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ASTM D1448-97

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Micronaire Reading of Cotton Fibers

Standard Test Method for Micronaire Reading of Cotton Fibers

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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the micronaire reading of loose cotton fibers by measuring the resistance of a plug of cotton fibers to air flow under prescribed conditions.  
Note 1-For other methods for determining the fineness of fibers based on the air-flow principle, refer to Test Method D 1449, Test Method for Specific Area and Immaturity Ratio of Cotton Fibers (Arealometer Method), and to Test Method D 1282, Test Method for Resistance to Air Flow as an Indication of Average Fiber Diameter of Wool Top, Card Sliver, and Scoured Wool.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-1996
ICS
59.060.10 - Natural fibres
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.11 - Cotton Fibers
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D1448-05 - Standard Test Method for Micronaire Reading of Cotton Fibers
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
Referred By
ASTM D1282-18 - Standard Test Method for Resistance to Airflow as an Indication of Average Fiber Diameter of Wool Top, Card Sliver, and Scoured Wool
Effective Date
01-Jan-1997
Referred By
ASTM D3025-07(2021) - Standard Practice for Standardizing Cotton Fiber Test Results by Use of Calibration Cotton Standards
Effective Date
01-Jan-1997
Referred By
ASTM D1441-12(2020) - Standard Practice for Sampling Cotton Fibers for Testing
Effective Date
01-Jan-1997
Referred By
ASTM D7139-20 - Standard Terminology for Cotton Fibers
Effective Date
01-Jan-1997

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ASTM D1448-97 - Standard Test Method for Micronaire Reading of Cotton Fibers
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D1448–97
Standard Test Method for
Micronaire Reading of Cotton Fibers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1448; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.2.1 Discussion—For cotton, the weighted mean linear
density expressed in micrograms per inch or in millitex.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the
3.1.3 micronaire reading, n—a measure of specific surface
micronaire reading of loose cotton fibers by measuring the
area which is influenced by fiber perimeter and fiber wall
resistanceofaplugofcottonfiberstoairflowunderprescribed
thickness is determined by the resistance to air flow through a
conditions.
known mass of cotton fiber compressed to a fixed volume.
NOTE 1—Forothermethodsfordeterminingthefinenessoffibersbased
3.1.4 For definitions of other terms used in this test method,
on the air-flow principle, refer to Test Method D 1449, Test Method for
refer to Terminology D 123.
Specific Area and Immaturity Ratio of Cotton Fibers (Arealometer
Method), and to Test Method D 1282, Test Method for Resistance toAir
4. Summary of Test Method
Flow as an Indication of Average Fiber Diameter of Wool Top, Card
4.1 The resistance a plug of cotton fibers offers to the flow
Sliver, and Scoured Wool.
of air is measured as an approximate indication of the fineness
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
of fiber. A predetermined mass of loose cotton fibers is placed
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
in the specimen holder and compressed to a fixed volume. The
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
resistance to air flow is measured and expressed as micronaire
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
reading. Instruments available to measure resistance to air flow
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
use compressed air or vacuum and are constructed to measure
air flow under constant pressure drop across the plug, to
2. Referenced Documents
measure pressure drop when a constant flow of air is main-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3 tained,ortoindicateresistancetoairflowfrombothabalanced
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
and unbalanced wheatstone bridge.
D 1441 Practice for Sampling Cotton Fibers for Testing
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method for determining micronaire reading of
3. Terminology
cottonfibersisconsideredsatisfactoryforacceptancetestingof
3.1 Definitions:
commercial shipments when the levels are controlled by use of
3.1.1 calibration cotton standards, n—cotton samples taken
a full range of calibration cotton standards.
from blended bulk source on which fiber properties have been
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
determined under the International Calibration Cotton Stan-
reported test results when using this test method for acceptance
dards Program.
testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-
3.1.1.1 Discussion—The International Calibration Cottons
plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is
are available from the Cotton Division, Agriculture Marketing
a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis-
Service; USDA, 3275 Appling Rd., Memphis, TN 38133.
tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.
Currently there are ten such cottons, which cover the range of
As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test
the micronaire scale.
specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are
3.1.2 fineness, n—of fibers, a relative measure of size,
from a lot of material of the type in question. The test
diameter, linear density, or mass per unit length expressed in a
specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers
variety of units.
to each laboratory for testing.The average results from the two
laboratories should be compared using Student’s t-test for
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-13 on unpaireddataandanacceptableprobabilitylevelchosenbythe
Textiles, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.11 on Cotton Fibers.
two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either
Current edition approved Jan. 10, 1997. Published March 1997. Originally
its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the
published as D 1448–54 T to replace portions of D 414. Last previous edition
supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of
D 1448–90.
Discontinued, see 1977 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 33.
the known bias.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D1448
airereadingsbelow3.5butisappreciableforreadingsof5.0andabove(2,
5.2 The micronaire reading of cotton fibers is a function of
3).
both fineness and maturity and is related to mill processing
performance and to the quality of the end products. Factors
9. Procedure
correlated with micronaire reading include cleaning efficiency,
9.1 Set up and adjust the instrument as directed in the
neppiness, and the strength and uniformity of the yarn.
manufacturer’s instructions.Adjust the instrument if necessary
NOTE 2—A modification of this test method is used in commercial
to secure values which check the values assigned to the
trading to select bales which will conform to contract guarantees for
International Calibration Cotton Standards at the beginning of
specified micronaire readings. For this purpose, it is usual practice to test
each testing period. Make two tests with each standard cotton.
only one specimen per sample.
If the average of the two results is not within 60.1 unit of the
6. Apparatus and Materials established micronaire reading, recheck the instrument and the
technique used by the operator. Check the instrument against
6.1 Air-Flow Instrument, calibrated in micronaire readings
the standards again at the end of each testing period. If
oryieldingnumericalreadingsfromwhichmicronairereadings
incorrect readings on the standards are obtained at the end of a
can be computed.
testing period, discard the results, recheck the instrument, and
6.2 Micronaire Scale, appropriate for instrument.
repeat the tests.
NOTE 3—The air instrument scale is calibrated for a specific air
NOTE 6—Built-in calibration devices and calibration plugs alone give
regulator and tube. The model number on the scale should corrrespond to
only approximate results.
the model number of the instrument. If a regulator or tube is replaced, and
the same scale is to be used, the new parts must be of the same make and
9.2 Test the conditioned specimens in the atmosphere for
model as those originally furnished with the instrument (1).
testing textiles.
6.3 Balance, having a ca
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D2462 for the determination of the moisture in wool by distillation with toluene is the preferred method for testing wool for moisture for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments. If, however, the purchaser and the supplier agree, Test Method D1576 for the determination of the moisture in wool by oven drying may be used instead. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1, may be advisable.  
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5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D1574 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.  
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5.3 The residues obtained in this test may be subjected to chemical analysis for identification and assay of the component materials, if desired.  
5.4 The specified solvent in this test method does not remove some materials, such as soaps, that may be present in wool and hence in some cases may reflect more closely the added content of some extractables in wool such as oils. When such materials are present and an estimate of their quantity is desired, some other solvent or combination of solvents should be used as spec...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of extractable matter in samples of all forms of wool, except grease wool, that is extractable with a non-flammable vapor degreasing and cleaning solvent.  
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1.3 This test method is suitable for use with other animal fibers.  
Note 1: The determination of extractable matter in yarns and in felts is covered in Test Methods D2257 and D461. For the determination of alcohol-extractable matter in oven-dry scoured wool, refer to Test Methods D584 and D1334.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 5.4 and Note 3.  
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ASTM D2462-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Moisture in Wool by Distillation With Toluene

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D2462 for testing for moisture in wool is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D2462 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative testing to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of the bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogenous as possible and that are from a lot of the type material in question. The test specimens should be assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-Test for unpaired data and an acceptance probability level chosen by the two parties before the test is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.2 This test method is the preferred method for all suitable samples of wool where it is important to obtain a result free from the possible biases, introduced by the conditions discussed in 5.3 and 5.4.  
5.3 This test method is free from the interferences caused by different conditions of ambient atmosphere such as might affect the results of oven-drying. A slight amount of residual moisture may be retained in a specimen subjected to oven-drying because of the relative humidity of the ambient air; however, the amount of moisture retained may be estimated from published data.3  
5.4 This test method is free from the interference caused by nonaqueous volatile material. Such material, when present, is erroneously measured as moisture by oven-drying methods, the extent of the error depending u...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of moisture present in grease wool, scoured wool, carded wool, garnetted wool, wool top and intermediate wool products, and rovings, by distillation with toluene.  
1.2 Equations are given for calculating the amount of water present as moisture content (as-received basis) and moisture regain (dry fiber) basis. The term that corresponds to the basis used in the calculation and report must always be stated.  
1.3 This test method is not applicable to material known to contain any steam-distillable, water-soluble matter. If it is suspected that such matter is present, the method should be used with caution.  
1.4 Xylene or other solvents should not be substituted for toluene as no other solvents have been evaluated for use in this standard.  
Note 1: The determination of moisture in wool by oven-drying is covered in Test Method D1576 and for textile materials in general in Test Methods D2654. A method for sampling wool for the determination of moisture in wool is covered in Practice D2525.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.For specific safety hazard statements, see Section 8.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D2525-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling Wool for Moisture

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This recommended practice furnishes directions for the sampling of wool of the various forms indicated in Section 1, in order that correct probability statements may be made about the relationship between the sample mean and the population mean. If these statements are to be correct, certain conditions, which are stated, must hold.  
5.2 This recommended practice requires that a deliberate act of randomization be performed so that all potential sampling units have approximately the same chance of being taken and no sampling unit is deprived of its chance of being taken.  
5.3 In any case where insufficient information about the variability of the sampling units within the lot is available, directions are given for calculating confidence limits for the sample mean so that a correct probability statement can still be made.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the design of a sampling plan to be used to obtain samples for the determination of the moisture content of grease wool, scoured wool, carded wool, garnetted wool, wool top and intermediate products, and rovings.  
1.2 Directions are given for the designation of sampling units, calculation of the number of sampling units required to achieve a preselected precision and confidence level or, alternatively, for calculating the confidence limits for the mean based on the variability of the sample tested.  
Note 1: This practice for devising a sampling plan is intended for use in connection with Test Method D1576 or Test Method D2462. The sampling of raw wool for the determination of clean wool fiber present is covered in Practice D1060.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6961/D6961M-09(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Color Measurement of Flax Fiber

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Few standards exist to objectively judge flax quality. Color is an important factor in the quality of flax fiber. Natural variations in raw flax fiber, various processing steps, fiber blending, and a wide range of end uses contribute to the need for a standard method of objectively measuring the color of flax fiber. Spectrophotometic data provide an accurate, precise determination of the color of flax fiber. Colorimetric data are obtained through specimen measurement by combining specimen spectral data with data representing a CIE standard observer and a CIE standard illuminant, as described in Practice E308.  
5.2 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two (or more) laboratories, comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that fiber sample type must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the instrumental color measurement of flax fiber.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8394-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Automated Measurement of Maturity, Fineness, Ribbon Width, and Micronaire of Cotton Fibers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Cotton fiber that is on average finer and more mature is more desirable than coarse or immature fiber, although distinction between these qualities cannot be made quickly and accurately using current test methods. Immature fibers break more easily during processing and have a tendency to form into neps (small entanglements) during processing in the spinning mill. These consequences adversely affect yarn and fabric quality and appearance. Yarn and fabric produced from immature fiber is typically also less lustrous and does not take up dye consistently so yarn and fabric appearance may be different after dyeing.  
5.2 Maturity has a high positive correlation with fiber length and strength but genetic differences and differences in fiber wall thickness caused by plant diseases, soil, and water conditions during the growing season interfere with this relationship.  
5.2.1 Fine fibers are required for fine count yarn manufacture and fiber fineness affects yarn count, evenness and strength. Both fineness and ribbon width are strong genetic traits evident between species and affected by growing conditions within species.  
5.2.2 Micronaire has traditionally been used as a measure of fiber fineness although the value actually measures fiber specific surface area or surface area per unit weight. As a result, micronaire varies concomitantly with both maturity and fineness (see Fig. 2). Maturity and fineness are related to micronaire via Lord’s equation.4
FIG. 2 Relationship Between Micronaire (X), Fineness (H), and Maturity (M)  
5.3 Cottonscope values have been judged against fineness, maturity and ribbon width values produced by examination of thousands of individual, magnified fiber cross-sections. Relationships with equivalent values by these and other older test methods are highly significant5,6 particularly if the number of cross-sections analyzed is high (>3000) and the cross-sections are carefully prepared and measured. Cottonscope measures approximately 20,...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of linear density (gravimetric fineness hereafter stated as fineness), maturity, micronaire, and ribbon width of cotton fibers from a loose, chemically untreated sample taken before harvest, during ginning, during mill processing or unraveled from raw (undyed) yarn or fabric.  
1.2 This test method requires the use of an integrated instrument, for example, the Cottonscope (see Fig. 1), that measures the maturity, fineness, ribbon width, and micronaire of cotton fiber.2
FIG. 1 Cottonscope Instrument
Note 1: For another test method to determine the maturity of cotton fibers, refer to Test Method D1442.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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