ASTM B611-13(2018)

Standard Test Method for Determining the High Stress Abrasion Resistance of Hard Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The extraction of minerals from the Earth’s mantle usually requires fracturing rock with tools made from metals, but clad, overlaid, or covered in some fashion with hard materials. Drilling, crushing, and moving rock involves high-stress abrasion on the surfaces that make contact with the rock. The stresses are high enough to crush/fracture the rock. This test method simulates this condition, and it is used to screen new materials for these types of applications. It can also be used as a quality control tool for materials destined for high-stress abrasion applications: slurry pumps, comminution equipment, recycling choppers, demolition equipment, etc.  
5.2 Most abrasion tests use low-stress abrasion. The abrasive stays relatively intact during testing. High-stress abrasion simulates applications where the force between an abrasive substance and a tool/component will be high enough to crush the abrasive. If this describes an application under study, then this may be an appropriate test method to use.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method was developed for ranking the high-stress abrasion resistance of cemented carbides, but it has been successfully used on ceramics, cermets, and metal matrix hardfacings with a hardness over 55 HRC. The feature of this test method that discriminates it from other abrasion tests is that the abrasive is forced against the test specimen with a steel wheel with sufficient force to cause fracture of the abrasive particles. Some abrasion tests use rubber wheels to force abrasive against test surfaces (Test Methods G65, G105, G75). A rubber wheel produces low-stress abrasion while a steel wheel produces high-stress abrasion.  
1.2 In summary, this is a high-stress laboratory abrasion test for hard materials using a water slurry of aluminum oxide particles as the abrasive medium and a rotating steel wheel to force the abrasive across a flat test specimen in line contact with the rotating wheel immersed in the slurry.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Nov-2018
• ICS: 77.160 - Powder metallurgy
• Technical Committee: G02 - Wear and Erosion
• Drafting Committee: G02.30 - Abrasive Wear

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: B611 − 13 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Test Method for
Determining the High Stress Abrasion Resistance of Hard
Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B611; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This test method was developed for ranking the high- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
stress abrasion resistance of cemented carbides, but it has been B311 Test Method for Density of Powder Metallurgy (PM)
successfully used on ceramics, cermets, and metal matrix Materials Containing Less Than Two Percent Porosity
hardfacings with a hardness over 55 HRC. The feature of this G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
test method that discriminates it from other abrasion tests is G65 Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry
that the abrasive is forced against the test specimen with a steel Sand/Rubber Wheel Apparatus
wheel with sufficient force to cause fracture of the abrasive G75 Test Method for Determination of Slurry Abrasivity
particles. Some abrasion tests use rubber wheels to force (Miller Number) and Slurry Abrasion Response of Mate-
abrasive against test surfaces (Test Methods G65, G105, G75). rials (SAR Number)
A rubber wheel produces low-stress abrasion while a steel G105 Test Method for Conducting Wet Sand/Rubber Wheel
wheel produces high-stress abrasion. Abrasion Tests
1.2 In summary, this is a high-stress laboratory abrasion test
3. Terminology
for hard materials using a water slurry of aluminum oxide
3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms found in this test
particles as the abrasive medium and a rotating steel wheel to
method, please refer to Terminology G40.
force the abrasive across a flat test specimen in line contact
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
with the rotating wheel immersed in the slurry.
3.2.1 abrasive wear, n—wear due to hard particles or hard
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
protuberances forced against and moving along a solid surface.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3.2.2 high-stress abrasion, n—progressive material removal
standard.
from a hard solid surface by the action of hard particles rolling
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
or sliding on that surface with sufficient force to cause fracture
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
of the particles.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.3 slurry, n—a suspension of solid material in liquid.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 4. Summary of Test Method
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
4.1 The test specimen is a flat that is held in a vertical
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
position tangent to a rotating steel wheel immersed in water
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
slurry of aluminum oxide particles.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
4.2 The normal force holding the test specimen against the
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
wheelishighenoughtocausefractureofabrasiveparticlesthat
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
travel through the wheel/test specimen contact. The test metric
is the volume of material worn from the test specimen in
specified test duration and under specified test conditions.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear
and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.30 on Abrasive
Wear. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2018. Published December 2018. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as B611 – 13. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/B0611-13R18. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
B611 − 13 (2018)
4.3 The test specimen is weighed to determine mass loss rig. The test specimen (a) contacts a steel wheel (b) on its
whichisconvertedtoavolumelossusingthedensityofthetest centerline; the water/grit slurry (c) is held in a slurry vessel;
material. vanes, made from aluminum or steel (d) are on both sides of
the steel wheel agitate the slurry.The load (force) is applied by
4.4 The slurry used in the test is composed of a specified
a mass (e) that is constant throughout the test; the slurry can be
mass of 30-mesh aluminum oxide in a specified volume of
replenished if needed (Note: slurry may splash out of uncov-
water.
ered machines) during the test, and the test duration and wheel
4.5 There may be a corrosion component to the material
rotational speed are fixed for the test.
removal, but it is considered to be negligible since the test time
6.2 Abrading Wheel—The wheel is made from AISI 1020
is only ten or twenty minutes (600 or 1200 seconds).
steel (80 to 95 HRB); the outside diameter is 169 6 0.1 mm
5. Significance and Use when new and the wheel shall be discarded when its diameter
wearsbelow165mm.Aburrdevelopsduringuse.Itshouldnot
5.1 The extraction of minerals from the Earth’s mantle
be removed. The wheel is not dressed between uses. Four
usually requires fracturing rock with tools made from metals,
agitating vanes are attached at 90° increments on both sides of
but clad, overlaid, or covered in some fashion with hard
the wheel.The vanes must have a minimum radial clearance of
materials. Drilling, crushing, and moving rock involves high-
3 mm with the test sample when the wheel penetrates the test
stress abrasion on the surfaces that make contact with the rock.
specimen to produce a wear scar (the vanes must not contact
The stresses are high enough to crush/fracture the rock. This
the specimen during testing). The wheel width is 12.7 6 0.1
test method simulates this condition, and it is used to screen
mm.
new materials for these types of applications. It can also be
used as a quality control tool for materials destined for 6.3 Test Specimen—The test specimen dimensions are
high-stress abrasion applications: slurry pumps, comminution shown in Fig. 2 (from Test Method G65). It should have a
equipment, recycling choppers, demolition equipment, etc. surface roughness in the range of 0.1 to 1 µm Ra on the test
surfaces.
5.2 Most abrasion tests use low-stress abrasion. The abra-
sive stays relatively intact during testing. High-stress abrasion 6.4 Drive Motor—A 1 hp motor with a gear reduction unit
has been found suitable for use, but other motors (hydraulic or
simulates applications where the force between an abrasive
substance and a tool/component will be high enough to crush DC motors, etc.) could be used if they have the torque
the abrasive. If this describes an application under study, then requirements to rotate the wheel with a 200 N “braking” force
this may be an appropriate test method to use. applied to the outside diameter. The wheel can be directly
mounted to the drive or it can be mounted on a spindle which
6. Apparatus
is driven by a motor. Whatever the mechanism, the radial
6.1 General Description—Fig. 1 is a schematic of the test runout of the wheel shall be less than 60.01 mm and
NOTE 1—“a” is the test specimen; “b” is the steel wheel; “c” is the test slurry; “d” are agitating vanes. They can have a slight curve as shown or flat.
They can be from 3 to 13 mm high, but must have a minimum clearance of 3 mm on a side between the vanes and the vessel. They can be staggered
so that the vanes on one side make an angle of 45° with the vanes on the other side. The mass producing the normal force is “e.”
FIG. 1 Schematic of Test Rig
B611 − 13 (2018)
NOTE 1—Test specimen surface “a” must be flat within 0.01 mm and parallel with surface “b” within 0.01 mm. The surface roughness of the test
surface/surfaces shall be less than 1 µm Ra. All dimensions are in millimetres.
FIG. 2 Test Specimen Dimensions
widthwise runout s
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: B611 − 13 B611 − 13 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Test Method for
Determining the High Stress Abrasion Resistance of Hard
Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B611; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method was developed for ranking the high-stress abrasion resistance of cemented carbides, but it has been
successfully used on ceramics, cermets, and metal matrix hardfacings with a hardness over 55 HRC. The feature of this test method
that discriminates it from other abrasion tests is that the abrasive is forced against the test specimen with a steel wheel with
sufficient force to cause fracture of the abrasive particles. Some abrasion tests use rubber wheels to force abrasive against test
surfaces (Test Methods G65, G105, G75). A rubber wheel produces low-stress abrasion while a steel wheel produces high-stress
abrasion.
1.2 In summary, this is a high-stress laboratory abrasion test for hard materials using a water slurry of aluminum oxide particles
as the abrasive medium and a rotating steel wheel to force the abrasive across a flat test specimen in line contact with the rotating
wheel immersed in the slurry.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
B311 Test Method for Density of Powder Metallurgy (PM) Materials Containing Less Than Two Percent Porosity
G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
G65 Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Apparatus
G75 Test Method for Determination of Slurry Abrasivity (Miller Number) and Slurry Abrasion Response of Materials (SAR
Number)
G105 Test Method for Conducting Wet Sand/Rubber Wheel Abrasion Tests
G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms found in this test method, please refer to Terminology G40.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 abrasive wear, n—wear due to hard particles or hard protuberances forced against and moving along a solid surface.
3.2.2 high-stress abrasion, n—progressive material removal from a hard solid surface by the action of hard particles rolling or
sliding on that surface with sufficient force to cause fracture of the particles.
3.2.3 slurry, n—a suspension of solid material in liquid.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.30 on Abrasive Wear.
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2013Dec. 1, 2018. Published December 2013December 2018. Originally approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 20052013
as B611B611 – 13.–85 (2005). DOI: 10.1520/B0611-13.10.1520/B0611-13R18.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
B611 − 13 (2018)
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The test specimen is a flat that is held in a vertical position tangent to a rotating steel wheel immersed in water slurry of
aluminum oxide particles.
4.2 The normal force holding the test specimen against the wheel is high enough to cause fracture of abrasive particles that
travel through the wheel/test specimen contact. The test metric is the volume of material worn from the test specimen in specified
test duration and under specified test conditions.
4.3 The test specimen is weighed to determine mass loss which is converted to a volume loss using the density of the test
material.
4.4 The slurry used in the test is composed of a specified mass of 30-mesh aluminum oxide in a specified volume of water.
4.5 There may be a corrosion component to the material removal, but it is considered to be negligible since the test time is only
ten or twenty minutes (600 or 1200 seconds).
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The extraction of minerals from the Earth’s mantle usually requires fracturing rock with tools made from metals, but clad,
overlaid, or covered in some fashion with hard materials. Drilling, crushing, and moving rock involves high-stress abrasion on the
surfaces that make contact with the rock. The stresses are high enough to crush/fracture the rock. This test method simulates this
condition, and it is used to screen new materials for these types of applications. It can also be used as a quality control tool for
materials destined for high-stress abrasion applications: slurry pumps, comminution equipment, recycling choppers, demolition
equipment, etc.
5.2 Most abrasion tests use low-stress abrasion. The abrasive stays relatively intact during testing. High-stress abrasion
simulates applications where the force between an abrasive substance and a tool/component will be high enough to crush the
abrasive. If this describes an application under study, then this may be an appropriate test method to use.
6. Apparatus
6.1 General Description—Fig. 1 is a schematic of the test rig. The test specimen (a) contacts a steel wheel (b) on its centerline;
the water/grit slurry (c) is held in a slurry vessel; vanes, made from aluminum or steel (d) are on both sides of the steel wheel agitate
the slurry. The load (force) is applied by a mass (e) that is constant throughout the test; the slurry can be replenished if needed
(Note: slurry may splash out of uncovered machines) during the test, and the test duration and wheel rotational speed are fixed for
the test.
NOTE 1—“a” is the test specimen; “b” is the steel wheel; “c” is the test slurry; “d” are agitating vanes. They can have a slight curve as shown or flat.
They can be from 3 to 13 mm high, but must have a minimum clearance of 3 mm on a side between the vanes and the vessel. They can be staggered
so that the vanes on one side make an angle of 45° with the vanes on the other side. The mass producing the normal force is “e.”
FIG. 1 Schematic of Test Rig
B611 − 13 (2018)
6.2 Abrading Wheel—The wheel is made from AISI 1020 steel (80 to 95 HRB); the outside diameter is 169 6 0.1 mm when
new and the wheel shall be discarded when its diameter wears below 165 mm. A burr develops during use. It should not be
removed. The wheel is not dressed between uses. Four agitating vanes are attached at 90° increments on both sides of the wheel.
The vanes must have a minimum radial clearance of 3 mm with the test sample when the wheel penetrates the test specimen to
produce a wear scar (the vanes must not contact the specimen during testing). The wheel width is 12.7 6 0.1 mm.
6.3 Test Specimen—The test specimen dimensions are shown in Fig. 2 (from Test Method G65). It should have a surface
roughness in the range of 0.1 to 1 μm Ra on the test surfaces.
6.4 Drive Motor—A 1 hp motor with a gear reduction unit has been found suitable for use, but other motors (hydraulic or DC
motors, etc.) could be used if they have the torque requirements to rotate the wheel with a 200 N “braking” force applied to the
outside diameter. The wheel can be directly mounted to the drive or it can be mounted on a spindle which is driven by a motor.
Whatever the mechanism, the radial runout of the wheel shall be less than 60.01 mm and widthwise runout shall be less than
60.05 mm. The motor speed shall be control
...