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ASTM D7371-14

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of Biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters) Content in Diesel Fuel Oil Using Mid Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR-PLS Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of Biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters) Content in Diesel Fuel Oil Using Mid Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR-PLS Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Biodiesel is a blendstock commodity primarily used as a value-added blending component with diesel fuel.  
5.2 This test method is applicable for quality control in the production and distribution of diesel fuel and biodiesel blends containing FAME.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the content of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) biodiesel in diesel fuel oils. It is applicable to concentrations from 1.00 to 20 volume % (see Note 1). This procedure is applicable only to FAME. Biodiesel in the form of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) will cause a negative bias.
Note 1: Using the proper ATR sample accessory, the range maybe expanded from 1 to 100 volume %, however precision data is not available above 20 volume %.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units of measurement are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2014
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.04.0F - Absorption Spectroscopic Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D7371-14 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters) Content in Diesel Fuel Oil Using Mid Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR-PLS Method)ASTM D7371-14 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters) Content in Diesel Fuel Oil Using Mid Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR-PLS Method)
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ASTM D7371-14 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters) Content in Diesel Fuel Oil Using Mid Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR-PLS Method)
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REDLINE ASTM D7371-14 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters) Content in Diesel Fuel Oil Using Mid Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR-PLS Method)REDLINE ASTM D7371-14 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters) Content in Diesel Fuel Oil Using Mid Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR-PLS Method)
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REDLINE ASTM D7371-14 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters) Content in Diesel Fuel Oil Using Mid Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR-PLS Method)
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D7371 − 14
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters)
Content in Diesel Fuel Oil Using Mid Infrared Spectroscopy
1
(FTIR-ATR-PLS Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7371; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
Petroleum Products
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the content
D4307 Practice for Preparation of Liquid Blends for Use as
of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) biodiesel in diesel fuel oils.
Analytical Standards
It is applicable to concentrations from 1.00 to 20 volume %
D4737 Test Method for Calculated Cetane Index by Four
(see Note 1). This procedure is applicable only to FAME.
Variable Equation
Biodiesel in the form of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) will
D5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samples
cause a negative bias.
of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
NOTE 1—Using the proper ATR sample accessory, the range maybe
D6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance
expandedfrom1to100volume %,howeverprecisiondataisnotavailable
and Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Analytical
above 20 volume %.
Measurement System Performance
1.2 The values stated in SI units of measurement are to be
D6751 Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100)
regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are
for Middle Distillate Fuels
for information only.
D7467 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oil, Biodiesel Blend
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
(B6 to B20)
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the E168 Practices for General Techniques of Infrared Quanti-
3
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
tative Analysis (Withdrawn 2015)
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- E1655 Practices for Infrared Multivariate Quantitative
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Analysis
E2056 Practice for Qualifying Spectrometers and Spectro-
2. Referenced Documents
photometers for Use in Multivariate Analyses, Calibrated
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: Using Surrogate Mixtures
D975 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
3. Terminology
D976 Test Method for Calculated Cetane Index of Distillate
3.1 Definitions:
Fuels
3.1.1 biodiesel, n—a fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API
long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal
Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
fats, designated B100. D6751
ucts by Hydrometer Method
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
3.1.2 biodiesel blend, BXX, n—a blend of biodiesel fuel
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
with petroleum-based diesel fuel. D7467
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
3.1.2.1 Discussion—In the abbreviation BXX, the XX rep-
Petroleum Products
resents the volume percentage of biodiesel fuel in the blend.
D6751
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on 3.1.3 diesel fuel, n—petroleum-based middle distillate fuel.
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
3.1.4 multivariate calibration, n—process for creating a
Subcommittee D02.04.0F on Absorption Spectroscopic Methods.
model that relates component concentrations or properties to
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014. Published October 2014. Originally
approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D7371 – 12. DOI:
the absorbances of a set of known reference samples at more
10.1520/D7371-14.
than one wavelength or frequency. E1655
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7371 − 14
stages of the purge. In cases where water vapor prevention or elimination
3.1.4.1 Discussion—The resultant multivariate calibration
is not possible using a purge, the operator should measure a reference
modelisappliedtotheanalysisofspectraofunknownsamples
background spectrum for correction of the ratioed spectrum for each
to provide an estimate of the co
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7371 − 12 D7371 − 14
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters)
Content in Diesel Fuel Oil Using Mid Infrared Spectroscopy
1
(FTIR-ATR-PLS Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7371; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the content of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) biodiesel in diesel fuel oils.
It is applicable to concentrations from 1.00 to 20 volume % (see Note 1). This procedure is applicable only to FAME. Biodiesel
in the form of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) will cause a negative bias.
NOTE 1—Using the proper ATR sample accessory, the range maybe expanded from 1 to 100 volume %, however precision data is not available above
20 volume %.
1.2 The values stated in SI units of measurement are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D975 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
D976 Test Method for Calculated Cetane Index of Distillate Fuels
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by
Hydrometer Method
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4307 Practice for Preparation of Liquid Blends for Use as Analytical Standards
D4737 Test Method for Calculated Cetane Index by Four Variable Equation
D5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samples of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance and Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Analytical Measure-
ment System Performance
D6751 Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100) for Middle Distillate Fuels
D7467 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oil, Biodiesel Blend (B6 to B20)
E168 Practices for General Techniques of Infrared Quantitative Analysis
E1655 Practices for Infrared Multivariate Quantitative Analysis
E2056 Practice for Qualifying Spectrometers and Spectrophotometers for Use in Multivariate Analyses, Calibrated Using
Surrogate Mixtures
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.04.0F on Absorption Spectroscopic Methods.
Current edition approved April 15, 2012Oct. 1, 2014. Published July 2012October 2014. Originally approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 20072012 as
D7371-07.D7371 – 12. DOI: 10.1520/D7371-12.10.1520/D7371-14.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7371 − 14
3.1.1 biodiesel, n—a fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats,
designated B100. D6751
3.1.2 biodiesel blend, BXX, n—a blend of biodiesel fuel with petroleum-based diesel fuel. D7467
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
In the abbreviation BXX, the XX represents the volume percentage of biodiesel fuel in the blend. D6751
3.1.3 diesel fuel, n—petroleum-based middle distillate fuel.
3.1.4 multivariate calibration, n—process for creating a model that relates component concentrations or properties to the
absorbances of a set of known reference samples at more than one wavelength or frequency. E1655
3.1.4.1 Discussion—
The resultant multivariate calibration model is applied to the analysis of spectra of un
...

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5.4 The BOCLE test method may not directly reflect operating conditions of engine hardware. For example, some fuels that contain a high content of certain sulfur compounds can give anomalous test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers assessment of the wear aspects of the boundary lubrication properties of aviation turbine fuels on rubbing steel surfaces.  
1.1.1 This test method incorporates two procedures, one using a semi-automated instrument and the second a fully automated instrument. Either of the two instruments may be used to carry out the test.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7398-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in the Boiling Range from 100 °C to 615 °C by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The boiling range distribution of FAMES provides an insight into the composition of product related to the transesterification process. This gas chromatographic determination of boiling range can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
5.2 Biodiesel (FAMES) exhibits a boiling point rather than a distillation curve. The fatty acid chains in the raw oils and fats from which biodiesel is produced are mainly comprised of straight chain hydrocarbons with 16 to 18 carbons that have similar boiling temperatures. The atmospheric boiling point of biodiesel generally ranges from 330 °C to 357 °C. The Specification D6751 value of 360 °C max at 90 % off by Test Method D1160 was incorporated as a precaution to ensure the fuel has not been adulterated with high boiling contaminants.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the boiling range distribution of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). This test method is applicable to FAMES (biodiesel, B100) having an initial boiling point greater than 100 °C and a final boiling point less than 615 °C at atmospheric pressure as measured by this test method.  
1.2 The test method can also be applicable to blends of diesel and biodiesel (B1 through B100), however precision for these samples types has not been evaluated.  
1.3 The test method is not applicable for analysis of petroleum containing low molecular weight components (for example naphthas, reformates, gasolines, crude oils).  
1.4 Boiling range distributions obtained by this test method are not equivalent to results from low efficiency distillation such as those obtained with Test Method D86 or D1160, especially the initial and final boiling points.  
1.5 This test method uses the principles of simulated distillation methodology. See Test Methods D2887, D6352, and D7213.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7484-23a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils for Valve-Train Wear Performance in Cummins ISB Medium-Duty Diesel Engine

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method was developed to assess the performance of a heavy-duty engine oil in controlling engine wear under operating conditions selected to accelerate soot production and valve-train wear in a turbocharged and aftercooled four-cycle diesel engine with sliding tappet followers equipped with exhaust gas recirculation hardware.  
5.2 The design of the engine used in this test method is representative of many, but not all, modern diesel engines. This factor, along with the accelerated operating conditions, shall be considered when extrapolating test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the Cummins ISB Test, covers the utilization of a modern, 5.9 L, diesel engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation and is used to evaluate oil performance with regard to valve-train wear.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—SI units are provided for all parameters except where there is no direct equivalent such as the units for screw threads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source of supply equipment specification.  
1.2.2 See also A7.1 for clarification; it does not supersede 1.2 and 1.2.1.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A1 for general safety precautions.  
1.4 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents  
7  
Preparation of Apparatus  
8  
Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-Reference Oil Tests  
9  
Test Procedure  
10  
Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity  
11  
Report  
12  
Precision and Bias  
13  
Annexes  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A1  
Intake Air Aftercooler  
Annex A2  
The Cummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit  
Annex A3  
Sensor Locations and Special Hardware  
Annex A4  
External Oil System  
Annex A5  
Cummins Service Publications  
Annex A6  
Specified Units and Formats  
Annex A7  
Oil Analyses  
Annex A8  
Alternate Fuel Approval Process  
Annex A9  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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