ASTM D6448-99
(Specification)Standard Specification for Industrial Burner Fuels from Used Lubricating Oils
Standard Specification for Industrial Burner Fuels from Used Lubricating Oils
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers four grades of fuel oil made in whole or in part with hydrocarbon-based used or reprocessed lubricating oil or functional fluids, such as preservative and hydraulic fluids. The four grades of fuel are intended for use in various types of fuel-oil burning industrial equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These fuels are not intended for use in residential heaters, small commercial boilers, or combustion engines.
1.2 Grades RF04, RF05L, RF05H, and RF06 are used lubricating oil blends, with or without distillate or residual fuel oil, or both, of increasing viscosity and are intended for use in industrial burners equipped to handle these types of recycled fuels.
Note 1- For information on the significance of the terminology and test methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1.
1.2 This specification is for use in contracts for the purchase of fuel oils derived from used lubricating oil and for the guidance of consumers of such fuels. This specification does not address the frequency with which any particular test must run.
1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of national or local regulations, which can be more restrictive. In some jurisdictions, used oil is considered a hazardous waste and fuels from used oil are required to meet certain criteria before use as a fuel.
Note 2- For United States federal requirements imposed on used oil generators, transporters and transfer facilities, reprocessors, marketers, and burners, see 40 CFR 279.
Note 3- The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more information on the subject, see Guide D 4865.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard; non-SI units, when given, are for information only.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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An American National Standard
Designation: D 6448 – 99
Standard Specification for
Industrial Burner Fuels from Used Lubricating Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6448; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This specification covers four grades of fuel oil made in 2.1 ASTM Standards:
whole or in part with hydrocarbon-based used or reprocessed D56 Test Method for Flash Point byTag Closed CupTester
lubricating oil or functional fluids, such as preservative and D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
hydraulic fluids.The four grades of fuel are intended for use in Closed Cup Tester
various types of fuel-oil-burning industrial equipment under D95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products and
various climatic and operating conditions. These fuels are not Bituminous Materials by Distillation
intended for use in residential heaters, small commercial D96 Test Methods for Water and Sediment in Crude Oil by
boilers, or combustion engines. Centrifuge Method (Field Procedure)
1.1.1 Grades RFO4, RFO5L, RFO5H, and RFO6 are used D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
lubricating oil blends, with or without distillate or residual fuel D 129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
oil, or both, of increasing viscosity and are intended for use in eral Bomb Method)
industrial burners equipped to handle these types of recycled D 240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid
fuels. Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
D 396 Specification for Fuel Oils
NOTE 1—For information on the significance of the terminology and
D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
test methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1.
and Opaque Liquids (the Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
1.2 This specification is for use in contracts for the purchase
ity)
of fuel oils derived from used lubricating oil and for the
D 473 Test Method for Sediment in Crude Oils and Fuel
guidance of consumers of such fuels. This specification does
Oils by the Extraction Method
not address the frequency with which any particular test must
D 482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum Products
be run.
D 1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance
(Lamp Method)
of national or local regulations, which can be more restrictive.
D 1298 Practice for Density, Relative Density (Specific
In some jurisdictions, used oil is considered a hazardous waste
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
and fuels from used oil are required to meet certain criteria
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
before use as a fuel.
D 1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
NOTE 2—For United States federal requirements imposed on used oil (High-Temperature Method)
generators, transporters and transfer facilities, reprocessors, marketers,
D 1796 TestMethodforWaterandSedimentinFuelOilsby
and burners, see 40 CFR 279.
the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)
NOTE 3—The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create
D 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
problems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more informa-
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
tion on the subject, see Guide D 4865.
D 2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Middle
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge
standard; non-SI units, when given, are for information only.
D 2983 Test Method for Low-Temperature Viscosity of
Lubricants Measured by Brookfield Viscometer
D 3245 Test Method for Pumpability of Industrial Fuel Oils
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-2 on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
D02.P0 on Recycled Petroleum Products. the ASTM website.
Current edition approved July 10, 1999. Published September 1999. Withdrawn.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D6448–99
D 3828 TestMethodsforFlashPointbySmallScaleClosed otherpetroleumproducts.Re-refiningmayincludeoneormore
Cup Tester of the following: distillation, hydrotreating, or treatments
D 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density of employing acid, caustic, solvent, clay, or other chemicals, or
Liquids by Digital Density Meter combination thereof.
D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and 3.1.5 used oil, n—in petroleum product recycling, oil whose
Petroleum Products characteristics have changed since being originally manufac-
D 4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum tured, and that is suitable for recycling.
Products, and Lubricants 3.1.6 waste oil, n—in petroleum technology, oil having
D 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and characteristics making it unsuitable either for further use or for
Petroleum Products economic recycling.
D 4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum 3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this specification,
Products by Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spec- refer to Terminology D 4175.
trometry 3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
D 4377 TestMethodforWaterinCrudeOilsPotentiometric 3.3.1 reprocessing, n—in petroleum product recycling, the
Karl Fisher Titration preparation of used oil to be suitable as a fuel.
D 4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static 3.3.1.1 Discussion—Reprocessingincludesproceduressuch
Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems as settling, filtration, blending, distillation, and chemical treat-
D 4868 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by ment.
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry 3.3.2 industrial burner, n—a device that produces heat for
D 4980 Test Method for Screening of pH in Waste industrial use through the combustion of liquid hydrocarbon
D 5185 Test Method for Determination of Additive Ele- fuels.
ments, Wear Metals, and Contaminants in Used Lubricat- 3.3.2.1 Discussion—Industrial burners are typically de-
ing Oils and Determination of Selected Elements in Base signed for one of two applications:
Oils by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission (a) (a) industrial furnaces—integral components of manu-
Spectrometry (ICP-AES) facturing processes that provide direct heating, for example, in
2.2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Standards: aggregate, cement, lime, or phosphate kilns; coke ovens; or
EPA 600/4-79-020 Determination of Inorganic Anions by blast, smelting, melting, refining, or drying ovens.
Ion Chromatography (b) (b) industrial boilers—large indirect heating units that
EPA SW-846 Method 9000 Determination of Water in transfer thermal energy to water or other fluids or gases for use
Waste Materials by Karl Fisher Titration in heating in industrial settings and in manufacturing processes
EPA SW-846 Method 9001 Determination of Water in
4. Classification
Waste Lubricants by Quantitative Calcium Hydride Reac-
4.1 There are four grades of industrial burner fuel contain-
tion
ing recycled lubricating oils covered by this specification.
EPA SW-846 Method 9056 Determination of Inorganic
These grades may or may not correlate directly with similar
Anions by Ion Chromatography
grades in other ASTM standards. The RFO designation iden-
2.3 Federal Code of Regulations Standards:
tifies them as Reprocessed Fuel Oils.The usage descriptions of
40 CFR 279 Standards for the Management of Used Oil
each grade may not describe all the uses, but are included as
3. Terminology
general information. The four grades are described as follows:
4.1.1 Grade RFO4—Primarily a blend of used lubricating
3.1 Definitions:
oils and distillate or a reprocessed distillate product derived
3.1.1 burner fuel oil, n—any petroleum liquid suitable for
from used oil. It is intended for use in pressure atomizing
the generation of heat by combustion in a furnace or firebox as
industrial burners with no preheating. This grade of recycled
a vapor or a spray, or a combination of both.
oil fuel is used in many medium capacity industrial burners
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Different grades are characterized pri-
whereeaseofhandlingjustifiesthehighercostovertheheavier
marily by viscosity ranges.
used oil fuels.
3.1.2 reclaiming, n—the use of cleaning methods during
4.1.2 Grade RFO5L—A straight (100 %) used lubricating
recycling primarily to remove insoluble contaminants, thus
oil blend or a used lubricating oil and distillate blend fuel of
making the oil suitable for further use. The methods may
intermediate viscosity, heavier than Grade RFO4. It is intended
include settling, heating, dehydration, filtration, and centrifug-
for use both in pressure-atomizing industrial burners not
ing.
requiring higher cost distillates and in burners equipped to
3.1.3 recycling, n—in petroleum technology, the acquisition
atomize oils of higher viscosity with or without pre-heating. Its
of oil that has become unsuitable for its intended use, and
permissible viscosity range allows it to be pumped and
processing it to regain useful materials.
atomized at relatively low-storage temperatures.
3.1.4 re-refining, n—the use of refining processes during
4.1.3 Grade RFO5H—A straight (100 %) used lubricating
recycling to produce high quality base stocks for lubricants or
oil blend or a used lubricating oil and residual blend fuel,
heavier than Grade RFO5L. It is intended for use in industrial
burners equipped with devices that atomize oil of higher
Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. viscosity than domestic burners can handle. Preheating may be
D6448–99
necessaryinsometypesofequipmentforburningandincolder 6.2 Grade RFO5L—The requirements for this type of fuel
climates for handling. arepresentedinTable1andincludefuelsintheviscosityrange
4.1.4 Grade RFO6—A high-viscosity used lubricating oil 5.0 to 8.9 mm /s (cSt) at 100°C in accordance with Test
and residual blend fuel, heavier than Grade RFO5H. It is Method D 445.
intended for use in large industrial heaters and may require
6.3 Grade RFO5H—The requirements for this type of fuel
preheating in the storage tank to permit pumping. Additional
arepresentedinTable1andincludefuelsintheviscosityrange
preheating at the burner may be necessary to permit satisfac-
9.0 to 14.9 mm /s (cSt) at 100°C in accordance with Test
tory atomization. The extra equipment and maintenance re-
Method D 445.
quired to handle this fuel usually preclude its use in small
6.4 GradeRFO6—Therequirementsforthistypeoffuelare
installations.
presented in Table 1 and include fuels in the viscosity range
15.0 to 50.0 mm /s (cSt) at 100°C in accordance with Test
5. General Requirements
Method D 445.
5.1 The fuel oils specified herein shall contain a minimum
NOTE 6—In the United States, fuel must also meet Environmental
of 25 % (volume) of used lubricating oil-derived products, the
ProtectionAgency on-specification parameters for recycled used oil fuels
balancebeingaSpecificationD 396fueloilorsuitablerefinery
as defined under 40 CFR 279.11.
stocks.
6.5 The properties listed in this specification are those of
5.2 The fuel oils shall be homogeneous fluids consisting
greatest significance in obtaining acceptable performance of
primarily of hydrocarbons. Fuel oils containing residual com-
the burner. Only referee test methods are shown in Table 1.
ponents shall remain uniform in storage and shall not separate
(See Section 7 for alternate test methods andAppendix X1 for
by gravity or aging into layers in normal operating conditions.
significance of test requirements).
NOTE 4—Prolonged storage or equipment down time may necessitate
6.6 A representative sample shall be obtained for testing.
circulation of the fuel oil in-tank to prevent such separation.
Practice D 4057 or D 4177 or other comparable sampling
5.3 The fuel oil shall not contain excessive amounts of
standards should be followed. In case of dispute, Practice
organic or inorganic acids, or both, and shall be free of solid or
D 4057shallbetherefereepractice.Aminimumsamplesizeof
fibrousmatterthatcouldcausesystemhandlingormaintenance
about 1 L (1 US qt) is recommended.
problems. The buyer and seller should agree on any require-
6.7 Testing frequency and any modifications of limiting
ments for particle size.
requirements to meet special operating conditions shall be
NOTE 5—Thefuelsdefinedbythisspecificationareappropriateonlyfor agreed upon by both the buyer and the seller.
burners capable of handling and combusting fuels with potentially higher
NOTE 7—ItispossiblethatoneormoreoftheparameterslistedinTable
metals and ash content.
1 may be used as an indicator of when more extensive testing is required.
6. Detailed Requirements
7. Test Methods
6.1 GradeRFO4—Therequirementsforthistypeoffuelare
presented in Table 1 and include fuels in the viscosity range 7.1 The requirements enumerated in this specification shall
below 5 mm /s (cSt) at 100°C in accordance with Test Method be determined in accordance with the following test methods,
D 445. except as noted:
TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Industrial Burner Fuels from Used Lubricating Oils
A B
Properties Method Proposed Limits
RFO4 RFO5L RFO5H RFO6
Physical:
2 C
Viscosity @ 100°C mm /s D 445
minimum . . . . . . 5.0 9.0 15.0
maximum . . . <5.0 8.9 14.9 50.0
Flash point, °C (°F), min D93 38 (100) 55 (130) 55 (130) 60 (140)
D
Water & sediment , % vol max D95 and D 473 2.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
Pour point, °C (°F), max D97 −6 (21) NA NA NA
3 E
Density, Kg/m @ 15°C D 1298 Report NA NA NA
Chemical:
Ash, % mass, max D 482 0.7 0.8 0.8 Report
F
Sulphur, % mass D 129 Report Report Report Report
Extracted pH, min D 4980 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0
Performance:
Gross heating value, Mj/kg (BTU/US
G
gal ), min D 240 40.0 (130 000) 41.5 (135 000) 41.5 (135 000) 43.0 (140 000)
A
See Section 7 for details and additional methods.
B
Units given in parentheses are for informational purposes only.
C 2
1cSt =1mm /s.
D
Solids content should not exceed 1.0 % for RFO4 and 5; 2.0 % for RFO 6; Filtration may be required to obtain appropriate particle size for use.
E 3
Density in kg/L at 15°C multiplied by 1000 = Kg/m .
F
Local jurisdictions may limit the sulphur content in bur
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