ASTM C4-04(2023)

Standard Specification for Clay Drain Tile and Perforated Clay Drain Tile

SCOPE
1.1 This specification establishes the criteria for acceptance, prior to installation, of drain tile and perforated drain tile to be used for underdrainage, filter fields, leaching fields, and similar subdrainage installations.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the Test Methods portion of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: Attention is called to Test Methods C301 and Terminology C896.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Sep-2023
• ICS: 91.100.15 - Mineral materials and products
• Technical Committee: C04 - Vitrified Clay Pipe
• Drafting Committee: C04.20 - Methods of Test and Specifications

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM C4-04(2018) - Standard Specification for Clay Drain Tile and Perforated Clay Drain Tile
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2023
• Refers: ASTM C896-24 - Standard Terminology Relating to Clay Products
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2024
• Refers: ASTM C896-22 - Standard Terminology Relating to Clay Products
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2022

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C4 − 04 (Reapproved 2023)
Standard Specification for
Clay Drain Tile and Perforated Clay Drain Tile
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C4; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3.1.1 Clay, fire clay, shale, and surface clay are as defined in
Terminology C896.
1.1 This specification establishes the criteria for acceptance,
3.1.2 Within this specification, the terms tile, drain tile, and
prior to installation, of drain tile and perforated drain tile to be
clay drain tile are synonyms.
used for underdrainage, filter fields, leaching fields, and similar
subdrainage installations.
4. Classification
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
4.1 Four classes of clay drain tile are specified:
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
4.1.1 Standard.
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
4.1.2 Extra Quality.
and are not considered standard.
4.1.3 Heavy Duty.
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the 4.1.4 Extra Strength.
Test Methods portion of this specification: This standard does
4.2 Drain tile of a higher strength classification than that
not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any,
specified by the purchaser may be furnished by the seller,
associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this
provided the substituted drain tile meets the physical require-
standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environ-
ments of the class specified.
mental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
5. Materials and Manufacture
limitations prior to use.
5.1 Drain tile shall be manufactured from clay, fire clay,
NOTE 1—Attention is called to Test Methods C301 and Terminology
shale, surface clay, or a combination of these materials, that,
C896.
when formed into tile and fired to suitable temperatures, yields
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
a product that conforms to this specification.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
6. Physical Properties
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
6.1 Drain tile shall meet the physical test requirements for
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
the class, as specified in Table 1.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
6.2 The maximum water absorption (5-h boiling) shall be as
2. Referenced Documents
follows:
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Average, % Individual, %
Standard 13 16
C301 Test Methods for Vitrified Clay Pipe
Extra Quality 11 13
C896 Terminology Relating to Clay Products
Heavy Duty 11 13
Extra Strength 11 13
3. Terminology
6.3 The requirements for water absorption (5–h boiling)
3.1 Definitions:
shall be waived, provided that test specimens meet the require-
ments of the freezing and thawing test, Section 13, of this
1 specification
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C04 on
Vitrified Clay Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C04.20 on
7. Sizes and Perforations
Methods of Test and Specifications.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2023. Published October 2023. Originally
7.1 The size of drain tile shall be designated by inside
approved in 1914. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as C4 – 04 (2018). DOI:
diameter. Not all sizes and strengths may be available from all
10.1520/C0004-04R23.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or manufacturers.
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
7.2 The minimum length of drain tile smaller than 10 in.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. (255 mm) diameter shall be approximately 12 in. (305 mm).
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C4 − 04 (2023)
TABLE 1 Physical Test Requirements for Clay Drain Tile
Standard Extra Quality Heavy Duty Extra Strength
Internal
A A A A
Diameter Minimum Crushing Strength, Minimum Crushing Strength, Minimum Crushing Strength, Minimum Crushing Strength,
lbf/linear ft (kN/m) lbf/linear ft (kN/m) lbf/linear ft (kN/m) lbf/linear ft (kN/m)
of Tile,
in.
Average Individual Average Individual Average Individual Average Individual
3 ⁄2 800 (12) 680 (10) 1100 (16) 990 (14) 1400 (20) 1260 (18) 2000 (29) 1800 (26)
4 800 (12) 680 (10) 1100 (16) 990 (14) 1400 (20) 1260 (18) 2000 (29) 1800 (26)
5 800 (12) 680 (10) 1100 (16) 990 (14) 1400 (20) 1260 (18) 2000 (29) 1800 (26)
6 800 (12) 680 (10) 1100 (16) 990 (14) 1400 (20) 1260 (18) 2000 (29) 1800 (26)
8 800 (12) 680 (10) 1100 (16) 990 (14) 1500 (22) 1350 (20) 2140 (31) 1920 (28)
10 800 (12) 680 (10) 1100 (16) 990 (14) 1550 (23) 1400 (20) 2200 (32) 1980 (29)
12 800 (12) 680 (10) 1100 (16) 990 (14) 1700 (25) 1530 (22) 2420 (35) 2170 (32)
14 840 (12) 720 (11) 1100 (16) 990 (14) 1850 (27) 1660 (24) 2640 (39) 2370 (35)
15 870 (13) 740 (11) 1150 (17) 1030 (15) 1980 (29) 1780 (26) 2800 (41) 2620 (38)
16 . . . . . . 1200 (18) 1080 (16) 2100 (31) 1890 (28) 3000 (44) 2700 (39)
18 . . . . . . 1300 (19) 1170 (17) 2340 (34) 2100 (31) 3300 (48) 2970 (43)
21 . . . . . . 1450 (21) 1300 (19) 2680 (39) 2410 (35) . . . . . .
24 . . . . . . 1600 (23) 1440 (21) 3000 (44) 2700 (39) . . . . . .
27 . . . . . . 1800 (26) 1620 (24) 3330 (49) 3000 (44) . . . . . .
30 . . . . . . 2000 (29) 1800 (26) 3590 (52) 3230 (47) . . . . . .
A
Strengths of sizes not listed may be interpolated between tabular values of sizes and strengths of the nearest listed diameters.
7.3 The length of drain tile 10 in. (255 mm) through 30 in. 9.2 For test purposes, full-size drain tile shall be selected by
(760 mm) diameter shall be not less than 1 ⁄2 times their the purchaser or his authorized representative. Tile shall be
diameter. representative of the lot from which they are selected. The
place or places of selection shall be designated when the
7.4 Perforations—Perforations shall be circular and cleanly
purchase order is issued. The manufacturer or seller shall
cut through the tile wall. They shall be arranged in rows
furnish test tile without charge.
parallel to the longitudinal axis of the tile. The minimum
number of rows of perforations shall be as shown in Table 2. 9.3 Each tile shall be individually marked so that it is
7.4.1 Where two rows of perforations are used, the rows identifiable within the testing period.
shall be separated by an arc of 90 6 15°.
10. Basis of Acceptance
7.4.2 Where four rows of perforations are used, the rows
shall be symmetrical around a vertical centerline. The lower- 10.1 Acceptability of nonperforated drain tile is determined
most rows of perforations shall be separated by an arc of 90 6
by compliance with the requirements of Table 1, Table 3, and
10°, and the uppermost rows shall be separated by an arc of not the inspection requirements of Section 14.
over 160° measured around the lower part of the tile (Fig. 1).
10.2 Acceptability of perforated drain tile is determined by
7.4.3 If more than four rows of perforations are used, the
compliance with the requirements of Tables 1-3 and the
spacing of rows shall be uniform between the limits in 7.4.2.
inspection requirements of Section 14.
7.4.4 The purchaser shall specify the desired perforation
1 1
diameter option of: (1) ⁄4 6 ⁄16 in. (6.4 6 1.6 mm) or (2)
TEST METHODS
1 1
⁄2 6 ⁄8 in. (13 6 3.2 mm), and the number of rows of
11. Crushing Strength Test
perforations.
7.4.5 Perforations shall not be spaced more than approxi-
11.1 Test Samples:
mately 3 in. (76 mm) center-to-center along the rows.
11.1.1 Test tile shall be sound, full size, and selected by the
purchaser or his representative.
8. Workmanship and Finish
11.1.2 The number of tile to be tested shall not exceed 0.5 %
of the number of tile of each size furnished, except that no less
8.1 Drain tile shall be free of cracks, checks, or chips that
than five tile of each size shall be tested.
decrease the strength.
11.2 Loading Apparatus (see Fig. 2):
8.2 Drain tile shall conform to the permissible dimensional
11.2.1 Testing Machine:
variations in Table 3.
11.2.1.1 The loading apparatus may consist of any mechani-
8.3 Plain-end tile shall be furnished unless otherwise speci-
cally driven or hand-powered device that is capable of applying
fied by the purchaser.
the necessary loads, with upper and lower bearings capable of
8.3.1 The ends of plain-end tile shall be sufficiently square
transmitting these loads to the tile. The bearings shall be
as to make close joints.
bearing beams and contact edges.
11.2.1.2 Any device that is capable of applying a load at a
9. Sampling and Testing
uniform rate, from 500 to 2000 lbf/linear ft·min (7.3 to 29
9.1 Tile shall be sampled and tested in accordance with KN/linear m·min) of tile length, may be used for making the
Sections 11 through 13. test.
C4 − 04 (2023)
TABLE 2 Number of Perforations per Row for Perforated Clay Drain Tile
Nominal Lengths of Tile, ft (m)
Tile Size Diameter, in. Minimum Number of
1 1
(mm) Rows of 1 (0.31) 1 ⁄2 (0.46) 2 (0.61) 2 ⁄2 (0.76) 3 (0.92)
Perforations
Minimum Number of Perforations per Row
3 ⁄2 , 4, 5, 6 (89, 100, 125, 4 3 5 7 9 11
150)
3 ⁄2 , 4, 5, 6 (89, 100, 125, 2 5 8 11 13 15
150)
8, 10, 12 (205, 255, 305) 4 3 5 7 9 11
14 to 18 (355 to 455) 6 . . . 5 7 9 11
11.2.3.4 Positioning strips may be used to align the upper
contact edge and to align and space the lower contact edges. In
the case of rubber contact edges, positioning strips shall not
exceed one half of the thickness of the contact edge and may
remain in place.
11.2.3.5 If rubber strips are used as contact edges, they shall
be cut or formed from a material having a Shore A,
instantaneous, durometer hardness between 45 and 60. The
strips shall be of rectangular cross section, having a 2-in.
(51-mm) width, and a thickness not less than 1 in. (25 mm) nor
more than 1 ⁄2 in. (38 mm). The contact edges shall be used
with the 2-in. (51 mm). dimension in contact with the bearing
FIG. 1 Spacing of Four Rows of Perforations
beam. Rubber contact edges may be attached to the bearing
beam by an adhesive, provided the contact edge remains firmly
fixed in position.
11.2.1.3 The testing machine shall be sufficiently rigid so
11.2.3.6 If hardwood strips with plaster of paris fillets are
that the load distribution will not be appreciably affected by the
used as contact edges, the strips shall be straight and have a
deformation or yielding of any part. The machine and bearings
cross section not less than 1 in. (25 mm) in either direction. The
shall be constructed to transmit the load in a vertical plane
bottom contact edges shall have vertical sides, with the interior
through the longitudinal axes of the bearings and tile. The
top corners having a radius of approximately ⁄2 in. (13 mm).
bearings shall be attached to the machine so as to receive and
The contact edges shall be securely fastened to the beams.
uniformly transmit the loads required in the tests, without
11.2.3.7 Plaster of paris fillets shall be cast on hardwood
vibration or shock.
contact edges to provide uniform bearing contact on the outside
11.2.1.4 The loading apparatus shall provide means for
of the tile. Fillets shall be cast on the two lower contact edges
determination of load with an accuracy of at least 98 % and
and on the upper contact edge, along the tile crown. Sufficient
capable of retaining the loading information that results in the
excess plaster shall be removed from between the two lower
crushing strength determination.
contact edges to eliminate the possibility of a single continuous
11.2.2 Bearing Beams—Bearing beams shall be no less than
lower contact. The tile and contact edges shall be joined while
the length of the barrel of the tile. Built-up bearing beams may
the plaster of paris is still workable. Testing shall be performed
be used, provided their deflection does not exceed that speci-
only after the fillets have set.
fied. In order for the bell or socket of the tile, if applicable, to
11.3 Procedure:
clear the bearing beams, it is recommended that the bearing
11.3.1 Immerse tile, 12-in. (305-mm) diameter and smaller,
beams be faced with a metal or hardwood member for affixing
in water for at least 1 h and not more than 2 h immediately
the contact edges.
prior to testing. Tile with diameters larger than 12 in. (305 mm)
11.2.3 Three-Edge Bearings:
may be tested without wetting, but shall not be dried except as
11.2.3.1 Three-edge bearings shall consist of an upper
may occur in complying with the provisions of 11.3.2.
member, comprised of a bearing beam on which one contact
11.3.2 No tile specimen shall be exposed to temperatures
edge is located so that it lies in the vertical plane passing
lower than 40°F (4.4°C) from the start of wetting until tested.
through the longitudinal axis of the tile, and a lower member
Frozen tile shall be completely thawed before testing.
comprised of a bearing beam on which two contact edges are
11.3.3 Strength tests are to be made by the three edge
symmetrically located parallel to that vertical plane.
bearing method.
11.2.3.2 The contact edges shall consist of rubber strips
11.3.4 Center all bearings and test tile accurately for sym-
alone or hardwood strips with plaster of paris fillets. Contact
metrical distribution of load.
edges shall uniformly contact the outside of the tile.
11.2.3.3 The two contact edges on the lower member shall 11.3.5 Apply load as continuously as testing equipment
permits until the tile fails.
be spaced apart approximately 1 in./ft (83 mm/m) of tile
diameter, but in no case less than 1 in. (25 mm). 11.3.6 Record the load at which failure occurs.
C4 − 04 (2023)
TABLE 3 Permissible Variations in Dimensions
Standard Extra Quality, Heavy Duty,
Physical Properties Specified
and Extra Strength
Permissible variation of average diameter below specified diameter, % 3 3
Permissible variation between maximum and minimum diameters of same tile, percentage 75 65
of wall thickness
Permissible variation of average length of tile sampled below manufacturer’s specified 3 3
length, %
Permissible variation fr
...