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ASTM F955-03

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Evaluating Heat Transfer through Materials for Protective Clothing Upon Contact with Molten Substances

Standard Test Method for Evaluating Heat Transfer through Materials for Protective Clothing Upon Contact with Molten Substances

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of materials' thermal resistance to molten substance pour by describing means of measuring heat transfer.
Note 1—As used in this test method, the term molten substance refers to the three compositions (aluminum, brass, and iron) for which the procedure was validated. The test design may be adapted for use with other substances not validated as part of the test method.
1.2 This test method is applicable to materials from which finished protective apparel articles are made.
1.3 This test method does not measure the flammability of materials, nor is it intended for use in evaluating materials exposed to any other thermal exposure exclusive of the molten substance itself (see ).
1.4 This test method should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to molten substance pour under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the thermal hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a thermal risk assessment which takes into account all the factors that are pertinent to an assessment of the thermal hazard of a particular end use.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Aug-2003
ICS
13.340.10 - Protective clothing
Technical Committee
F23 - Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment
Drafting Committee
F23.80 - Flame and Thermal
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM F955-96 - Standard Test Method for Evaluating Heat Transfer through Materials for Protective Clothing Upon Contact with Molten Substances
Effective Date
10-Aug-2003
Replaced By
ASTM F955-07 - Standard Test Method for Evaluating Heat Transfer through Materials for Protective Clothing Upon Contact with Molten Substances
Effective Date
01-Feb-2007
Referred By
ASTM F1002-15(2021) - Standard Performance Specification for Protective Clothing and Materials for Use by Workers Exposed to Specific Molten Substances and Related Thermal Hazards
Effective Date
10-Aug-2003
Referred By
ASTM F1494-23 - Standard Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing
Effective Date
10-Aug-2003

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ASTM F955-03 - Standard Test Method for Evaluating Heat Transfer through Materials for Protective Clothing Upon Contact with Molten SubstancesASTM F955-03 - Standard Test Method for Evaluating Heat Transfer through Materials for Protective Clothing Upon Contact with Molten Substances
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ASTM F955-03 - Standard Test Method for Evaluating Heat Transfer through Materials for Protective Clothing Upon Contact with Molten Substances
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:F955–03
Standard Test Method for
Evaluating Heat Transfer through Materials for Protective
1
Clothing Upon Contact with Molten Substances
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 955; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E 457 TestMethodforMeasuringHeat-TransferRateUsing
a Thermal Capacitance (Slug) Calorimeter
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of materials’
F 1494 Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing
thermal resistance to molten substance pour by describing
means of measuring heat transfer.
3. Terminology
NOTE 1—As used in this test method, the term molten substance refers
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
to the three compositions (aluminum, brass, and iron) for which the
3.1.1 break-open—in testing thermal protective material, a
procedure was validated. The test design may be adapted for use with
response evidenced by the formation of a hole in the material
other substances not validated as part of the test method.
which allows the molten substance to pass through the mate-
1.2 This test method is applicable to materials from which
rial.
finished protective apparel articles are made.
3.1.2 charring—the formation of carbonaceous residue as
1.3 This test method does not measure the flammability of
the result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.
materials, nor is it intended for use in evaluating materials
3.1.3 dripping—in testing thermal protective material, a
exposed to any other thermal exposure exclusive of the molten
response evidenced by flowing of the fiber polymer.
substance itself (see Note 1).
3.1.4 embrittlement—the formation of a brittle residue as
1.4 Thistestmethodshouldbeusedtomeasureanddescribe
the result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.
the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response
3.1.5 heat flux—the thermal intensity indicated by the
to molten substance pour under controlled laboratory condi-
amount of energy transmitted divided by area and time,
tionsandshouldnotbeusedtodescribeorappraisethethermal 2 2
W/m (cal/cm s).
hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under
3.1.6 human tissue burn tolerance—in the testing of ther-
actual conditions. However, results of this test may be used as
mal protective materials, the amount of thermal energy pre-
elements of a thermal risk assessment which takes into account
dicted to cause a second-degree burn in human tissue.
all the factors that are pertinent to an assessment of the thermal
3.1.7 ignition—the initiation of combustion.
hazard of a particular end use.
3.1.8 melting—in testing thermal protective material, a
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
response evidenced by softening of the material, resulting in a
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
nonreversible change.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.9 response to molten substance pour—intestingthermal
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
protective material, the observed effect of molten substance
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard
contact on textile properties or deterioration of the material.
statements are given in Section 8.
3.1.10 shrinkage—a decrease in one or more dimensions of
an object or material.
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.11 thermal end point—in testing of thermal protective
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
materials,thepointofwherethecopperslugcalorimetersensor
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
response (heat energy measured) intersects with a predicted
skin burn injury model.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 on 3.2 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test
Protective Clothing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F23.80 on
method, refer to Terminology D 123.
Molten Substances.
Current edition approved August 10, 2003. Published October 2003. Originally
4. Summary of Test Method
approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 1996 as F 955 – 96.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 4.1 Amaterialspecimenismountedonaverticalinclineand
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
is exposed to a molten substance pour of prescribed minimum
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
temperature, volume, pour rate, and vertical height.
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

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1.1 This test method is used to provide predicted human skin burn injury for single-layer garments or protective clothing ensembles mounted on a stationary upright instrumented manikin which are then exposed in a laboratory to a simulated fire environment having controlled heat flux, flame distribution, and duration. The average exposure heat flux is 84 kW/m2 (2 cal/s·cm2), with durations up to 20 s.  
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1.1 This guide is intended to aid in the application of standards for the development, specification, and selection of chemical protective clothing with the ultimate goal of maintaining the safety and health of workers who come into contact with hazardous chemicals.  
1.2 This guide provides a short description of each referenced standard and then makes specific recommendations for the use of these standards. The referenced standards are organized under the following headings: Material Chemical Resistance, Material Physical Properties, Seam and Closure Performance, and Overall Clothing Performance.  
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Standard Test Method for Thermal Resistance, Evaporative Resistance, and Total Heat Loss Measurements of Clothing Materials Using a Sweating Hot Plate

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4.1 The thermal resistance, evaporative resistance, and total heat loss provided by fabrics, films, coatings, foams, and leathers, including multi-layer assemblies, is of considerable importance in determining their suitability for use in fabricating protective clothing systems.  
4.1.1 The thermal resistance, evaporative resistance, and total heat loss can be significantly affected by environmental conditions. Extreme care must be taken when using results measured under standard testing conditions to determine a material’s suitability for use in conditions outside the testing conditions.  
4.2 The thermal interchange between people and their environment is an extremely complicated subject that involves many factors in addition to the steady-state resistance values of fabrics, films, coatings, foams, and leathers, including multi-layer assemblies. Therefore, thermal resistance values, evaporative resistance values, and total heat loss measured on a hot plate may or may not indicate relative merit of a particular material or system for a given clothing application. While a possible indicator of clothing performance, measurements produced by the testing of fabrics have no proven correlation to the performance of clothing systems worn by people. Clothing weight, drape, tightness of fit, and so forth, can minimize or even neutralize the apparent differences between fabrics or fabric assemblies measured by this test method.  
4.3 The thermal resistance and evaporative resistance of clothing systems and items can be measured with a heated sweating manikin in an environmental chamber in accordance with Test Methods F1291, F2370, and F3426.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the thermal resistance, evaporative resistance, and total heat loss under steady-state conditions of fabrics, films, coatings, foams, and leathers, including multi-layer assemblies, for use in clothing systems.  
1.2 The range of this measurement technique for intrinsic thermal resistance is from 0.002 to 0.5 K·m2/W and for intrinsic evaporative resistance is from 0.0 to 1.0 kPa·m 2/W. The total heat loss range is from 0.0 to 1300 W/m2.  
1.3 The values in SI units shall be regarded as standard. Other units of measurement are provided in this standard but are not regarded as standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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5.2 This test method only addresses that range of cutting hazards that are related to a cutting action by a smooth sharp edge across the surface of the material. It is not representative of any other cutting hazard to which the material may be subjected, such as serrated edges, saw blades, or motorized cutting tools. Nor is it representative of puncture, tear, or other modes of fabric failure.
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ASTM F3628-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring the Cooling Energy Provided by Wicking Liquid Moisture and Evaporating It from Clothing Materials Using a Sweating Hot Plate

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A clothing material’s ability to assist in the evaporation of liquid sweat by managing liquid moisture is of considerable importance when trying to maximize cooling and comfort benefits to the wearer while active. Understanding how much energy is released back to the skin is critical in determining their suitability for use in fabricating protective clothing systems or athletic wear.  
4.1.1 The cooling energy released back to the wearer can be significantly affected by environmental conditions. Extreme care must be taken when using standard results measured under standard testing conditions to determine a material’s suitability for use in conditions outside the testing conditions.  
4.2 This test method accounts for a clothing material’s ability to assist in evaporating liquid water during a sweating phase, as well as its ability to dry after the cessation of sweating.  
4.2.1 A large amount of cooling energy released from clothing materials during active work (sweating) is often seen as a positive, as it would assist in keeping the body cooler.  
4.2.2 A large amount of cooling energy released from clothing materials after active work (no sweating) is often seen as a negative, as it known to cause a chilling effect to the wearer.  
4.2.3 The longer it takes for a clothing material to dry after becoming wet is perceived as a negative, as it increases the potential for chilling the wearer.  
4.3 The thermal interchange between people and their environment is, however, an extremely complicated subject that involves many factors in addition to the steady-state resistance values of fabrics, films, coatings, foams, and leathers, including multi-layer assemblies. Therefore, the cooling provided from liquid evaporation may or may not indicate relative merit of a particular material or system for a given clothing application. While a possible indicator of clothing performance, measurements produced by the testing of fabrics have no proven correlation to the perfo...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the cooling energy released back to the wearer’s skin by a clothing material’s ability to move and evaporate controlled dosages of water under controlled ambient conditions using a sweating hot plate.  
1.1.1 This test method establishes procedures for measuring the cooling energy during a simulated “sweating” phase and in a drying phase. Calculations are also provided to determine the drying time and how efficient the clothing material is at assisting in the evaporation of liquid water by comparing it to the maximum amount of energy that can be lost.  
1.2 This test method does not address all properties that affect a clothing material’s ability to lose heat from the body. Consider measuring properties such as air permeability, insulation, and evaporative resistance.  
1.3 The values in SI units shall be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F3267-22(Specification)
Standard Specification for Protective Clothing for Use Against Liquid Chemotherapy and Other Liquid Hazardous Drugs

SCOPE
1.1 This specification establishes design, performance, documentation, and labeling requirements and provides test methods for protective clothing used in preventing exposure to liquid chemotherapy and other liquid hazardous drugs.  
1.1.1 The principal requirement of this specification is permeation resistance testing of the protective clothing barrier material and seams to a specified battery of seven chemotherapy drugs. Two levels of protective clothing barrier material and seam performance are established for complying with Part A labeling requirements specific to these seven liquid chemotherapy drugs.
1.1.1.1 Broad chemotherapy drug protection is based on the protective clothing barrier material and seams demonstrating breakthrough detection times of 30 min or more for the seven specified chemotherapy drugs.
1.1.1.2 Selective chemotherapy drug protection is based on the protective clothing barrier material and seams demonstrating breakthrough detection times of 30 min or more for at least five of the seven specified chemotherapy drugs.  
1.1.2 It is also possible to report permeation resistance test results for additional liquid chemotherapy and other liquid hazardous drugs of interest as determined by the manufacturer or end user organization using the same breakthrough detection criteria for individual drugs for complying with the Part B labeling requirements.  
1.1.3 Protective clothing meeting this specification is also required to meet minimum flammability requirements, and if used as a medical device, biocompatibility (if used for breached skin contact), and demonstrate sterility assurance, if sterilized prior to use.  
1.1.4 Physical properties that indicate the strength, durability, and breathability of the protective clothing are optionally reported.  
1.1.5 Additional requirements are established for the label and user information to be provided for protective clothing meeting this specification.  
1.1.6 This specification also requires products intended to be used as medical devices such as surgical gowns and isolation gowns to meet the respective requirements of AAMI PB70, Specification F2407/F2407M, and Specification F3352/F3352M, as applicable.  
1.2 This specification does not address all conditions of exposure for individuals who wear protective clothing in the manufacture, transport, compounding, preparation, and administration of liquid chemotherapy and other hazardous drugs in addition to patient care activities and spills where contaminated items with these drugs are encountered.  
1.3 This specification does not address chemotherapy drugs or hazardous drugs that may be encountered in the form of a vapor or aerosol and does not provide any criteria for respiratory protection.  
1.4 This specification does not address the selection, use, or care of protective clothing used for protection against liquid chemotherapy or other liquid hazardous drugs. While this specification does not specifically determine which barrier material to select, the results of the tests described in this specification are useful for selecting barrier materials by comparing the test results among different materials under consideration. See USP 800, Hazardous Drugs—Handling In Healthcare Settings, for specific guidelines on the selection, use, and care of personal protective equipment for protection of healthcare workers against chemotherapy or other hazardous drugs.  
1.5 This specification is intended to provide the basis for manufacturers or suppliers to make specific claims that protective clothing products provide protection against liquid chemotherapy and other liquid hazardous drugs.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units or in other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its u...

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