ASTM E276-03(2008)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Particle Size or Screen Analysis at No. 4 (4.75-mm) Sieve and Finer for Metal-Bearing Ores and Related Materials
Standard Test Method for Particle Size or Screen Analysis at No. 4 (4.75-mm) Sieve and Finer for Metal-Bearing Ores and Related Materials
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is intended to be used for compliance with compositional specifications for particle size distribution. It is assumed that all who use this procedure will be trained analysts capable of performing common laboratory practices skillfully and safely. It is expected that work will be performed in a properly equipped laboratory and that proper waste disposal procedures will be followed. Follow appropriate quality control practices such as those described in Guide E 882.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the size distribution by screen analysis, dry or wet, of metal-bearing ores and related materials at No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve and finer.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The SI values given in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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´1
Designation: E276 − 03 (Reapproved 2008)
StandardTest Method for
Particle Size or Screen Analysis at No. 4 (4.75-mm) Sieve
and Finer for Metal-Bearing Ores and Related Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E276; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
´ NOTE—Editorial corrections were made throughout in September 2008.
1. Scope method may be used on any solid particles that can be dried so
thatsieveblindingdoesnotoccur.Thewetscreeningtechnique
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the size
using liquid media may be used on any insoluble solids.
distribution by screen analysis, dry or wet, of metal-bearing
ores and related materials at No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve and finer.
5. Significance and Use
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
5.1 This test method is intended to be used for compliance
as standard. The SI values given in parentheses are provided
with compositional specifications for particle size distribution.
for information only and are not considered standard.
It is assumed that all who use this procedure will be trained
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
analysts capable of performing common laboratory practices
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
skillfully and safely. It is expected that work will be performed
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
in a properly equipped laboratory and that proper waste
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
disposal procedures will be followed. Follow appropriate
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
quality control practices such as those described in Guide
E882.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
6. Apparatus and Materials
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
6.1 U.S. Standard Sieves, conforming to the requirements of
Sieves
Specification E11.
E135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry for
Metals, Ores, and Related Materials
6.2 Mechanical Sieve Shaker.
E882 Guide for Accountability and Quality Control in the
6.3 Drying Oven, of appropriate size and capable of main-
Chemical Analysis Laboratory
taining a uniform temperature at 110 °C 6 5 °C.
3. Terminology
6.4 Sample Splitter or Riffle with 1-in. (25.4-mm) opening.
3.1 Definitions:
6.5 Scales and Weights, of adequate accuracy.
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer
6.6 Pans, for holding samples.
to Terminology E135.
6.7 Brass and Fiber Bristle Brushes, for cleaning sieves and
4. Summary of Test Method
pans.
4.1 The sample is passed through a bank of standard sieves
6.8 Special Apparatus, for wet screening, including deep-
by agitation. The dry screening technique described in this test
frame sieves.
6.9 Water or other liquid, for wet screening.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E01 on
Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials and is the direct
7. Sample Preparation
responsibility of Subcommittee E01.02 on Ores, Concentrates, and Related Metal-
lurgical Materials.
7.1 If necessary, reduce the sample by riffling or other
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2008. Published September 2008. Originally
suitablemeanstoobtainatestsamplethatwillnotoverloadthe
approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E276 – 03. DOI:
10.1520/E0276-03R08E01.
sieves, and dry at 110 °C 6 5 °C to constant weight.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
NOTE 1—The size of the sample is very important in sieve analysis
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on because the number of particles on a sieve surface affects the probability
the ASTM website. of any one particle passing through the sieve at a given time. The more
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
E276 − 03 (Reapproved 2008)
particles there are on a sieve, the greater probability that any one particle
withanothertestsample.Theweightofthetestsampleusedfor
is hindered from getting into a position to pass through the opening.Avoid
calculation is the total of the sieve fractions. Calculate the
overloading the sieves.
percent retained on each sieve as follows:
7.2 Screen the test sample from 7.1 on a No. 4 (4.75-mm)
Material retained,% 5 W /W 3100 (1)
~ !
r t
sieve. Weigh the material retained on the No. 4 sieve.
where:
8. Preparation of Apparatus
W = mass retained on each sieve, and
r
8.1 Clean coarse sieves up to No. 80 (180 µm) with a soft W = total mass of all sieve fractions.
t
brass wire brush and clean the finer sieves with a fiber brush.
Calculate the percent passing the finest sieve as follows:
Clean by brushing the under side of the sieves. Gently tap the
Material passing,% 5 W /W 3100 (2)
~ !
brass frame to aid in freeing trapped particles.At times, it may
p t
be necessary to wash the sieves in a warm soap and water
where:
solution. After washing, dry the sieves thoroughly. If wet
W = mass passing the finest sieve, retained on a pan or
p
screening is to be used, nest selected special deep-frame sieves
filter, and
after cleaning as described.
W = total mass of all sieve fractions.
t
NOTE 2—As an alternative, ultrasonic cleaning of sieves is recom-
Obtain the percent cumulative by adding each percent
mended.
retained on each sieve as the series progresses.
9. Standardization of Sieves
10.1.6 Report:
9.1 Calibrate the sieves by use of calibrated glass spheres.
10.1.6.1 Report the following data: sieve size, weight re-
Standard glass spheres are available through the National tained on or passing through sieve, percent retained on sieve,
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and other
and percent cumulative.
international standardization organizations.
10.1.6.2 Present the data of a screen analysis graphically as
9.2 Use of the microscopic method in the appendix of a cumulative direct plot or a cumulative logarithmic plot. From
Specification E11 is also permissible to assure that the sieves the plots, the percentages remaining on any set of openings
meet specification. other than those of the testing sieves used, can be found by
interpolation and in this way the redistribution of the same
10. Procedure
material by any assumed set of openings can be determined.
10.1 Dry Screening:
10.2 Wet Screening:
10.1.1 For Samples Containing Less than 10 % Passing a
10.2.1 Wet screening can be carried out on a single sieve by
No. 200 (75-µm) Sieve—Nest the selected sieves and fit a pan
handwashingorthroughuseofamechanicalshaker.Similarly,
below the bottom sieve. Place the material which passed the
a nest of screens can be used preferably through use of a
No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve from 7.2, in the top sieve. Cover and
specially adapted mechanical shaker.
clamp the nested sieves in the mechanical shaker and shake for
10.2.2 Washing of a sample on a single sieve causes the
the time interval specified in 10.1.3.
finestparticlestoberemo
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation:E276–98 Designation:E276–03(Reapproved2008)
Standard Test Method for
Particle Size or Screen Analysis at No. 4 (4.75-mm) Sieve
and Finer for Metal-Bearing Ores and Related Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 276; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
´ NOTE—Editorial corrections were made throughout in September 2008.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the size distribution by screen analysis, dry or wet, of metal-bearing ores and
related materials at No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve and finer.
1.2This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The SI values given in parentheses are provided for
information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E 11Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Purposes Terminology Relating to Hazard Potential of Chemicals
E 135 Terminology Relating to Hazard Potential of Chemicals
E 882Guide for Accountability and Quality Control in the Chemical Analysis Laboratory Terminology Relating to Hazard
Potential of Chemicals
3. Terminology
3.1Definitions:
3.1.1dry screening—screening of dry solids (dried at 110°C).
3.1.2particle size—in screen testing, the smallest sieve aperture through which the particle has passed and the size of the
following aperture through which the particle fails to pass.
3.1.3sieve or screen—a plate, sheet or woven wire cloth, or other device, with regularly spaced square apertures of uniform size,
mounted in a suitable frame or holder, for use in separating material according to size. The term sieve or screen can be used
interchangeably throughout.
3.1.4wet screening—screening of wetted solids by a stream of water or other liquids.
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology E 135.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The sample is passed through a bank of standard sieves by agitation. The dry screening technique described in this test
method may be used on any solid particles that can be dried so that sieve blinding does not occur. The wet screening technique
using liquid media may be used on any insoluble solids.
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E-1E01 onAnalytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials and is the direct responsibility
of Subcommittee E01.02 on Ores, Concentrates, and Related Metallurgical Materials.
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1998.Sept. 1, 2008. Published March 1999.September 2008. Originally published as E276–65T.approved in 1965. Last previous edition
approved in 2003 as E 276 – 903.
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol 14.02.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
´1
E276–03 (2008)
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method is intended to be used for compliance with compositional specifications for particle size distribution. It is
assumed that all who use this procedure will be trained analysts capable of performing common laboratory practices skillfully and
safely. It is expected that work will be performed in a properly equipped laboratory and that proper waste disposal procedures will
be followed. Follow appropriate quality control practices such as those described in Guide E 882.
6. Apparatus and Materials
6.1 U.S. Standard Sieves, conforming to the requirements of Specification E 11.
6.2 Mechanical Sieve Shaker.
6.3 Drying Oven, of appropriate size and capable of maintaining a uniform temperature at 110 °C 6 5 °C.
6.4 Sample Splitter or Rifflewith 25.4-mm (1-in.) opening. with 1-in. (25.4-mm) opening.
6.5 Scales and Weights, of adequate accuracy.
6.6 Pans, for holding samples.
6.7 Brass and Fiber Bristle Brushes , for cleaning sieves and pans.
6.8 Special Apparatus, for wet screening, including deep-frame sieves.
6.9 Water or other liquid, for wet screening.
7. Sample Preparation
7.1 If necessary, reduce the sample by riffling or other suitable means to obtain a test sample that will not overload the sieves,
and dry at 110 °C 6 5 °C to constant weight.
NOTE 1—The size of the sample is very important in sieve analysis because the number of particles on a sieve surface affects the probability of any
one particle passing through the sieve at a given time. The more particles there are on a sieve, the greater probability that any one particle is hindered
from getting into a position to pass through the opening. Avoid overloading the sieves.
7.2Screen the test sample from
7.2 Screen the test sample from 7.1 on a No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve. Weigh the material retained on the No. 4 sieve.
8. Preparation of Apparatus
8.1 Clean coarse sieves up to No. 80 (180 µm) with a soft brass wire brush and clean the finer sieves wtihwith a fiber brush.
Clean by brushing the under side of the sieves. Gently tap the brass frame to aid in freeing trapped particles. At times, it may be
necessary to wash the sieves in a warm soap and water solution. After washing, dry the sieves thoroughly. If wet screening is to
be used, nest selected special deep-frame sieves after cleaning as described.
NOTE 2—As an alternative, ultrasonic cleaning of sieves is recommended.
9. Standardization of Sieves
9.1 Calibrate the sieves by use of calibrated glass spheres. Standard glass spheres are available through the National Institute
of Standards and Technology (NIST) and other international standardization organizations.
9.2 Use of the microscopic method in the appendix of Specification E 11 is also permissible to assure that the sieves meet
specification.
10. Procedure
10.1 Dry Screening:
10.1.1 For Samples Containing Less than 10 % Passing a No. 200 (75-µm) Sieve—Nest the selected sieves and fit a pan below
thebottomsieve.PlacethematerialwhichpassedtheNo.4(4.75-mm)sievefrom7.2,inthetopsieve.Coverandclampthenested
sieves in the mechanical shaker and shake for the time interval specified in 10.1.3.
10.1.2 For Samples Containing More than 10 % Passing a No. 200 (75-µm) Sieve—Wash the material which passed the No.
4 (4.75-mm) sieve from 7.2 on a No. 200 (75-µm) sieve until the solution passing through the sieve is clear (see 10.2). Save the
material passing the sieve. Dry the sieve fractions in accordance with 10.2.4.2 and process the retained fraction in accordance with
10.1.1.
10.1.3 Length of Screening Time or End Point—The screening time or end point is when additional periods of shaking fail to
change the results on any sieve used in the test by more than 0.3 %. The screening time may vary from 3 to 30 min or more
depending on the ty
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