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ASTM D6641/D6641M-01e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determining the Compressive Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates Using a Combined Loading Compression (CLC) Test Fixture

Standard Test Method for Determining the Compressive Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates Using a Combined Loading Compression (CLC) Test Fixture

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is designed to produce compressive property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. When specific laminates are tested (primarily of the [90/0]ns family, although other laminates containing a maximum of 50 % 0° plies can be used), the data are frequently used to “back out” 0° ply strength, using laminate theory to calculate a 0° unidirectional lamina strength (1, 2). Factors that influence the compressive response include: type of material, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and volume percent reinforcement. Laminate properties, in the test direction, that may be obtained from this test method include:
5.1.1 Ultimate compressive strength,
5.1.2 Ultimate compressive strain,
5.1.3 Compressive (linear or chord) modulus of elasticity, and
5.1.4 Poisson’ratio in compression.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes a procedure for determining the compressive strength and stiffness properties of polymer matrix composite materials using a combined loading compression (CLC) (1) or comparable test fixture. This test method is applicable to general flat laminates that are balanced and symmetric and contain at least one 0o ply. The standard specimen is untabbed, and, thus, for strength determination, the laminate is limited to a maximum of 50 % 0o plies, or equivalent (see 6.4).
1.2 The compressive force is introduced into the specimen by combined end- and shear-loading. In comparison, Test Method D3410/D3410M is a pure shear-loading compression test method and Test Method D695 is a pure end-loading test method.
1.3 Unidirectional (0o ply orientation) composites can be tested to determine unidirectional composite modulus and Poisson's ratio, but not compressive strength.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the test the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
Note 1--Additional procedures for determining the compressive properties of polymer matrix composites may be found in Test Methods D3410/D3410M, D5467, and D695.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Mar-2001
ICS
83.140.10 - Films and sheets
Technical Committee
D30 - Composite Materials
Drafting Committee
D30.04 - Lamina and Laminate Test Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D6641/D6641M-09 - Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials Using a Combined Loading Compression (CLC) Test Fixture
Effective Date
15-Apr-2009
Referred By
ASTM D695-23 - Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid Plastics
Effective Date
10-Mar-2001
Referred By
ASTM D3410/D3410M-16e1 - Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials with Unsupported Gage Section by Shear Loading
Effective Date
10-Mar-2001
Referred By
ASTM D8509/D8509M-23 - Standard Guide for Test Method Selection and Test Specimen Design for Bolted Joint Related Properties
Effective Date
10-Mar-2001
Referred By
ASTM D7992/D7992M-15 - Standard Practice for Elevated Temperature and Moisture Conditioning of Pultruded Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites Used in Structural Designs
Effective Date
10-Mar-2001
Referred By
ASTM D8066/D8066M-23 - Standard Practice Unnotched Compression Testing of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates
Effective Date
10-Mar-2001
Referred By
ASTM D7745-19 - Standard Practice for Testing Pultruded Composites
Effective Date
10-Mar-2001
Referred By
ASTM D7792/D7792M-15 - Standard Practice for Freeze/Thaw Conditioning of Pultruded Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites Used in Structural Designs
Effective Date
10-Mar-2001
Referred By
ASTM D4762-18 - Standard Guide for Testing Polymer Matrix Composite Materials
Effective Date
10-Mar-2001
Referred By
ASTM D7137/D7137M-23 - Standard Test Method for Compressive Residual Strength Properties of Damaged Polymer Matrix Composite Plates
Effective Date
10-Mar-2001
Referred By
ASTM D6856/D6856M-03(2016) - Standard Guide for Testing Fabric-Reinforced “Textile” Composite Materials
Effective Date
10-Mar-2001

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ASTM D6641/D6641M-01e1 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Compressive Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates Using a Combined Loading Compression (CLC) Test FixtureASTM D6641/D6641M-01e1 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Compressive Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates Using a Combined Loading Compression (CLC) Test Fixture
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ASTM D6641/D6641M-01e1 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Compressive Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates Using a Combined Loading Compression (CLC) Test Fixture
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
e1
Designation: D 6641/D 6641M – 01
Standard Test Method for
Determining the Compressive Properties of Polymer Matrix
Composite Laminates Using a Combined Loading
1
Compression (CLC) Test Fixture
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6641/D 6641M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
e NOTE—The designation, D 6641/D 6641M, was editorially corrected to be a dual standard in December 2001.
1. Scope priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 Thistestmethodestablishesaprocedurefordetermining
the compressive strength and stiffness properties of polymer
2. Referenced Documents
matrixcompositematerialsusingacombinedloadingcompres-
2 2.1 ASTM Standards:
sion (CLC) (1) or comparable test fixture. This test method is
D 695 Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid
applicable to general flat laminates that are balanced and
3
Plastics
symmetric and contain at least one 0° ply. The standard
3
D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
specimenisuntabbed,and,thus,forstrengthdetermination,the
D 3410/D 3410M Test Method for Compressive Properties
laminate is limited to a maximum of 50 % 0° plies, or
of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials with Unsupported
equivalent (see 6.4).
4
Gage Section by Shear Loading
1.2 The compressive force is introduced into the specimen
4
D 3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
by combined end- and shear-loading. In comparison, Test
D 5467 Test Method for Compressive Properties of Unidi-
Method D 3410/D 3410M is a pure shear-loading compression
rectional Polymer Matrix Composites Using a Sandwich
test method and Test Method D 695 is a pure end-loading test
4
Beam
method.
D 5687/D 5687M Guide for Preparation of Flat Composite
1.3 Unidirectional (0° ply orientation) composites can be
Panels with Processing Guidelines for Specimen Prepara-
tested to determine unidirectional composite modulus and
4
tion
Poisson’s ratio, but not compressive strength.
5
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Test-
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the test the
5
ing
inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in
E 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,
each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system
with a Specified Tolerable Error, the Average for a Char-
must be used independently of the other. Combining values
6
acteristic of a Lot or Process
from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the
E 132 Test Method for Poisson’s Ratio at Room Tempera-
standard.
5
ture
NOTE 1—Additional procedures for determining the compressive prop-
E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
erties of polymer matrix composites may be found in Test Methods
6
ASTM Test Methods
D 3410/D 3410M, D 5467, and D 695.
6
E 456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E 1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-Reinforced Poly-
4
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
mer Matrix Composite Materials in Databases
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
E 1434 GuideforRecordingMechanicalTestDataofFiber-
4
Reinforced Composite Materials in Databases
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on
Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.04 on
3
Lamina and Laminate Test Methods. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
4
Current edition approved March 10, 2001. Published May 2001. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.03.
2 5
Boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
6
test method. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
e1
D 6641/D 6641M – 01
FIG. 1 Photograph of a Typical Combined Loading Compression (CLC) Test Fixture
E 1471 Guide for Identification of Fibers, Fillers, and Core I—moment of inertia of specimen cross section
4
Materials in Computerized Material Property Databases l —specimen gage length
g
2.2 ASTM Adjunct: n—number of specimens
Combined Loading Compression (CLC) Test Fix- P—load carried by test specimen
f
7
ture, D 6641 P—load carried by test specimen at failure
8
2.3 Other Documents: s—as used in a lay-up code
...

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ASTM D6641/D6641M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials Using a Combined Loading Compression (CLC) Test Fixture

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to produce compressive property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. When tabbed (Procedure B) specimens, typically unidirectional composites, are tested, the CLC test method (combined shear end loading) has similarities to Test Methods D3410/D3410M (shear loading) and D695 (end loading). When testing lower strength materials such that untabbed CLC specimens can be used (Procedure A), the benefits of combined loading become particularly prominent. It may not be possible to successfully test untabbed specimens of these same materials using either of the other two methods. When specific laminates are tested (primarily of the [90/0]ns family, although other laminates containing at least one 0° ply can be used), the CLC data are frequently used to “back out” 0° ply strength, using lamination theory to calculate a 0° unidirectional lamina strength  (1, 2). Factors that influence the compressive response include: type of material, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and volume percent reinforcement. Composite properties in the test direction that may be obtained from this test method include:  
5.1.1 Ultimate compressive strength,  
5.1.2 Ultimate compressive strain,  
5.1.3 Compressive (linear or chord) modulus of elasticity, and  
5.1.4 Poisson's ratio in compression.
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1.1 This test method determines the compressive strength and stiffness properties of polymer matrix composite materials using a combined loading compression (CLC) (1)2 test fixture. This test method is applicable to general composites that are balanced and symmetric. The specimen may be untabbed (Procedure A) or tabbed (Procedure B), as required. One requirement for a successful test is that the specimen ends do not crush during the test. Untabbed specimens are usually suitable for use with materials of low orthotropy, for example, fabrics, chopped fiber composites, and laminates with a maximum of 50 % 0° plies, or equivalent (see 6.4). Materials of higher orthotropy, including unidirectional composites, typically require tabs.  
1.2 The compressive force is introduced into the specimen by combined end- and shear-loading. In comparison, Test Method D3410/D3410M is a pure shear-loading compression test method and Test Method D695 is a pure end-loading test method.  
1.3 Unidirectional (0° ply orientation) composites as well as multi-directional composite laminates, fabric composites, chopped fiber composites, and similar materials can be tested.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the test the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
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1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D5687/D5687M-20(Guide)
Standard Guide for Preparation of Flat Composite Panels with Processing Guidelines for Specimen Preparation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The techniques described in this guide, if properly used in conjunction with a knowledge of behavior of particular material systems, will aid in the proper preparation of consolidated laminates for mechanical property testing.  
5.2 The techniques described are recommended to facilitate the consistent production of satisfactory test specimens by minimizing uncontrolled processing variance during specimen fabrication.  
5.3 Steps 3 through 8 of the 8-step process may not be required for particular specimen or test types. If the specimen or test does not require a given step in the process of specimen fabrication, that particular step may be skipped.  
5.4 A test specimen represents a simplification of the structural part. The test specimen's value lies in the ability of several sites to be able to test the specimen using standard techniques. Test data may not show identical properties to those obtained in a large structure, but a correlation can be made between test results and part performance. This may be due, in part, to the difficulty of creating a processing environment for test specimens that identically duplicates that of larger scale processes.  
5.5 Tolerances are guidelines based on current lab practices. This guide does not attempt to give detailed instructions due to the variety of possible panels and specimens that could be made. The tolerances should be used as a starting reference from which refinements can be made.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides guidelines to facilitate the proper preparation of laminates and test specimens from fiber-reinforced organic matrix composite prepregs. The scope is limited to organic matrices and fiber reinforcement in unidirectional (tape) or orthagonal weave patterns. Other forms may require deviations from these general guidelines. Other processing techniques for test coupon preparation, for example, pultrusion, filament winding and resin-transfer molding, are not addressed.  
1.2 Specimen preparation is modeled as an 8-step process that is presented in Fig. 1 and Section 8. Laminate consolidation techniques are assumed to be by press or autoclave. This practice assumes that the materials are properly handled by the test facility to meet the requirements specified by the material supplier(s) or specification, or both. Proper test specimen identification also includes designation of process equipment, process steps, and any irregularities identified during processing.
FIG. 1 8 Step Mechanical Test Data Model  
Note 1: Material identification is mandatory. Continuous traceability of specimens is required throughout the process.
Process checks (Appendix X4) may be done at the end of each step to verify that the step was performed to give a laminate or specimen of satisfactory quality.
Steps 4 and 5 may be interchanged. For aramid fibers, step 5 routinely precedes step 4.
Steps 6, 7 and 8 may be interchanged.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
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ASTM D6641/D6641M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials Using a Combined Loading Compression (CLC) Test Fixture

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to produce compressive property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. When tabbed (Procedure B) specimens, typically unidirectional composites, are tested, the CLC test method (combined shear end loading) has similarities to Test Methods D3410/D3410M (shear loading) and D695 (end loading). When testing lower strength materials such that untabbed CLC specimens can be used (Procedure A), the benefits of combined loading become particularly prominent. It may not be possible to successfully test untabbed specimens of these same materials using either of the other two methods. When specific laminates are tested (primarily of the [90/0]ns family, although other laminates containing at least one 0° ply can be used), the CLC data are frequently used to “back out” 0° ply strength, using lamination theory to calculate a 0° unidirectional lamina strength  (1, 2). Factors that influence the compressive response include: type of material, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and volume percent reinforcement. Composite properties in the test direction that may be obtained from this test method include:  
5.1.1 Ultimate compressive strength,  
5.1.2 Ultimate compressive strain,  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the compressive strength and stiffness properties of polymer matrix composite materials using a combined loading compression (CLC) (1)2 test fixture. This test method is applicable to general composites that are balanced and symmetric. The specimen may be untabbed (Procedure A) or tabbed (Procedure B), as required. One requirement for a successful test is that the specimen ends do not crush during the test. Untabbed specimens are usually suitable for use with materials of low orthotropy, for example, fabrics, chopped fiber composites, and laminates with a maximum of 50 % 0° plies, or equivalent (see 6.4). Materials of higher orthotropy, including unidirectional composites, typically require tabs.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The use of geomembranes as barrier materials to restrict liquid migration from one location to another in soil and rock, and the large number of seam methods and types used in joining these geomembrane sheets, has created a need for standard tests by which the various seams can be compared and the quality of the seam systems can be nondestructively evaluated. This practice is intended to meet such a need.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended for use as a summary of nondestructive quality control test methods for determining the integrity of seams used in the joining of flexible sheet materials in a geotechnical application. This practice outlines the test procedures available for determining the quality of bonded seams. Any one or combination of the test methods outlined in this practice can be incorporated into a project specification for quality control. These test methods are applicable to manufactured flexible polymeric membrane linings that are scrim reinforced or nonreinforced. This practice is not applicable to destructive testing. For destructive test methods, look at other ASTM standards and practices.  
1.2 The types of seams covered by this practice include the following: thermally bonded seams, hot air, hot wedge (or knife), extrusion, solvent-bonded seams, bodied solvent-bonded seams, adhesive-bonded or cemented seams, taped seams, and waterproofed sewn seams.  
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4.1 This practice is intended to assist task groups participating in a round-robin study with the preparation of test sets of film specimens from film samples in the form of rolls on a core.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the preparation of test sets of plastic film specimens for subsequent use in an interlaboratory round-robin study to evaluate the precision of a test method.  
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This specification covers polyethylene sheeting with a determined thickness intended for construction, industrial and agricultural applications. The sheeting shall be made from polyethylene or modified polyethylene, such as an ethylene copolymer consisting of a major portion of ethylene in combination with a minor portion of some other monomer, or a mixture of polyethylene with a lesser amount of other polymers. General requirements for the material are also observed according to their appearance, dimensions in size and tolerance and minimum net weight. The sheeting may be natural, color-tinted, translucent or opaque. The tests given are intended primarily for use as production tests in conjunction with manufacturing processes and inspection methods to insure conformity of sheeting with the requirements of this specification. These tests shall be done in order to determine the following properties: thickness, length and width, weight, impact resistance, tensile properties, reflectance, luminous transmittance, water vapor transmission, and heat sealability.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers polyethylene sheeting, 250 μm (0.010 in. or 10 mils) or less in thickness, intended for construction, industrial, and agricultural applications.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
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1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
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ASTM D5047-17(2023)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Polyethylene Terephthalate Film and Sheeting

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the dimensional (length and width, thickness, and weight) requirements for biaxially oriented polyethylene terephthalate film and sheeting, both virgin and recycled. For this specification, polyethylene terephthalate film and sheeting shall be defined as the material derived from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol and shall consist of at least 90 % polyethylene terephthalate homopolymer. The film or sheeting shall be furnished flat or in rolls in the dimensions specified. This specification does not apply to coated, coextruded, tinted, pigmented, or metallized film or sheeting.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements for biaxially oriented polyethylene terephthalate film and sheeting in thicknesses from 1.5 μm (0.06 mil) to 355 μm (14.0 mil). For this specification, polyethylene terephthalate film and sheeting shall be defined as the material derived from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol and shall consist of at least 90 % polyethylene terephthalate homopolymer. This specification does not apply to coated, coextruded, tinted, pigmented, or metallized film or sheeting.  
1.2 Polyethylene terephthalate materials, being thermoplastic, are reprocessable and recyclable.2 This specification allows for the use of those polyethylene terephthalate plastic materials, provided that any specific requirements as governed by the producer and end user are met.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this specification.
Note 2: Film is defined as sheeting having a thickness of ≤250 microns (0.010 in.).  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D6214/D6214M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining the Integrity of Field Seams Used in Joining Geomembranes by Chemical Fusion Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Significance—The increased use of geomembranes as barrier materials to restrict fluid migration from one location to another in various applications, and the various types of seaming methods used in joining geomembrane sheets, has created a need to standardize tests by which the various seams can be compared and the quality of the seam systems can be evaluated. This test method is intended to meet such a need.  
4.2 Use—Accelerated seam test provides information as to the status of the field seam. Data obtained by this test method should be used with site-specific contract plans, specification, and CQC/CQA documents. This test method is useful for specification testing and for comparative purposes, but does not necessarily measure the ultimate strength that the seam may acquire.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an accelerated, destructive test method for geomembranes in a geotechnical application.  
1.2 This test is applicable to field-fabricated geomembranes that are scrim reinforced or nonreinforced.  
1.3 This test method is applicable for field seaming processes that use a chemical fusion agent or bodied chemical fusion agent as the seaming mechanism.  
1.4 Subsequent decisions as to seam acceptance criteria are made according to the site-specific contract plans, specification, and CQC/CQA documents.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 Hazardous Materials—The use of the oven in this test method may accelerate fume production from the test specimen and solvent(s) used to bond them.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4272/D4272M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Total Energy Impact of Plastic Films by Dart Drop

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Evaluation of the impact toughness of film is important in predicting the performance of a material in applications such as packaging, construction, and other uses. The test simulates the action encountered in applications where moderate-velocity blunt impacts occur in relatively small areas of film.  
5.2 The values obtained by this test method are highly dependent on the method and conditions of film fabrication as well as the type and grade of resin.  
5.3 Test methods employing different missile velocities, impinging surface diameters, or effective specimen diameters will most likely produce different results. Data obtained by this test method cannot necessarily be compared directly with those obtained by other test methods.  
5.4 The impact resistance of a film, while partly dependent on thickness, does not have a simple correlation with sample thickness. Hence, impact values expressed in joules [ft·lbf] normalized over a range of thickness will not necessarily be linear with thickness. Data from this test method are comparable only for specimens that vary by no more than ±15 % from the nominal or average thickness of the specimens tested.  
5.5 The test results obtained by this test method are greatly influenced by the quality of film under test. The influence of variability of data obtained by this procedure will, therefore, depend strongly on the sample quality, uniformity of film thickness, the presence of die marks, contaminants, etc.  
5.6 Several impact test methods are used for film. It is sometimes desirable to know the relationships among test results derived by different test methods. A study was conducted in which four films made from two resins (polypropylene and linear low-density polyethylene), with two film thicknesses for each resin, were impacted using Test Methods D1709 (Test Method A), Test Method D3420 (Procedures A and B), and Test Method D4272. The test results are shown in Appendix X2. Differences in results between Test Methods...
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1.1 This test method describes the determination of the total energy impact of plastic films by measuring the kinetic energy lost by a free-falling dart that passes through the film.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: Film has been arbitrarily defined as sheeting having nominal thickness not greater than 0.25 mm [0.010 in.].
Note 2: This test method and ISO 7765–2 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content (and results cannot be directly compared between the two test methods). The ISO test method calls for a direct readout of energy by using a load cell as part of the impactor head, while Test Method D4272 calls for a constant weight impactor, then measuring the time of travel through a given distance to get energy values.
FIG. 1 Elements of an Instrumented Dart Drop System
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1746-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Transparency of Plastic Sheeting

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The attribute of clarity of a sheet, measured by its ability to transmit image-forming light, correlates with its regular transmittance. Sensitivity to differences improves with decreasing incident beam- and receptor-angle. If the angular width of the incident beam and of the receptor aperture (as seen from the specimen position) are of the order of 0.1° or less, sheeting of commercial interest have a range of transparency of about 10 to 90 % as measured by this test. Results obtained by the use of this test method are greatly influenced by the design parameters of the instruments; for example, the resolution is largely determined by the angular width of the receptor aperture. Caution should therefore be exercised in comparing results obtained from different instruments, especially for samples with low regular transmittance.  
4.2 Regular transmittance data in accordance with this test method correlate with the property commonly known as “see-through,” which is rated subjectively by the effect of a hand-held specimen on an observer's ability to distinguish clearly a relatively distant target. This correlation is poor for highly diffusing materials because of interference of scattered light in the visual test.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the transparency of plastic sheeting in terms of regular transmittance (Tr). Although generally applicable to any translucent or transparent material, it is principally intended for use with nominally clear and colorless thin sheeting.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
Note 2: For additional information, see Terminology E284 and Practice E1164.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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