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ASTM C478-07

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Precast Reinforced Concrete Manhole Sections

Standard Specification for Precast Reinforced Concrete Manhole Sections

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the manufacture and purchase requirements of products used for the assembly and construction of circular precast reinforced concrete manholes used in sewer and water works.
1.2 Part I, Sections , of this specification presents general requirements and requirements that are common to each precast concrete product covered by this specification.
1.3 Part II of this specification presents specific requirements for each manhole product in the following sections:Note 1
Future products will to be included in Part II in a future revision of this specification.
1.4 A complete metric companion to this specification has been developed, Specification C 478M; therefore, no metric equivalents are presented in this specification.Note 2
This specification is a manufacturing and purchase specification only and does not include requirements for backfill, or the relationship between field load conditions and the strength requirements of the manhole products and appurtenances. Experience has shown, however, that the successful performance of this product depends upon the proper selection of the product strength, type of foundation and backfill, and care in the field installation of the manhole products and connecting pipes. The owner of the project for which these products are specified herein is cautioned to require inspection at the construction site.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
28-Feb-2007
ICS
13.060.30 - Sewage water
Technical Committee
C13 - Concrete Pipe
Drafting Committee
C13.06 - Manholes and Specials
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C478-06b - Standard Specification for Precast Reinforced Concrete Manhole Sections
Effective Date
01-Mar-2007
Replaced By
ASTM C478-08 - Standard Specification for Precast Reinforced Concrete Manhole Sections
Effective Date
15-Mar-2008
Referred By
ASTM C858-19 - Standard Specification for Underground Precast Concrete Utility Structures
Effective Date
01-Mar-2007
Referred By
ASTM C990-09(2019) - Standard Specification for Joints for Concrete Pipe, Manholes, and Precast Box Sections Using Preformed Flexible Joint Sealants
Effective Date
01-Mar-2007
Referred By
ASTM C1889-21 - Standard Practice for Minimum Structural Design Loading for Monolithic or Sectional Precast Concrete Utility, Water, and Wastewater Structures Using AASHTO LRFD Design
Effective Date
01-Mar-2007
Referred By
ASTM C857-19 - Standard Practice for Minimum Structural Design Loading for Underground Precast Concrete Utility Structures
Effective Date
01-Mar-2007

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ASTM C478-07 - Standard Specification for Precast Reinforced Concrete Manhole SectionsASTM C478-07 - Standard Specification for Precast Reinforced Concrete Manhole Sections
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ASTM C478-07 - Standard Specification for Precast Reinforced Concrete Manhole Sections
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C 478 – 07
Standard Specification for
1
Precast Reinforced Concrete Manhole Sections
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 478; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
PART I—GENERAL 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1. Scope
A 82/A 82M Specification for Steel Wire, Plain, for Con-
1.1 This specification covers the manufacture and purchase
crete Reinforcement
requirements of products used for the assembly and construc-
A 185/A 185M Specification for Steel Welded Wire Rein-
tion of circular precast reinforced concrete manholes used in
forcement, Plain, for Concrete
sewer and water works.
A 496/A 496M Specification for Steel Wire, Deformed, for
1.2 Part I, Sections 1-11, of this specification presents
Concrete Reinforcement
general requirements and requirements that are common to
A 497/A 497M Specification for Steel Welded Wire Rein-
each precast concrete product covered by this specification.
forcement, Deformed, for Concrete
1.3 Part II of this specification presents specific require-
A 615/A 615M Specification for Deformed and Plain
ments for each manhole product in the following sections:
Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
Product Section
A 706/A 706M Specification for Low-Alloy Steel De-
Grade Rings 12
formed and Plain Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
Flat Slab Tops 13
Risers and Conical Tops 14 C33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates
Base Sections 15
C 39/C 39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cy-
Steps and Ladders 16
lindrical Concrete Specimens
NOTE 1—Future products will to be included in Part II in a future
C 150 Specification for Portland Cement
revision of this specification.
C 260 Specification forAir-EntrainingAdmixtures for Con-
1.4 A complete metric companion to this specification has crete
been developed, Specification C 478M; therefore, no metric C 309 Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Com-
equivalents are presented in this specification. pounds for Curing Concrete
C 494/C 494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures for
NOTE 2—This specification is a manufacturing and purchase specifica-
Concrete
tion only and does not include requirements for backfill, or the relation-
C 497 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections,
ship between field load conditions and the strength requirements of the
manhole products and appurtenances. Experience has shown, however, or Tile
that the successful performance of this product depends upon the proper
C 595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements
selection of the product strength, type of foundation and backfill, and care
C 618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined
in the field installation of the manhole products and connecting pipes.The
Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete
owner of the project for which these products are specified herein is
C 822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and Related
cautioned to require inspection at the construction site.
Products
C 989 Specification for Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 on
2
Concrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.06 on Manholes For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
and Specials. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved March 1, 2007. Published March 2007. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
approved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as C 478 – 06b. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C478–07
Slag for Use in Concrete and Mortars 4.1.5.3 Chemical admixture for use in producing flowing
C 1017/C 1017M Specification for Chemical Admixtures concrete conforming to Specification C 1017/C 1017M;
for Use in Producing Flowing Concrete 4.1.5.4 Chemical admixture or blend approved by the
3
2.2 ACI Standard: owner.
318 Building Code, Requirements for Reinforced Concrete 4.1.6 Steel Reinforcement—Reinforcement shall consist of
wire conforming to SpecificationA 82/A 82M or Specification
3. Terminology
A 496/A 496M, of wire fabric conforming to Specification
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms relating to precast A 185/A 185M or Specification A 497/A 497M, or of bars of
Grade 40 steel conforming to Specification A 615/A 615M or
reinforced concrete manholes, see Terminol
...

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This specification covers the manufacture and purchase requirements of products used for the assembly and construction of circular vertical precast reinforced concrete manholes and structures used in sewer and water works. Reinforced concrete shall consist of cementitious materials, mineral aggregates, and water, in which steel reinforcement has been embedded in such a manner so that the steel reinforcement and concrete act together. Aggregates shall conform to the specification , except that the requirements for gradation shall not apply. Minimum compressive strength of concrete manhole products covered must meet the requirement. The aggregates shall be sized, graded, proportioned, and mixed with such proportions of cementitious materials and water as will produce as homogeneous concrete mixture of such quality that the products will conform to the test and design requirements. Concrete products shall be subjected to either steam or water curing. Test methods such as compression and absorption testing shall be performed.
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1.1 This specification covers the manufacture and purchase requirements of products used for the assembly and construction of circular vertical precast reinforced concrete manholes and structures used in sewer, drainage, and water works.  
1.2 Part I, Sections 1 – 11, of this specification presents general requirements and requirements that are common to each precast concrete product covered by this specification.  
1.3 Part II of this specification presents specific requirements for each manhole product in the following sections:    
Product  
Section  
Grade Rings  
12  
Flat Slab Tops  
13  
Risers and Conical Tops  
14  
Base Sections  
15  
Steps and Ladders  
16  
Note 1: Future products will be included in Part II in a future revision of this specification.  
1.4 The values stated in either inch pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
Note 2: This specification is a manufacturing and purchase specification only and does not include requirements for backfill, or the relationship between field load conditions and the strength requirements of the manhole products and appurtenances. Experience has shown, however, that the successful performance of this product depends upon the proper selection of the product strength, type of foundation and backfill, and care in the field installation of the manhole products and connecting pipes. The owner of the project for which these products are specified herein is cautioned to require inspection at the construction site.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers flexible watertight joints for concrete pipe and precast manhole sections, using rubber gaskets for sealing the joints, where infiltration or exfiltration is a factor in the design. The numerical values in this specification are not presented in inch-pound units, but rather, in metric or SI units only. All rubber gaskets shall meet the dimensions, tolerances, and physical requirements of both standard gasket and oil resistant gasket requirements. Assembled joints should pass the following performance test without leakage at the joints: pipes in straight alignment, and pipes in maximum deflected position.
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1.1 This specification covers flexible leak-resistant joints for concrete pipe and precast manhole sections, using rubber gaskets for sealing the joints, where infiltration or exfiltration is a factor in the design. The specification covers the design of joints and the requirements for rubber gaskets to be used therewith, for pipe conforming in all other respects to Specification C14, Specification C76, or Specification C507 and precast manhole section conforming in all other respects to Specification C478/C478M, provided that if there is conflict in permissible variations in dimensions the requirements of this specification for joints shall govern.  
1.2 A complete metric companion to Specification C443 has been developed—C443M; therefore, no metric equivalents are presented in this specification.  
Note 1: This specification covers the design and performance of the rubber gasket joint only. Joints covered by this specification are adequate for hydrostatic pressures up to 13 psi (30 ft), when tested in accordance with Section 9. Infiltration or exfiltration quantities for an installed pipeline are dependent upon many factors other than the joints, and allowable quantities must be covered by other specifications and suitable testing of the installed pipeline and system.  
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This specification covers flexible watertight joints for concrete pipe and precast manhole sections, using rubber gaskets for sealing the joints, where infiltration or exfiltration is a factor in the design. The numerical values in this specification are not presented in inch-pound units, but rather, in metric or SI units only. All rubber gaskets shall meet the dimensions, tolerances, and physical requirements of both standard gasket and oil resistant gasket requirements. Assembled joints should pass the following performance test without leakage at the joints: pipes in straight alignment, and pipes in maximum deflected position.
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1.2 This specification is the metric counterpart of Specification C443.  
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1.1 This specification covers the recommended design requirements and manufacturing practices for monolithic or sectional precast concrete water and wastewater structures with the exception of concrete pipe, box culverts, utility structures, septic tanks, grease interceptor tanks, and items included under the scope of Specification C478/C478M.  
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5.1 This practice is intended as a solution to the difficulty of obtaining reproducible test results from heterogeneous samples.  
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5.1 Domestic wastewater headspace environments are corrosive due to the presence of sewer gases and sulfuric acid generated during the biogenic sulfide corrosion process.5 This operating procedure provides an accelerated exposure to sewer gases and concentration of sulfuric acid commonly produced by bacteria within these sewer environments.6  
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5.1 A microcosm test is conducted to obtain information concerning toxicity or other effects of a test material on the interactions among three trophic levels (primary, secondary, and detrital) and the competitive interactions within each trophic level. As with most natural aquatic ecosystems, the microcosms depend upon algal production (primary production) to support the grazer trophic level (secondary production), which along with the microbial community are primarily responsible for the nutrient recycling necessary to sustain primary production. Microcosm initial condition includes some detritus (chitin and cellulose) and additional detritus is produced by the system. The microcosms include ecologically important processes and organisms representative of ponds and lakes, but are non-site specific. To the extent possible, all solutions are mixtures of distilled water and reagent grade chemicals (see Section 8) and all organisms are available in commercial culture collections.  
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5.3 These procedures are based mostly on published methods (4-6), interlaboratory testing (7-10, 11), intermediate studies (12-23, 24), statistical studies  (25-27) and mathematical simulation results  (28). Newer studies on jet fuels have been reported (29)(See 15.1 for multivariate statistical analyses) and on the implications of multispecies testing for pesticide registration (30). Environmental Protection Agency, (EPA) and Food and Drug Administration, (FDA) published similar microcosm tests (31). The methods described here were used to determine the criteria for A...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for obtaining data concerning toxicity and other effects of a test material to a multi-trophic level freshwater community, independent of the location of the test.  
1.2 These procedures also might be useful for studying the fate of test materials and transformation products, although modifications and additional analytical procedures might be necessary.  
1.3 Modification of these procedures might be justified by special needs or circumstances. Although using appropriate procedures is more important than following prescribed procedures, results of tests conducted using unusual procedures are not likely to be comparable to results of many other tests. Comparison of results obtained using modified and unmodified versions of these procedures might provide useful information concerning new concepts and procedures for conducting multi-trophic level tests.  
1.4 This practice is arranged as follows:    
Section  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Practice  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Facilities  
6.1  
Container  
6.2  
Equipment  
6.3  
Hazards  
7  
Microcosm Components  
8  
Medium  
8.1  
Medium Preparation  
8.2  
Sediment  
8.3  
Microcosm Assembly  
8.4  
Test Material  
9  
General  
9.1  
Stock Solution  
9.2  
Nutrient Control  
9.3  
Test Organisms  
10  
Algae  
10.1  
Animals  
10.2  
Specificity of Organisms  
10.3  
Sources  
10.4  
Algal Culture Maintenance  
10.5  
Animal Culture Maintenance  
10.6  
Procedure  
11  
Experimental Design  
11.1  
Inoculation  
11.2  
Culling  
11.3  
Addition of Test Material  
11.4  
Measurements  
11.5  
Reinoculations  
11.6  
Analytical Methodology  
12  
Data Processing  
13  
Calculations of Variables from Measurements  
14  
Statistical Analyses ...

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ASTM D5886-95(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selection of Test Methods to Determine Rate of Fluid Permeation Through Geomembranes for Specific Applications

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The principal characteristic of geomembranes is their intrinsically low permeability to a broad range of gases, vapors, and liquids, both as single-component fluids and as complex mixtures of many constituents. As low-permeable materials, geomembranes are being used in a wide range of engineering applications in geotechnical, environmental, and transportation areas as barriers to control the migration of mobile fluids and their constituents. The range of potential permeants is broad and the service conditions can differ greatly. This guide shows users test methods available for determining the permeability of geomembranes to various permeants.  
5.2 The transmission of various species through a geomembrane is subject to many factors that must be assessed in order to be able to predict its effectiveness for a specific service. Permeability measurements are affected by test conditions, and measurements made by one method cannot be translated from one application to another. A wide variety of permeability tests have been devised to measure the permeability of polymeric materials; however, only a limited number of these procedures have been applied to geomembranes. Test conditions and procedures should be selected to reflect actual service requirements as closely as possible. It should be noted that field conditions may be difficult to model or maintain in the laboratory. This may impact apparent performance of geomembrane samples.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers selecting one or more appropriate test methods to assess the permeability of all candidate geomembranes for a proposed specific application to various permeants. The widely different uses of geomembranes as barriers to the transport and migration of different gases, vapors, and liquids under different service conditions require determinations of permeability by test methods that relate to and simulate the service. Geomembranes are nonporous, homogeneous materials that are permeable in varying degrees to gases, vapors, and liquids on a molecular scale in a three-step process by: (1) dissolution in or absorption by the geomembrane on the upstream side, (2) diffusion through the geomembrane, and (3) desorption on the downstream side of the barrier.  
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1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Specification for Silica-Based Sediments for the Evaluation of Stormwater Treatment Devices

SCOPE
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1.3 Acceptance of test results attained according to this specification may be subject to specific requirements set by a Quality Assurance Project Plan, a specific verification protocol, or a policy set by an Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). It is advised to review one or all of the above to ensure compliance.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard, except for methods to establish and report sediment concentration and particle size. It is convention to exclusively describe sediment concentration in mg/L and particle size in mm or μm, both of which are SI units. The SI units given in parentheses are mathematical conversions, which are provided for information purposes only and are not considered standard. Reporting of test results in units other than inch-pound units shall be regarded as conforming with this test method.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Silica-based sediment is considered hazardous under the OSHA Hazard Communications Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200).  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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