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ASTM F801-96(2008)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Measuring Optical Angular Deviation of Transparent Parts

Standard Test Method for Measuring Optical Angular Deviation of Transparent Parts

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
One of the measures of optical quality of a transparent part is its angular deviation. Excessive angular deviation, or variations in angular deviation throughout the part, result in visible distortion of scenes viewed through the part. Angular deviation, its detection, and quantification are of extreme importance in the area of certain aircraft transparency applications, that is, aircraft equipped with Heads-up Displays (HUD). HUDs may require stringent control over the optics of the portion of the transparency (windscreen or canopy) which lies between the HUD combining glass and the external environment. Military aircraft equipped with HUDs or similar devices require precise knowledge of the effects of the windscreen or canopy on image position in order to maintain weapons aiming accuracy.
Two optical parameters have the effect of changing image position. The first, lateral displacement, is inherent in any transparency which is tilted with respect to the line of sight. The effect of lateral displacement is constant over distance, and seldom exceeds a fraction of an inch. The second parameter, angular deviation, is usually caused by a wedginess or nonparallelism of the transparency surfaces. The effect of angular deviation is related to the tangent of the angle of deviation, thus the magnitude of the image position displacement increases as does the distance between image and transparency. The quantification of angular deviation is then the more critical of the two parameters.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measuring the angular deviation of a light ray imposed by transparent parts such as aircraft windscreens and canopies. The results are uncontaminated by the effects of lateral displacement, and the procedure may be performed in a relatively short optical path length. This is not intended as a referee standard. It is one convenient method for measuring angular deviations through transparent windows.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Mar-2008
ICS
49.035 - Components for aerospace construction
Technical Committee
F07 - Aerospace and Aircraft
Drafting Committee
F07.08 - Transparent Enclosures and Materials
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM F801-96(2002) - Standard Test Method for Measuring Optical Angular Deviation of Transparent Parts
Effective Date
01-Apr-2008
Referred By
ASTM F733-19 - Standard Practice for Optical Distortion and Deviation of Transparent Parts Using the Double-Exposure Method
Effective Date
01-Apr-2008
Referred By
ASTM F790-23 - Standard Guide for Testing Materials for Aerospace Plastic Transparent Enclosures
Effective Date
01-Apr-2008
Referred By
ASTM F2156-17(2022) - Standard Test Method for Measuring Optical Distortion in Transparent Parts Using Grid Line Slope
Effective Date
01-Apr-2008
Referred By
ASTM F2469-20 - Standard Test Method for Measuring Optical Angular Deviation of Transparent Parts Using the Double-Exposure Method
Effective Date
01-Apr-2008
Referred By
ASTM F1181-19 - Standard Test Method for Measuring Binocular Disparity in Transparent Parts
Effective Date
01-Apr-2008

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ASTM F801-96(2008) - Standard Test Method for Measuring Optical Angular Deviation of Transparent PartsASTM F801-96(2008) - Standard Test Method for Measuring Optical Angular Deviation of Transparent Parts
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ASTM F801-96(2008) - Standard Test Method for Measuring Optical Angular Deviation of Transparent Parts
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: F801 − 96(Reapproved 2008)
Standard Test Method for
1
Measuring Optical Angular Deviation of Transparent Parts
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationF801;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 4. Summary of Test Method
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversmeasuringtheangulardeviation 4.1 This test method outlines how measurements can be
of a light ray imposed by transparent parts such as aircraft made by an optoelectronic system employing collimated light,
windscreens and canopies. The results are uncontaminated by a field lens, and linear diode arrays as the part is held in its
the effects of lateral displacement, and the procedure may be installed angle. The positions of two images of a collimated
performed in a relatively short optical path length. This is not light source are recorded using two linear diode arrays. One
intended as a referee standard. It is one convenient method for array records azimuth or horizontal position while the other
measuring angular deviations through transparent windows. records elevation or vertical position. These arrays are at the
posterior focal plane of a field lens. The positions are again
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
recorded after the interposition of a transparent part in the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
opticalpath.Thedifferenceinimagepositionisdirectlyrelated
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
to the angular deviation imposed by the transparent part. The
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
effects of lateral displacement are removed by the field lens.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Sensitivity of measurement may be controlled by choosing
2. Referenced Documents
appropriatefocallengthfieldlensesandspacingofelementson
2
the diode arrays.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
5. Significance and Use
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
5.1 One of the measures of optical quality of a transparent
3. Terminology
part is its angular deviation. Excessive angular deviation, or
3.1 Definitions:
variations in angular deviation throughout the part, result in
3.1.1 angular deviation—the departure of a light ray from
visible distortion of scenes viewed through the part. Angular
its original path as it passes through a transparent material.The
deviation, its detection, and quantification are of extreme
change in angle of such a light ray. The displacement of an
importance in the area of certain aircraft transparency
image due to the change in direction of the light ray.
applications, that is, aircraft equipped with Heads-up Displays
3.1.2 lateral (or linear) displacement—the shift or move- (HUD). HUDs may require stringent control over the optics of
ment of a light ray from its original path as it passes through a the portion of the transparency (windscreen or canopy) which
lies between the HUD combining glass and the external
transparent material, while maintaining parallelism between
the original and final paths.The change in location of an image environment. Military aircraft equipped with HUDs or similar
due to this change in path. devices require precise knowledge of the effects of the wind-
screen or canopy on image position in order to maintain
3.1.3 modulation transfer function (MTF)—the ratio of
weapons aiming accuracy.
output modulation to the input modulation.The modulus of the
Fourier transform of the optical spread function.
5.2 Two optical parameters have the effect of changing
image position. The first, lateral displacement, is inherent in
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F07 on
any transparency which is tilted with respect to the line of
Aerospace and Aircraft and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F07.08 on
sight. The effect of lateral displacement is constant over
Transparent Enclosures and Materials.
distance, and seldom exceeds a fraction of an inch.The second
Current edition approved April 1, 2008. Published April 2008. Originally
parameter, angular deviation, is usually caused by a wedginess
approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as F801 – 96 (2002).
DOI: 10.1520/F0801-96R08.
or nonparallelism of the transparency surfaces. The effect of
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
angular deviation is related to the tangent of the angle of
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of
...

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5.1 Transparent parts, such as aircraft windshields, canopies, cabin windows, and visors, shall be measured for compliance with optical distortion specifications using this test method. This test method is suitable for assessing optical distortion of transparent parts as it relates to the visual perception of distortion. It is not suitable for assessing distortion as it relates to pure angular deviation of light as it passes through the part. Either Test Method F801 or Practice F733 is appropriate and shall be used for this latter application. This test method is not recommended for raw material.
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1.1 When an observer looks through an aerospace transparency, relative optical distortion results, specifically in thick, highly angled, multilayered plastic parts. Distortion occurs in all transparencies but is especially critical to aerospace applications such as combat and commercial aircraft windscreens, canopies, or cabin windows. This is especially true during operations such as takeoff, landing, and aerial refueling. It is critical to be able to quantify optical distortion for procurement activities.  
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Standard Test Method for Measuring Optical Angular Deviation of Transparent Parts

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 One of the measures of optical quality of a transparent part is its angular deviation. It is possible that excessive angular deviation, or variations in angular deviation throughout the part, will result in visible distortion of scenes viewed through the part. Angular deviation, its detection, and quantification are of extreme importance in the area of certain aircraft transparency applications, that is, aircraft equipped with Heads-up Displays (HUD). It is possible that HUDs will require stringent control over the optics of the portion of the transparency (windscreen or canopy) which lies between the HUD combining glass and the external environment. Military aircraft equipped with HUDs or similar devices require precise knowledge of the effects of the windscreen or canopy on image position in order to maintain weapons aiming accuracy.  
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5.1 Transparent parts, such as aircraft windshields and windows, can be inspected using this practice, and the amount of optical distortion or deviation can be measured. The measurement shall be checked for acceptability against the specification for the part. The photograph (digital file, print, or negative) shall be maintained as a permanent record of the optical quality of the part.
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4.2 The term “safety margin” is used in a broad sense, meaning the safety state (that is, integrity and functional capability) of components in excess of their normal operational requirements (1).3  
4.3 The determination of mechanical properties such as yield strength, tensile strength, and ductile-to-brittle transition temperature of structural components is, hence, desirable for optimization of operating procedures and inspection intervals, as well as repair strategies and residual lifetime assessment. Current standardized mechanical tests require relatively large volumes of test material that cannot be extracted from in-service equipment without post-sampling removal repair (2).  
4.4 The need to obtain estimates of the mechanical properties of components without post-sampling removal repair has led to the development of small punch (SP) test techniques based on penetration/bulge tests of miniaturized test specimens (often disk-shaped, or square) (3, 4, 5). It can be considered as a quasi-nondestructive technique because of the very limited amount of material to be sampled. It is an efficient and cost-effective technique and has the potential to provide estimates of the material properties of the specific component, identifying the present state of damage and focusing on the most critical (most stressed, most damaged) locations in the component. Examples of empirical correlations that have been established between small punch test results and mechanical properties for specific classes of materials are provided in Appendix X1.  
4.5 This test method can be also used for identifying the most suitable ma...
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1.1 This test method covers procedures for conducting the small punch deformation test for metallic materials. The results can be used to derive estimates of yield and tensile strength up to 450 °C, and estimates of the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature from the results of small punch bulge tests in the temperature range from -193 °C to 350 °C for iron based materials or 0.4 Tm for other metallic materials, where Tm is their melting temperature in K.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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