters provides for: (1) convenient integration of air samples over a specific time period (for example, 8 to 24 h), (2) remote sampling and central laboratory analysis, (3) ease of storing and shipping samples, (4) unattended sample collection, (5) analysis of samples from multiple sites with one analytical system, (6) dilution or additional sample concentration to keep the sample size introduced into the analytical instrument within the calibration range, (7) collection of sufficient sample volume to allow assessment of measurement precision through replicate analyses of the same sample by one or several analytical systems, (8) sample collection using a vacuum regulator flow controller if electricity is not available, and (9) grab sample collection for survey or screening purposes.  
5.4 Interior surfaces of the canisters may be treated by any of several proprietary passivation processes including an electropolishing process to remove or cover reactive metal sites on the interior surface of the vessel and a fused silica coating process.  
5.5 For this test method, VOCs are defined as organic compounds that can be quantitatively recovered from the canisters having a vapor pressure greater than 10-2 kPa at 25ºC (see Table 1 for examples).  
5.6 Target compound polarity is also a factor in compound recovery. Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons from C1 to C13 have been successfull...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for sampling and analysis of selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ambient, indoor, and workplace atmospheres. The test method is based on the collection of whole air samples in stainless steel canisters with specially treated (passivated) interior surfaces.  
1.2 For sample analysis, a portion of the sample is subsequently removed from the canister and the collected VOCs are selectively concentrated by adsorption or condensation onto a trap, subsequently released by thermal desorption, separated by gas chromatography, and measured by a low resolution mass spectrometric detector. This test method describes procedures for sampling into canisters to final pressures both above and below atmospheric pressure (respectively referred to as pressurized and subatmospheric pressure sampling).2  
1.3 This test method is applicable to specific VOCs that have been determined to be stable when stored in canisters (see Table 1). Numerous compounds, many of which are chlorinated VOCs, have been successfully tested for storage stability in pressurized canisters (1-4).3 Information on storage stability is also available for polar compounds (5-7). This test method has been documented for the compounds listed in Table 1 and performance results apply only to those compounds. A laboratory may determine other VOCs by this test method after completion of verification studies that include measurement of recovery as specified in 5.7 and that are as extensive as required to meet the performance needs of the customer and the given application.  
1.4 The procedure for collecting the sample involves the use of inlet lines, air filters, flow rate regulators for obtaining time-integrated samples, and in the case of pressurized samples, an air pump. Typical long-term fixed location canister samplers have been designed to automatically start and stop the sample collection process using electronically...

  • Standard
    21 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    21 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D3614-07(2021)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Laboratories Engaged in Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres and Emissions

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Data on the composition and characteristics of environmental atmospheres, such as ambient or work space air, are frequently used to evaluate the health and safety of humans. Data on the composition of atmospheric deposition samples are often used for environmental impact assessment.  
5.2 These data are frequently used to ascertain compliance with regulatory statutes that place limits on acceptable compositions and characteristics of these atmospheres.  
5.3 Laboratories that produce environmental sampling and analysis data and those who have the responsibility of selecting a laboratory to perform air quality studies need to know what criteria, practices, and recommendations have been accepted by consensus within this field of endeavor.  
5.4 Demonstration and documentation by a laboratory that there is judicious selection and control of organizational factors, facilities, resources, and operations enhance the reliability of the data produced and promote the acceptance of these data.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers criteria to be used by those responsible for the selection, evaluation, operation, and control of laboratory organizations engaged in sampling and analysis of environmental atmospheres, including ambient, work space, and source emissions, as well as atmospheric deposition samples. For details specific to stack gases, see Practice D7036, which covers administrative issues in full; several specifics in this guide regarding laboratory operations may yet be helpful and do not overlap with Practice D7036.  
1.2 This guide presents features of organizations, facilities, resources, and operations which by their selection and control affect the reliability and credibility of the data generated.  
1.3 This guide presents the criteria for the selection and control of the features listed in 1.2 so that acceptable performance may be attained and sustained. Also, this guide presents recommendations for the correction of unacceptable performance.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D8358-21(Guide)
Standard Guide for Assessment and Inclusion of Wall Deposits in the Analysis of Single-Stage Samplers for Airborne Particulate Matter

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The following is a non-exclusive list of standards to which this guide applies: Guide D6062; Test Methods D4185, D4532, D6785, D7035, D7439, D7948; and Practices D6061 and D6552.  
5.2 The applicability of this guide to other standards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22, but not the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.04, should be considered where analyte entry into the sampler is considered the sample and where analyte adherence to internal sampler surfaces (“walls”) is likely to scavenge analyte from the collection substrate.  
5.3 Aerosol samplers typically consist of a filter or other collection substrate, for example an impaction plate or foam, supported in a container or holder. The entire device typically is considered an aerosol sampler. The sampling efficiency of the aerosol sampler, that is, the ratio of the concentration collected by the collection substrate to the undisturbed concentration in the air, has three components: (1) aspiration (or entry) efficiency; (2) transport efficiency (depending on design, both from entry “plane” to internal separator and from any internal separator to collection substrate); and (3) penetration (through the internal separator). For a sampler of a specific design, the three efficiency components are functions of particle (aerodynamic) size and flow rate. The aspiration efficiency also depends on wind speed and direction, while the sampler’s angle to the vertical influences both the aspiration efficiency and the transport efficiency. Ideally, when a sampler is designed and tested for its sampling performance, or both, it should first be established what is considered as the collected sample (that is, the deposit on the collection substrate, but also any deposits on any internal surfaces if these are to be analysed).  
5.4 Part of the aerosol entering a sampler will deposit on the internal surfaces of the sampler prior to reaching the collection substrate. There are number of mechanisms by which this...
SCOPE
1.1 Many methods for sampling airborne particulate matter entail aerosol collection on a substrate (typically a filter) housed within a container (or holder), the whole apparatus being referred to as an aerosol sampler. In operation, the sampler allows a vacuum (pressure below ambient or room air pressure) to be applied to the rear of the substrate so that sampled air will pass through the substrate, leaving collected particles on the substrate for subsequent analysis. The sampler may also protect the substrate, while the opening (orifice) of the container may further play some role in determining what size range(s) of particles approach the collection substrate (size-selective sampling).  
1.2 All particles entering the container orifice are considered part of the sample, unless stated otherwise in the method, but not all particles are necessarily found on the substrate after sampling (1).2 Particles may be deposited on the inner walls of the sampler during sampling or may be deposited on the inside walls of the sampler or on the orifice plug or cap following transportation (2). These particles are often loosely referred to as wall deposits. This guide presents background on the importance of these wall deposits and offers procedures by which these deposits can be assessed and included in the sample.  
1.3 Wall deposits may also occur in multi-stage samplers (for example, cascade impactors), but this guide does not cover such samplers.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in acco...

  • Guide
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D6281-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Airborne Asbestos Concentration in Ambient and Indoor Atmospheres as Determined by Transmission Electron Microscopy Direct Transfer (TEM)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is applicable to the measurement of airborne asbestos in a wide range of ambient air situations and for detailed evaluation of any atmosphere for asbestos structures. Most fibers in ambient atmospheres are not asbestos, and therefore, there is a requirement for fibers to be identified. Most of the airborne asbestos fibers in ambient atmospheres have diameters below the resolution limit of the light microscope. This test method is based on transmission electron microscopy, which has adequate resolution to allow detection of small thin fibers and is currently the only technique capable of unequivocal identification of the majority of individual fibers of asbestos. Asbestos is often found, not as single fibers, but as very complex, aggregated structures, which may or may not also be aggregated with other particles. The fibers found suspended in an ambient atmosphere can often be identified unequivocally if sufficient measurement effort is expended. However, if each fiber were to be identified in this way, the analysis would become prohibitively expensive. Because of instrumental deficiencies or because of the nature of the particulate matter, some fibers cannot be positively identified as asbestos even though the measurements all indicate that they could be asbestos. Therefore, subjective factors contribute to this measurement, and consequently, a very precise definition of the procedure for identification and enumeration of asbestos fibers is required. The method defined in this test method is designed to provide a description of the nature, numerical concentration, and sizes of asbestos-containing particles found in an air sample. The test method is necessarily complex because the structures observed are frequently very complex. The method of data recording specified in the test method is designed to allow reevaluation of the structure-counting data as new applications for measurements are developed. All of the feasible specimen preparation techn...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method2 is an analytical procedure using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for the determination of the concentration of asbestos structures in ambient atmospheres and includes measurement of the dimension of structures and of the asbestos fibers found in the structures from which aspect ratios are calculated.  
1.1.1 This test method allows determination of the type(s) of asbestos fibers present.  
1.1.2 This test method cannot always discriminate between individual fibers of the asbestos and non-asbestos analogues of the same amphibole mineral.  
1.2 This test method is suitable for determination of asbestos in both ambient (outdoor) and building atmospheres.  
1.2.1 This test method is defined for polycarbonate capillary-pore filters or cellulose ester (either mixed esters of cellulose or cellulose nitrate) filters through which a known volume of air has been drawn and for blank filters.  
1.3 The upper range of concentrations that can be determined by this test method is 7000 s/mm2. The air concentration represented by this value is a function of the volume of air sampled.  
1.3.1 There is no lower limit to the dimensions of asbestos fibers that can be detected. In practice, microscopists vary in their ability to detect very small asbestos fibers. Therefore, a minimum length of 0.5 μm has been defined as the shortest fiber to be incorporated in the reported results.  
1.4 The direct analytical method cannot be used if the general particulate matter loading of the sample collection filter as analyzed exceeds approximately 10 % coverage of the collection filter by particulate matter.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropri...

  • Standard
    33 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    33 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off