ASTM E2929-18(2022)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Guided Wave Testing of Above Ground Steel Piping with Magnetostrictive Transduction
Standard Practice for Guided Wave Testing of Above Ground Steel Piping with Magnetostrictive Transduction
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of this practice is to outline a procedure for using GWT to locate areas in metal pipes in which wall loss has occurred due to corrosion or erosion.
5.2 GWT does not provide a direct measurement of wall thickness, but is sensitive to a combination of the CSC (or reflection coefficient) and circumferential extent and axial extent of any metal loss. Based on this information, a classification of the severity can be assigned.
5.3 The GWT method provides a screening tool to quickly identify any discontinuity along the pipe. Where a possible defect is found, a follow-up inspection of suspected areas with ultrasonic testing or other NDT methods is normally required to obtain detailed thickness information, nature, and extent of damage.
5.4 GWT also provides some information on the axial length of a discontinuity, provided that the axial length is longer than roughly a quarter of the wavelength.
5.5 The identification and severity assessment of any possible defects is qualitative only. An interpretation process to differentiate between relevant and non-relevant signals is necessary.
5.6 This practice only covers the application specified in the scope. The GWT method has the capability and can be used for applications where the pipe is insulated, buried, in road crossings, and where access is limited.
5.7 GWT shall be performed by qualified and certified personnel, as specified in the contract or purchase order. Qualifications shall include training specific to the use of the equipment employed, interpretation of the test results, and guided wave technology.
5.8 A documented program which includes training, examination, and experience for the GWT personnel certification shall be maintained by the supplying party.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides a guide for the use of waves generated using magnetostrictive transduction for guided wave testing (GWT) welded tubulars. Magnetostrictive materials transduce or convert time varying magnetic fields into mechanical energy. As a magnetostrictive material is magnetized, it strains. Conversely, if an external force produces a strain in a magnetostrictive material, the material’s magnetic state will change. This bi-directional coupling between the magnetic and mechanical states of a magnetostrictive material provides a transduction capability that can be used for both actuation and sensing devices.
1.2 GWT utilizes ultrasonic guided waves in the 10 to approximately 250 kHz range, sent in the axial direction of the pipe, to non-destructively test pipes for discontinuities or other features by detecting changes in the cross-section or stiffness of the pipe, or both.
1.3 GWT is a screening tool. The method does not provide a direct measurement of wall thickness or the exact dimensions of discontinuities. However, an estimate of the severity of the discontinuity can be obtained.
1.4 This practice is intended for use with tubular carbon steel products having nominal pipe size (NPS) 2 to 48 corresponding to 60.3 to 1219.2 mm (2.375 to 48 in.) outer diameter, and wall thickness between 3.81 and 25.4 mm (0.15 and 1 in.).
1.5 This practice only applies to GWT of basic pipe configuration. This includes pipes that are straight, constructed of a single pipe size and schedules, fully accessible at the test location, jointed by girth welds, supported by simple contact supports and free of internal, or external coatings, or both; the pipe may be insulated or painted.
1.6 This practice provides a general practice for performing the examination. The interpretation of the guided wave data obtained is complex and training is required to properly perform data interpretation.
1.7 This practice does not establish an acceptance criterion. Specific acceptance criteria shall be specified in the contractual agreement by the cognizant engineer.
1.8 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given...
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2929 − 18 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Practice for
Guided Wave Testing of Above Ground Steel Piping with
Magnetostrictive Transduction
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2929; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope obtained is complex and training is required to properly
perform data interpretation.
1.1 This practice provides a guide for the use of waves
generated using magnetostrictive transduction for guided wave 1.7 This practice does not establish an acceptance criterion.
testing (GWT) welded tubulars. Magnetostrictive materials Specific acceptance criteria shall be specified in the contractual
transduce or convert time varying magnetic fields into me- agreement by the cognizant engineer.
chanical energy.As a magnetostrictive material is magnetized,
1.8 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
it strains. Conversely, if an external force produces a strain in
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
a magnetostrictive material, the material’s magnetic state will
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
change. This bi-directional coupling between the magnetic and
and are not considered standard.
mechanical states of a magnetostrictive material provides a
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the
transduction capability that can be used for both actuation and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
sensing devices.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.2 GWT utilizes ultrasonic guided waves in the 10 to
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
approximately 250 kHz range, sent in the axial direction of the
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
pipe, to non-destructively test pipes for discontinuities or other
1.10 This international standard was developed in accor-
featuresbydetectingchangesinthecross-sectionorstiffnessof
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
the pipe, or both.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.3 GWT is a screening tool. The method does not provide
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
adirectmeasurementofwallthicknessortheexactdimensions
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
of discontinuities. However, an estimate of the severity of the
discontinuity can be obtained.
2. Referenced Documents
1.4 This practice is intended for use with tubular carbon
2.1 ASTM Standards:
steel products having nominal pipe size (NPS) 2 to 48
E543 Specification forAgencies Performing Nondestructive
corresponding to 60.3 to 1219.2 mm (2.375 to 48 in.) outer
Testing
diameter, and wall thickness between 3.81 and 25.4 mm (0.15
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
and 1 in.).
IEEE/SI-10 American National Standard for Metric Practice
1.5 This practice only applies to GWT of basic pipe
2.2 Other Standards:
configuration. This includes pipes that are straight, constructed
SNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualification and Certification in
of a single pipe size and schedules, fully accessible at the test
Non-Destructive Testing
location, jointed by girth welds, supported by simple contact
supports and free of internal, or external coatings, or both; the
3. Terminology
pipe may be insulated or painted.
3.1 Definitions of terms specific to this standard are pro-
1.6 This practice provides a general practice for performing
vided in this section. Some common terms such as defect may
the examination. The interpretation of the guided wave data
be referenced to Terminology E1316.
1 2
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde- For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.10 on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Specialized NDT Methods. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2022. Published December 2022. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 2013. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as E2929 – 18. DOI: AvailablefromAmericanSocietyforNondestructiveTesting(ASNT),P.O.Box
10.1520/E2929-18R22. 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2929 − 18 (2022)
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 3.2.17 time controlled gain (TCG)—gain applied to the
signal as a function of time or distance from the initial pulse
3.2.1 circumferential extent—thelengthofadiscontinuityin
used to compensate wave attenuation in the pipeline. The TCG
the circumferential direction, usually given as a percentage of
normalizes the amplitude over the entire time scale displayed.
the pipe circumference.
Forexample,usingTCG,a5 %reflectornearthe probehasthe
3.2.2 circumferential orientation—the circumferential posi-
sameamplitudeasa5 %reflectorattheendofthetimedisplay.
tion of a localized indication on the pipe, usually given as the
The TCG plot can be used in lieu of DAC curve plot.
clock position or degrees from the top circumferential position
3.2.18 torsional wave—wave propagation mode that pro-
of the pipe.
duces twisting motion in the pipe.
3.2.3 coherent noise—indications caused by real disconti-
3.2.19 transduction device—a device used to produce and
nuities causing a background noise, which exponentially de-
detect guided waves. It is commonly called “guided wave
cays with distance (see Terminology E1316).
probe.”
3.2.4 cross-sectional area change (CSC)—the change in the
3.2.20 wave mode—a particular form of propagating wave
circumferential cross-section of pipe from its nominal total
motion generated into a pipe, such as flexural, torsional or
cross-section, usually given in percentage.
longitudinal.
3.2.5 dead zone—this is an area that can be up to1m(3ft)
4. Summary of Practice
long on either side of the transducer ring that is not inspected
duringthetesting.Theareaofthedeadzoneisafunctionofthe
4.1 GWTevaluatestheconditionofmetalpipestoprimarily
excitationfrequencyandthenumberofcyclestransmitted.The
establish the severity classification of defects by applying GW
area is inversely related to frequency and directly related to the
over a typical test frequency range from 10 to approximately
number of cycles.
250 kHz which travels along the pipe. Reflections are gener-
ated by the change in cross-sectional area or local stiffness of
3.2.6 estimated cross-sectional loss (ECL)—this is some-
the pipe, or both.
times used instead of Cross-SectionalArea Change, where the
feature is related to a defect.
4.2 The transduction device attached around the pipe gen-
erates guided waves that travel in the pipe wall. The direction
3.2.7 flexural wave—wave propagation mode that produces
of wave propagation is controlled or can be in both directions
bending motion in the pipe.
simultaneously. These guided waves can evaluate long lengths
3.2.8 guided wave (GW)—stress waves travelling in a struc-
of pipe and are especially useful when access to the pipe is
ture bounded in the geometry and configuration of the struc-
limited.
ture.
4.3 This examination locates areas of thickness reduction(s)
3.2.9 guided wave testing (GWT)—non-destructive test
and provides a severity classification as to the extent of that
method that utilizes guided waves.
damage. The results are used to assess the condition of the
pipe, to determine where damaged areas are located along the
3.2.10 incoherent noise—random signals caused by electri-
length of the pipe, and their circumferential position on the
cal and ambient radio frequency signal pollution, giving rise to
pipe (when segmented transmitters or receivers, or both, are
a constant average noise floor.The terms “Ambient Noise” and
used). The information can be used to program and prioritize
“Random Noise” are also used.
additional inspection work and repairs.
3.2.11 pipe feature—pipe components including but not
4.4 Reflections produced by pipe features (such as circum-
limited to weld, support, flange, bend, and flaw (defect) cause
ferential welds, elbows, welded supports, vents, drainage,
reflections of a guided wave due to a change in geometry.
insulation lugs, and other welded attachments) and that are not
3.2.12 reflection amplitude—the amplitude of the reflection
associated with areas containing possible defects are consid-
signal typically reported as CSC or reflection coefficient.
ered as relevant signals and can be used for setting GWsystem
3.2.13 reflection coeffıcient—a parameter that represents the
defect detection sensitivity levels and time calibration.
amplitudeofreflectedsignalfromapipefeaturewithrespectto
4.5 Other sources of reflection may include changes in
the incident wave amplitude, usually expressed in percentage
surface impedance of the pipe (such as pipe supports and
and called “% reflection.” Used in lieu of CSC to characterize
clamps). These reflections are normally not relevant, but
the severity of indications.
should be analyzed and classified in an interpretation process.
3.2.14 shear wave couplant—couplant designed specifically
In the advanced applications which are not covered by this
toeffectivelycoupledirectlygeneratedshearwaves(wavesnot
practice, these changes may also include various types of
generated through refraction of longitudinal waves).
external/internal coatings, entrance of the pipe to ground, or
concrete wall.
3.2.15 signal to noise ratio (SNR)—ratiooftheamplitudeof
any signal of interest to the amplitude of the average back- 4.6 Inspectionofthepipesectionimmediatelyconnectingto
ground noise which includes both coherent and non-coherent
branch connections, bends or flanges are considered advance
types of noise. applications which are not covered by this practice.
3.2.16 test location—location where the transduction device 4.7 False indications are produced by phenomena such as
is placed on the pipe for inspection. reverberations, incomplete control of wave propagation
E2929 − 18 (2022)
direction,distortionatelbows,andothers.Thesesignalsshould 6.3 Thispracticeorstandardusedanditsapplicablerevision
be analyzed and classified as false echoes in the interpretation shall be identified in the contractual agreement between the
process. using parties.
6.4 Qualifications of Non-destructive Testing Agencies—
5. Significance and Use
Unless otherwise specified in the contractual agreement, NDT
5.1 The purpose of this practice is to outline a procedure for agencies shall be qualified and evaluated as described in
Specification E543, and the applicable edition of Specification
using GWT to locate areas in metal pipes in which wall loss
has occurred due to corrosion or erosion. E543 shall be specified in the contractual agreement.
6.5 Procedure and Techniques—The procedures and tech-
5.2 GWT does not provide a direct measurement of wall
thickness, but is sensitive to a combination of the CSC (or niques to be utilized shall be specified in the contractual
agreement.Itshouldincludethescopeoftheinspection,thatis,
reflection coeffıcient) and circumferential extent and axial
extent of any metal loss. Based on this information, a classi- the overall NDT examination intended to identify and estimate
the size of any indications detected by the examination, or
fication of the severity can be assigned.
simply locate and provide a relative severity classification.
5.3 The GWT method provides a screening tool to quickly
6.6 Surface Preparation—The pre-examination site prepa-
identify any discontinuity along the pipe. Where a possible
ration criteria shall be in accordance with 8.3 unless otherwise
defect is found, a follow-up inspection of suspected areas with
specified.
ultrasonic testing or other NDT methods is normally required
to obtain detailed thickness information, nature, and extent of
6.7 Required Interval of Examination—The required inter-
damage.
val or the system time in service of the examination shall be
specified in the contractual agreement.
5.4 GWT also provides some information on the axial
length of a discontinuity, provided that the axial length is
6.8 Extent of the Examination—The extent of the examina-
longer than roughly a quarter of the wavelength.
tion shall be in accordance with 6.5 above unless otherwise
specified. The extent should include but is not limited to:
5.5 The identification and severity assessment of any pos-
6.8.1 The sizes and length(s) of pipes to be inspected.
sible defects is qualitative only. An interpretation process to
6.8.2 Limitations of the method in the areas of application.
differentiate between relevant and non-relevant signals is
6.8.3 Drawings of pipe circuits, pipe nomenclature and
necessary.
identification of examination locations.
5.6 This practice only covers the application specified in the
6.8.4 Pipe access method(s).
scope.TheGWTmethodhasthecapabilityandcanbeusedfor
6.8.5 Safety requirements.
applications where the pipe is insulated, buried, in road
6.9 Reporting Criteria—The test results of the examination
crossings, and where access is limited.
shall be documented in accordance with the contractual agree-
5.7 GWT shall be performed by qualified and certified
ment. This may include requirements for permanent records of
personnel, as specified in the contract or purchase order.
the collected data and test reports. The report documentation
Qualifications shall include training specific to the use of the
should include:
equipment employed, interpretation of the test results, and
6.9.1 Equipment inspector and test results reviewed by (if
guided wave technology.
applicable).
5.8 A documented program which includes training,
6.9.2 Date and time of the examination performed.
examination, and experience for the GWT personnel certifica-
6.9.3 Equipment used.
tion shall be maintained by the supplying party.
6.9.4 Test procedure/specification used.
6.9.5 Acceptance criteria.
6. Basis of Application 6.9.6 Inspection location.
6.9.7 Identification of areas inspected.
6.1 The following items are subject to contractual agree-
6.9.8 Identification of the inspection range.
ment between the parties using or referencing this pract
...
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