ASTM D5781-95(2006)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Use of Dual-Wall Reverse-Circulation Drilling for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
Standard Guide for Use of Dual-Wall Reverse-Circulation Drilling for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Dual-wall reverse-circulation drilling can be used in support of geoenvironmental exploration and for installation of subsurface water-quality monitoring devices in unconsolidated and consolidated materials. Dual-wall reverse-circulation drilling methods permit the collection of water-quality samples at any depth(s), allows the setting of temporary casing during drilling, cuttings samples can be taken continuously as circulation is maintained at all times during drilling. Other advantages of the dual-wall reverse-circulation drilling method include: (1) the capability of drilling without the introduction of any drilling fluid(s) to the subsurface; (2) maintenance of hole stability for sampling purposes and monitor-well installation/construction in poorly-indurated to unconsolidated materials.
Note 3—The user of dual-wall reverse-circulation drilling for geoenvironmental exploration and monitoring-device installations should be cognizant of both the physical (temperature and airborne particles) and chemical (compressor lubricants and possible fluid additives) qualities of compressed air that may be used as the circulating medium.
The application of dual-wall reverse-circulation drilling to geoenvironmental exploration may involve soil or rock sampling, or in-situ soil, rock, or pore-fluid testing.
Note 4—The user may install a monitoring device within the same borehole wherein sampling, in-situ or pore-fluid testing, or coring was performed.
The subsurface water-quality monitoring devices that are addressed in this guide consist generally of a screened- or porous-intake device and riser pipe(s) that are usually installed with a filter pack to enhance the longevity of the intake unit, and with isolation seals and low-permeability backfill to deter the movement of fluids or infiltration of surface water between hydrologic units penetrated by the borehole (see Practice D5092). Inasmuch as a piezometer is primarily a device used for measuring subsurface hydraul...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers how dual-wall reverse-circulation drilling may be used for geoenvironmental exploration and installation of subsurface water-quality monitoring devices.
Note 1—The term reverse circulation with respect to dual-wall drilling in this guide indicates that the circulating fluid is forced down the annular space between the double-wall drill pipe and transports soil and rock particles to the surface through the inner pipe.
Note 2—This guide does not include considerations for geotechnical site characterizations that are addressed in a separate guide.
1.2 Dual-wall reverse-circulation for geoenvironmental exploration and monitoring-device installations will often involve safety planning, administration, and documentation. This guide does not purport to specifically address exploration and site safety.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: D5781 − 95(Reapproved 2006)
Standard Guide for
Use of Dual-Wall Reverse-Circulation Drilling for
Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation of
Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5781; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope document means only that the document has been approved
through the ASTM consensus process.
1.1 This guide covers how dual-wall reverse-circulation
drilling may be used for geoenvironmental exploration and
2. Referenced Documents
installation of subsurface water-quality monitoring devices.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
NOTE 1—The term reverse circulation with respect to dual-wall drilling
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
in this guide indicates that the circulating fluid is forced down the annular
Fluids
space between the double-wall drill pipe and transports soil and rock
D1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling byAuger
particles to the surface through the inner pipe.
Borings
NOTE 2—This guide does not include considerations for geotechnical
site characterizations that are addressed in a separate guide.
D1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-
Barrel Sampling of Soils
1.2 Dual-wall reverse-circulation for geoenvironmental ex-
D1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils for
ploration and monitoring-device installations will often in-
Geotechnical Purposes
volvesafetyplanning,administration,anddocumentation.This
D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering
guide does not purport to specifically address exploration and
Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
site safety.
D3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Drive Sampling of Soils
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
D4428/D4428M Test Methods for Crosshole Seismic Test-
only.
ing
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the D5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Used at Waste Sites
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- D5092 Practice for Design and Installation of Ground Water
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Monitoring Wells
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. D5099 Test Methods for Rubber—Measurement of Process-
1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information ing Properties Using Capillary Rheometry
D5254 Practice for Minimum Set of Data Elements to
or a series of options and does not recommend a specific
course of action. This document cannot replace education or Identify a Ground-Water Site
D5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorations
experience and should be used in conjunction with professional
of Soil and Rock
judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all
circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-
3. Terminology
sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of
a given professional service must be judged, nor should this
3.1 Definitions:
document be applied without consideration of a project’s many
3.1.1 Terminology used within this guide is in accordance
unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this
with Terminology D653. Definitions of additional terms may
be found in Terminology D653.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and
Vadose Zone Investigations. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved July 1, 2006. Published August 2006. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D5781 – 95 (2000). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D5781-95R06. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5781 − 95 (2006)
3.2.1 bentonite—common name for drilling-fluid additives loads encountered in drilling and completion of wells of the
and well-construction products consisting mostly of naturally- diameteranddepthforwhichtherigmanufacturerspecifiesthe
occurring montmorillonite. Some bentonite products have equipment.
chemical additives that may affect water-quality analyses.
3.2.11.1 Discussion—To allow for contingencies, it is rec-
ommendedthattheratedcapacityofthemastshouldbeatleast
3.2.2 bentonite granules and chips—irregularly-shaped par-
twice the anticipated weight load or normal pulling load.
ticles of bentonite (free from additives) that have been dried
and separated into a specific size range.
3.2.12 piezometer—an instrument for measuring pressure
head.
3.2.3 bentonite pellets—roughly spherical- or disc-shaped
units of compressed bentonite powder (some pellet manufac-
3.2.13 subsurface water-quality monitoring device—an in-
turers coat the bentonite with chemicals that may affect the
strument placed below ground surface to obtain a sample for
water quality analysis).
analysis of the chemical, biological or radiological character-
istics of subsurface-pore water or to make in-situ measure-
3.2.4 coeffıcient of uniformity—C (D), the ratio D /D ,
u 60 10
ments.
where D is the particle diameter corresponding to 60 % finer
on the cumulative particle-size distribution curve, and D is
4. Significance and Use
the particle diameter corresponding to 10 % finer on the
cumulative particle-size distribution curve.
4.1 Dual-wall reverse-circulation drilling can be used in
3.2.5 drawworks—a power-driven winch, or several
support of geoenvironmental exploration and for installation of
winches, usually equipped with a clutch and brake system(s) subsurface water-quality monitoring devices in unconsolidated
for hoisting or lowering a drilling string.
and consolidated materials. Dual-wall reverse-circulation drill-
ing methods permit the collection of water-quality samples at
3.2.6 drill hole—a cylindrical hole advanced into the sub-
any depth(s), allows the setting of temporary casing during
surface by mechanical means. Also known as a borehole or
drilling, cuttings samples can be taken continuously as circu-
boring.
lation is maintained at all times during drilling. Other advan-
3.2.7 filter pack—also known as a gravel pack or a primary
tages of the dual-wall reverse-circulation drilling method
filter pack in the practice of monitoring-well installations. The
include: (1) the capability of drilling without the introduction
gravel pack is usually granular material, having selected grain
of any drilling fluid(s) to the subsurface; (2) maintenance of
size characteristics, that is placed between a monitoring device
hole stability for sampling purposes and monitor-well
and the borehole wall. The basic purpose of the filter pack or
installation/construction in poorly-indurated to unconsolidated
gravel envelope is to act as: (1) a non-clogging filter when the
materials.
aquifer is not suited to natural development or, (2) act as a
NOTE 3—The user of dual-wall reverse-circulation drilling for geoen-
formation stabilizer when the aquifer is suitable for natural
vironmental exploration and monitoring-device installations should be
development.
cognizant of both the physical (temperature and airborne particles) and
3.2.7.1 Discussion—Under most circumstances a clean,
chemical (compressor lubricants and possible fluid additives) qualities of
quartz sand or gravel should be used. In some cases a
compressed air that may be used as the circulating medium.
pre-packed screen may be used.
4.2 The application of dual-wall reverse-circulation drilling
3.2.8 hoisting line—or drilling line, is wire rope used on the
to geoenvironmental exploration may involve soil or rock
drawworks to hoist and lower the drill string.
sampling, or in-situ soil, rock, or pore-fluid testing.
3.2.9 in-situ testing devices—sensors or probes, used for
NOTE 4—The user may install a monitoring device within the same
obtaining mechanical or chemical-test data, that are typically
borehole wherein sampling, in-situ or pore-fluid testing, or coring was
pushed, rotated or driven below the bottom of a borehole performed.
following completion of an increment of drilling. However,
4.3 The subsurface water-quality monitoring devices that
some in-situ testing devices (such as electronic pressure
are addressed in this guide consist generally of a screened- or
transducers, gas-lift samplers, tensiometers, and etc.) may
porous-intake device and riser pipe(s) that are usually installed
require lowering and setting of the device(s) in a pre-existing
with a filter pack to enhance the longevity of the intake unit,
borehole by means of a suspension line or a string of lowering
and with isolation seals and low-permeability backfill to deter
rods or pipe. Centralizers may be required to correctly position
the movement of fluids or infiltration of surface water between
the device(s) in the borehole.
hydrologic units penetrated by the borehole (see Practice
3.2.10 intermittent-sampling devices—usually barrel-type
D5092). Inasmuch as a piezometer is primarily a device used
samplers that are driven or pushed below the bottom of a
for measuring subsurface hydraulic heads, the conversion of a
borehole following completion of an increment of drilling.The
piezometer to a water-quality monitoring device should be
user is referred to the following ASTM Standards relating to
made only after consideration of the overall quality and
suggested sampling methods and procedures: Practice D1452,
integrity of the installation to include the quality of materials
Test Method D1586, Practice D3550, and Practice D1587.
that will contact sampled water or gas.
3.2.11 mast—or derrick, on a drilling rig is used for sup-
NOTE 5—Both water-quality monitoring devices and piezometers
porting the crown block, top drive, pulldown chains, hoisting
should have adequate casing seals, annular isolation seals and backfills to
lines, etc. It must be constructed to safely carry the expected deter communication of contaminants between hydrologic units.
D5781 − 95 (2006)
NOTE 10—A properly-sized cyclone separator can remove practically
5. Apparatus
all of the cuttings from the return air. A small quantity of fine particles,
5.1 The basic mechanical components of dual-wall reverse-
however, are usually discharged to the atmosphere with the “cleaned” air.
Some air-cleaning devices consist of a cyclone separator alone. In special
circulation drilling systems include dual-wall pipe, drill com-
cases, the cyclone separator can be combined with a HEPA (high-
pressor and filter(s), water pump, discharge hose, cleaning
efficiency particulate air) filter for removing dust particles that might be
device (cyclone separator).The dual-wall drill advanced by the
radioactive. In other special situations, the cyclone separator may be used
percussive action of an above-ground pile hammer or by
in conjunction with a charcoal-filtering arrangement for removal of
rotation from a rotary-drive unit. organic volatiles. Samples of drill cuttings can be collected for analyses of
materials penetrated. If samples are obtained, the depth(s) and interval(s)
NOTE 6—Other methods, such as vibratory equipment sonic resonators,
of sample collection should be documented.
may be used to apply the energy required to advance the dual-wall drill
5.1.7 Pile Hammer, is commonly used to advance dual-wall
pipe.
drill pipe. The percussive force of the pile hammer is applied
5.1.1 dual-wall drill pipe, consists of an inner pipe secured
only to the outer pipe.
concentrically within an outer pipe. Inner-pipe connections
5.1.8 Rotary-Drive Unit, may be used to advance dual-wall
utilize pin and box components with seals. Outer-pipe connec-
drillpipebyrotation.Torquegeneratedfromarotary-driveunit
tions are flush threaded.
is applied only to the outer pipe.
NOTE 7—Drill pipes usually require lubricants on the threads to allow
6. Drilling Procedures
easy unthreading (breaking) of the connecting joints. Some lubricants
have organic or metallic constituents, or both, that could be interpreted as
6.1 Dual-Wall Percussion-Hammer Method (see Fig. 1):
contaminants if detected in a sample. Various lubricants are available that
have components of known chemistry.The effect of pipe-thread lubricants
on chemical analyses of samples should be considered and documented
when using dual-wall reverse-circulation drilling. The same consideration
and documentation should be given to lubricants used with water swivels,
hoisting swivels, or other devices used near the drilling axis.
5.1.2 The drill bit is attached to the bottom of the dual-wall
drill pipe and provides the soil- or rock-cutting capability. Drill
bit types include tricone roller, down-the-hole (DTH) hammer
or, open faced. Drill bit selection should be based upon the
character of the soils or rocks penetrated. DTH lubricants
should be documented.
NOTE 8—In NorthAmerica, the sizes of casings bits, drill rods and core
barrels are standardized by American Petroleum Institute (API) and the
Diamond Core Drill Manufacturers Association (DCDMA). Refer to the
DCDMAtechnical manual and to published materials ofAPI for available
sizes and capacities of drilling tools equipment.
5.1.3 The air compressor and filter(s) should provide an
adequate volume of air for removal of cuttings without
significant contamination generated at the bit.Air requirements
will vary depending upon the size and configuration of the drill
pipe used, and the character of the soil and rock penetrated.
The air-flow rates are usually based on maintaining an upflow
air velocity of about 1400 m/min (4200 ft/min).
NOTE 9—The quality of compressed air entering the borehole and the
quality of air discharged from the borehole and air-cleaning devices must
be considered. If not adequately filtered, the air produced by most
oil-lubricated air compressors inherently introduces a significant quantity
of oil into the circulation system. High-efficiency, in-line, air filters are
usually required to prevent significant contamination of the borehole.
Air-quality monitoring may be required and, if performed, results should
be documented.
5.1.4 A water pump may be used to inject wat
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