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ASTM D5277-92(2008)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Performing Programmed Horizontal Impacts Using an Inclined Impact Tester

Standard Test Method for Performing Programmed Horizontal Impacts Using an Inclined Impact Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is for use in evaluating the capability of a container or shipping system to withstand sudden shocks and crushing forces, such as those generated from rail switching impacts or pallet marshalling, or to evaluate the capability of a container and its inner packing, or shipping system, to protect its contents during the sudden shocks and crushing forces resulting from rail switching or pallet marshalling impacts. This test method may also be used to compare the performance of different container designs or shipping systems. The test may also permit observation of the progressive failure of a container or shipping system and damage to the contents. See Practice D 4169 for additional guidance.
This test method is not suitable for reproducing impact resulting from the switching of rail cars using long-travel draft gear or cushioned underframes. Refer to Method D 4003 (revised) as a more suitable method for testing under these circumstances, or when more precise control of shock inputs is required.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedures for reproducing and comparing shock damage, such as that which may result from rail switching or pallet marshalling impacts, using an incline impact tester. It is suitable for simulating the types of shock pulses experienced by lading in rail switching of rail cars with standard draft gear, but not for those with long travel draft gear or cushioned underframes. The test method can also be used for pallet marshalling tests.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard..
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards statements, see Section 6.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Mar-2008
ICS
19.060 - Mechanical testing
Technical Committee
D10 - Packaging
Drafting Committee
D10.21 - Shipping Containers and Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D5277-92(2002) - Standard Test Method for Performing Programmed Horizontal Impacts Using an Inclined Impact Tester
Effective Date
01-Apr-2008
Referred By
ASTM D4003-98(2019)e1 - Standard Test Methods for Programmable Horizontal Impact Test for Shipping Containers and Systems
Effective Date
01-Apr-2008
Referred By
ASTM D6537-00(2021) - Standard Practice for Instrumented Package Shock Testing For Determination of Package Performance
Effective Date
01-Apr-2008
Referred By
ASTM D4169-22 - Standard Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Containers and Systems
Effective Date
01-Apr-2008
Referred By
ASTM D880-92(2021) - Standard Test Method for Impact Testing for Shipping Containers and Systems
Effective Date
01-Apr-2008
Referred By
ASTM D6179-20 - Standard Test Methods for Rough Handling of Unitized Loads and Large Shipping Cases and Crates
Effective Date
01-Apr-2008
Referred By
ASTM D4279-95(2022) - Standard Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of Shipping Containers—Constant and Cycle Methods
Effective Date
01-Apr-2008

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ASTM D5277-92(2008) - Standard Test Method for Performing Programmed Horizontal Impacts Using an Inclined Impact TesterASTM D5277-92(2008) - Standard Test Method for Performing Programmed Horizontal Impacts Using an Inclined Impact Tester
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ASTM D5277-92(2008) - Standard Test Method for Performing Programmed Horizontal Impacts Using an Inclined Impact Tester
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Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D5277 − 92 (Reapproved2008)
Standard Test Method for
Performing Programmed Horizontal Impacts Using an
Inclined Impact Tester
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5277; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D4332Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or
Packaging Components for Testing
1.1 This test method covers the procedures for reproducing
E122PracticeforCalculatingSampleSizetoEstimate,With
and comparing shock damage, such as that which may result
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
from rail switching or pallet marshalling impacts, using an
Lot or Process
incline impact tester. It is suitable for simulating the types of
shockpulsesexperiencedbyladinginrailswitchingofrailcars
3. Terminology
withstandarddraftgear,butnotforthosewithlongtraveldraft
gear or cushioned underframes. The test method can also be 3.1 Definitions—General terms and definitions used in this
test method may be found in Terminology D996.
used for pallet marshalling tests.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 programming material—a resilient elastomer with
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only characteristics suitable to control the shock pulse generated, or
any other suitable means of control.
and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.2.2 velocity change—thesumofthevelocityatimpactand
the rebound velocity.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4. Significance and Use
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.Forspecifichazards
4.1 Thistestmethodisforuseinevaluatingthecapabilityof
statements, see Section 6.
acontainerorshippingsystemtowithstandsuddenshocksand
crushing forces, such as those generated from rail switching
2. Referenced Documents
impacts or pallet marshalling, or to evaluate the capability of a
2.1 ASTM Standards:
container and its inner packing, or shipping system, to protect
D664Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products
its contents during the sudden shocks and crushing forces
by Potentiometric Titration
resulting from rail switching or pallet marshalling impacts.
D880Test Method for ImpactTesting for Shipping Contain-
Thistestmethodmayalsobeusedtocomparetheperformance
ers and Systems
of different container designs or shipping systems. The test
D996Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-
may also permit observation of the progressive failure of a
ments
container or shipping system and damage to the contents. See
D4003Test Methods for Programmable Horizontal Impact
Practice D4169 for additional guidance.
Test for Shipping Containers and Systems
4.2 This test method is not suitable for reproducing impact
D4169Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-
resulting from the switching of rail cars using long-travel draft
tainers and Systems
gear or cushioned underframes. Refer to Method D4003
(revised) as a more suitable method for testing under these
circumstances,orwhenmoreprecisecontrolofshockinputsis
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on
Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on Shipping required.
Containers and Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods.
Current edition approved April 1, 2008. Published May 2008. Originally
5. Apparatus
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D5277–92 (2002).
DOI: 10.1520/D5277-92R08.
5.1 Inclined Impact Test Equipment, conforming to the
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
following requirements:
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
5.1.1 The incline track, backstop, and carriage shall con-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. form to the requirements of Method D880, except that the
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5277 − 92 (2008)
backstop need not have a solid steel plate surface or a solid conditions of air temperature or humidity. It is recommended
integral mass at least 50 times the mass of the test specimen. that special atmospheres for conditioning be selected from
those given in Practice D4332. Unless otherwise specified,
5.1.1.1 No removable hazard shall be fitted.
fiberboard or paperboard containers shall be conditioned in
5.1.1.2 In lieu of steel wheels, wheels of polyoxymethylene
accordancewiththepreconditioningandstandardconditioning
(Delrin) plastic may be used in order to reduce noise and
atmospheres specified in Practice D4332 (see also Practice
improve shock pulse recording.
D4169 for additional guidance).
5.1.2 Aprogrammingmaterialordeviceisrequiredtoshape
5.1.7.2 Where the moisture content of fiberboard containers
and control the shock pulse seen by the test specimen(s). This
is determined, it should be determined in accordance with
materialordevicemaybefastenedtoeitherthebackstoporthe
Method D664.
impactingfaceofthebulkhead.Anymaterialordevicemaybe
used, provided that is yields a repeatable, controllable test.
6. Hazards
Package cushionings of suitable elasticity have been found to
6.1 This test method may produce severe mechanical re-
be satisfactory.
sponses in the test specimen and apparatus. Operating person-
5.1.3 The carriage shall be fitted with a bulkhead at a
nel must therefore remain alert to potential hazards and take
90-degree 6 30 min (90 6 ⁄2-degree) angle to the top surface
necessary safety precautions. The test area should be cleared
of the carriage. The bulkhead shall be fitted so that, upon
prior to each impact. The testing of hazardous materials or
release, either the bulkhead impacts first on the programming
products may require special precautions that must be ob-
material, or the carriage and bulkhead impact on the program-
served. Safety equipment may be required, and its use must be
mingmaterialatthesametime.Thebulkheadshallbeattached
understood before starting the test.
securely to the carriage and shall be sufficiently rigid to
withstand impact shocks without significant distortion.
7. Sampling
5.1.4 When specified, a backload suitable to reproduce the
crushing forces from other products impacting the test unit 7.1 The test specimens and number of samples shall be
shall be provided. This will necessitate sufficient carriage and chosen to permit an adequate determination of representative
bulkhead strength, as well as rigidity in the backstop, to performance. Practice E122 is recommended.
withstand the additional forces generated without significant
7.2 In the absence of any sampling plan, at least three
distortion. The face of this backload that contacts the test
representative specimens should be selected for performance
specimen shall replicate a backload of the same product in
evaluation.
dimension, area of contact, and resilience.
5.1.5 To prevent secondary impacts, the test apparatus shall
8. Test Specimens
be fitted with a means of arresting the motion of the carriage
8.1 When the protective capability of a container or ship-
after the primary impact.
ping system is to be evaluated, it is preferable to pack the
5.1.6 Instrumentation shall be provided to determine the
container with the actual contents for which it was designed
velocity at impact and the rebound velocity to an accuracy of
(Note 1). When the integrity of a container or shipping system
6 5%.Additional instrumentation shall be provided to record
is to be evaluated, pack the container or shipping system with
the shock pulse shape, magnitude, and duration. The shock
either the actual contents or a load simulating the contents.
recording instrumentation shall have a frequency response at
Regardless of which procedure is used, close the container or
least 20 times the frequency being recorded, a cross-axis
shipping system in the same manner that will be used in
sensitivitymaximumof5%offullscale,andanaccuracyof 6
preparing it for shipment.
2% of the actual values as measured.
NOTE 1—Where the use of actual contents is not feasible because of
5.1.6.1 Instrumentation sensors shall be placed on the out-
excessive cost or danger, a dummy load simulating the contents with
side of the carriage bulkhead within 6 in. (150 mm), measured
respect to dimensions, center of gravity, moment of inertia, density, flow
perpendicularly to the programming material.
characteristics, etc. may be used.
5.1.6.2 Optional instrumentation may include optical or
9. Procedure
mechanical timing devices for measuring the carriage impact
and rebound velocities for determining the total velocity
9.1 Prior to initiating the test, write a test plan that includes
change. If used, this system shall have a response for each
the following information.
velocity measurement accurate to within 6 2.5% of the actual
9.1.1 State the number of impacts the test unit will receive
value.
(Note 2).
5.1.7 Conditioning Apparatus—Adequate facilities shall be
NOTE 2—The number of impacts to
...

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SCOPE
1.1 These practices are a compilation of acceptable procedures for cycle-counting methods employed in fatigue analysis. This standard does not intend to recommend a particular method.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C29/C29M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Bulk Density (“Unit Weight”) and Voids in Aggregate

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is often used to determine bulk density values that are necessary for use for many methods of selecting proportions for concrete mixtures.  
4.2 The bulk density also may be used for determining mass/volume relationships for conversions in purchase agreements. However, the relationship between degree of compaction of aggregates in a hauling unit or stockpile and that achieved in this test method is unknown. Further, aggregates in hauling units and stockpiles usually contain absorbed and surface moisture (the latter affecting bulking), while this test method determines the bulk density on a dry basis.  
4.3 A procedure is included for computing the percentage of voids between the aggregate particles based on the bulk density determined by this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulk density (“unit weight”) of aggregate in a compacted or loose condition, and calculated voids between particles in fine, coarse, or mixed aggregates based on the same determination. This test method is applicable to aggregates not exceeding 125 mm [5 in.] in nominal maximum size.  
Note 1: Unit weight is the traditional terminology used to describe the property determined by this test method, which is weight per unit volume (more correctly, mass per unit volume or density).  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard, as appropriate for a specification with which this test method is used. An exception is with regard to sieve sizes and nominal size of aggregate, in which the SI values are the standard as stated in Specification E11. Within the text, inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off