ASTM D7974-21

Standard Test Method for Determination of Farnesane, Saturated Hydrocarbons, and Hexahydrofarnesol Content of Synthesized Iso-Paraffins (SIP) Fuel for Blending with Jet Fuel by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Synthesized iso-paraffins (SIP) fuel are being approved for blending with jet fuel provided that they meet a purity specification of more than 97 % farnesane, more than 98 % saturated hydrocarbons, and less than 1.5 % hexahydrofarnesol in accordance with Specification D7566. This test method provides a method of determining the percentage of farnesane (purity) in the synthesized iso-paraffins (SIP) fuel for blending with jet fuel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of farnesane (2,6,10-trimethyldodecane), saturated hydrocarbons, and hexahydrofarnesol content in synthesized iso-paraffins (SIP) fuel for blending with jet fuel by gas chromatography.  
1.2 Farnesane is determined from 96 % to 99.9 % by mass. Sum of saturated hydrocarbons including farnesane is determined from 97 % to 99.9 % by mass, and hexahydrofarnesol is determined from 0.02 % to 2.0 % by mass.  
1.3 This test method does identify and quantify main impurities or group type of impurities but does not purport to identify all individual components that can be present in synthesized iso-paraffins (SIP) fuel for jet fuel blending.  
1.4 This test method is inappropriate for impurities that boil at temperatures higher than 460 °C or for impurities that cause poor or no response in a flame ionization detector.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Dec-2020
• ICS: 75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
• Technical Committee: D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
• Drafting Committee: D02.04.0L - Gas Chromatography Methods

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7974 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Farnesane, Saturated Hydrocarbons, and
Hexahydrofarnesol Content of Synthesized Iso-Paraffins
(SIP) Fuel for Blending with Jet Fuel by Gas
1
Chromatography
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7974; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This test method covers the determination of farnesane
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
(2,6,10-trimethyldodecane), saturated hydrocarbons, and hexa-
Petroleum Products
hydrofarnesol content in synthesized iso-paraffins (SIP) fuel
D4307 Practice for Preparation of Liquid Blends for Use as
for blending with jet fuel by gas chromatography.
Analytical Standards
1.2 Farnesane is determined from 96 % to 99.9 % by mass.
D7566 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing
Sum of saturated hydrocarbons including farnesane is deter-
Synthesized Hydrocarbons
mined from 97 % to 99.9 % by mass, and hexahydrofarnesol is
E355 Practice for Gas Chromatography Terms and Relation-
determined from 0.02 % to 2.0 % by mass.
ships
1.3 This test method does identify and quantify main E594 Practice for Testing Flame Ionization Detectors Used
in Gas or Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
impurities or group type of impurities but does not purport to
identify all individual components that can be present in
3. Terminology
synthesized iso-paraffins (SIP) fuel for jet fuel blending.
3.1 Definitions:
1.4 This test method is inappropriate for impurities that boil
3.1.1 This test method makes reference to many common
at temperatures higher than 460 °C or for impurities that cause
gas chromatographic procedures, terms, and relationships.
poor or no response in a flame ionization detector.
Detailed definitions can be found in Practices E355 and E594.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.1.2 saturated hydrocarbons, n—paraffinic and naphthenic
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
compounds.
standard.
4. Summary of Test Method
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.1 A representative aliquot of the synthesized iso-paraffins
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
(SIP) fuel sample is introduced into a gas chromatograph
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
equipped with a 5 % phenyl-methylpolysiloxane bonded phase
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
capillary column. Helium or hydrogen carrier gas transports
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor- the vaporized aliquot through the column where the compo-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- nents are separated by the chromatographic process. Compo-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the nents are sensed by a flame ionization detector as they elute
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- from the column. The detector signal is processed by an
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical electronic data acquisition system. The farnesane and its
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. impurities are identified by comparing their relative retention
times to the ones reported in the method. Identification has
been previously performed analyzing reference samples by
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
2
Subcommittee D02.04.0L on Gas Chromatography Methods. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2021. Published January 2021. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2015. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D7974 – 15. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D7974-21. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7974 − 21
mass spectrometry under identical conditions. The concentra- 6.4.1 Normalized percent calculation based on peak area,
tions of all c
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7974 − 15 D7974 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Farnesane, Saturated Hydrocarbons, and
Hexahydrofarnesol Content of Synthesized Iso-Paraffins
(SIP) Fuel for Blending with Jet Fuel by Gas
1
Chromatography
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7974; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of farnesane (2,6,10-trimethyldodecane), saturated hydrocarbons, and hexahydro-
farnesol content in synthesized iso-paraffins (SIP) fuel for blending with jet fuel by gas chromatography.
1.2 Farnesane is determined from 96 % to 99.9 % by mass. Sum of saturated hydrocarbons including farnesane is determined from
97 % to 99.9 % by mass, and hexahydrofarnesol is determined from 0.02 % to 2.0 % by mass.
1.3 This test method does identify and quantify main impurities or group type of impurities but does not purport to identify all
individual components that can be present in synthesized iso-paraffins (SIP) fuel for jet fuel blending.
1.4 This test method is inappropriate for impurities that boil at temperatures higher than 460 °C or for impurities that cause poor
or no response in a flame ionization detector.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4307 Practice for Preparation of Liquid Blends for Use as Analytical Standards
D7566 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.04.0L on Gas Chromatography Methods.
Current edition approved March 15, 2015Jan. 1, 2021. Published June 2015January 2021. Originally approved in 2015. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as
D7974 – 15. DOI: 10.1520/D7974-15.10.1520/D7974-21.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7974 − 21
E355 Practice for Gas Chromatography Terms and Relationships
E594 Practice for Testing Flame Ionization Detectors Used in Gas or Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 This test method makes reference to many common gas chromatographic procedures, terms, and relationships. Detailed
definitions can be found in Practices E355 and E594.
3.1.2 saturated hydrocarbons, n—paraffinic and naphthenic compounds.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A representative aliquot of the synthesized iso-paraffins (SIP) fuel sample is introduced into a gas chromatograph equipped
with a 5 % phenyl-methylpolysiloxane bonded phase capillary column. Helium or hydrogen carrier gas transports the vaporized
aliquot through the column where the components are separated by the chromatographic process. Components are sensed by a
flame ionization detector as they elute from the column. The detector signal is processed by an electronic data acquisition system.
The farnesane and its impurities are identified by comparing their relative retention times to the ones reported in the method.
Identification has been previously
...