ASTM E2435-05(2020)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Application of Engineering Controls to Facilitate Use or Redevelopment of Chemical-Affected Properties
Standard Guide for Application of Engineering Controls to Facilitate Use or Redevelopment of Chemical-Affected Properties
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Intended Application of Guide—This guide is intended for use at properties that are presently developed or proposed for development for residential, commercial, or industrial purposes but which contain chemical-affected soil, groundwater, air, or other environmental media, which may pose an unacceptable risk to human health. This guide can be used as a tool for planning and implementation of property reuse or redevelopment activities at former commercial/industrial facilities, “brownfield” properties, or properties containing naturally occurring, chemical-affected environmental media so as to effectively manage potential human exposures to COCs which might otherwise limit productive use of the property.
4.2 Situations Where This Guide May Be Applied—An engineering control may be needed as part of the development plan when: (1) COCs are present in soil, groundwater, or other environmental media at concentrations posing unacceptable risk(s) to human health per applicable regulatory criteria or a risk-based evaluation; (2) a potentially complete exposure pathway for COCs is likely to exist in the absence of an engineering control or other response measure, and (3) installation and maintenance of the engineering control is determined to be an applicable and cost-effective response action relative to other options. A property should not be excluded from development or redevelopment solely on the basis of chemical-affected media, in general, and chemical-affected groundwater, in particular. If no affected environmental media are identified as having COC concentrations in excess of applicable regulatory standards or risk-based criteria, then engineering controls or other response measures are not required.
4.3 Assumptions for Use of This Guide—For use of this guide, it is assumed that (1) an environmental site assessment has been completed to characterize chemical-affected environmental media, (2) exposures to COCs posing an unacceptable risk to the health of cur...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide presents general considerations for application of engineering controls to facilitate continued use or redevelopment of properties containing chemical-affected soil, groundwater, or other environmental media, due either to chemical releases or naturally-occurring conditions. This guide is not meant to be prescriptive but rather to present considerations for evaluating technologies capable of addressing potential human exposures associated with chemical-affected environmental media.
1.2 Table 1 lists the considerations that should be taken into account when developing an engineering control in accordance with this guide.
1.3 This guide is intended for use by real estate developers, civil/structural designers, environmental regulators, industrial parties, environmental consultants, and other persons concerned with residential, commercial, or industrial development of real properties where chemical-affected environmental media are present. The design process should involve the individuals and firms working on various aspects of the specifications for construction, operation, and maintenance. If the site is located on public property, then public participation should be considered during the design process.
1.4 This guide is directed toward properties where chemical-affected environmental media, associated with either human-influenced activities or naturally-occurring conditions, will remain in place and where active or passive engineering controls will be used to reduce or eliminate exposures that may otherwise pose an unacceptable risk to property users.
1.5 This guide identifies the exposure concerns associated with chemical-affected properties that may affect the property development plan, both in the construction phase and during the proposed use of the property; defines performance standards for control of applicable exposure pathways; and, for each exposure pathway, provides examples of eng...
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2435 − 05 (Reapproved 2020)
Standard Guide for
Application of Engineering Controls to Facilitate Use or
Redevelopment of Chemical-Affected Properties
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2435; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Environmental media, such as soil, groundwater, or air, are susceptible to impact by chemical
releases associated with past property-use activities; or they may be affected by naturally occurring
conditions. Previously developed properties may have been impacted by chemical releases associated
with historical operations, chemical spill incidents, waste management practices, or other related
sources of COCs. In some cases, such chemicals may remain in soil, groundwater, or other
environmental media; and, depending on their toxicity, concentration, location, and migration
potential in the environment, they can pose a potential health risk in the event of exposure of current
or future property users. Similarly, in the absence of a chemical release caused by human activity,
COCs that are naturally present in soils, groundwater, soil vapors, or other environmental media can
pose an unacceptable risk to human health, depending on the chemical toxicity and exposure (e.g.,
radon gas emanation into indoor air space of overlying buildings). Under certain conditions, in the
absence of exposure controls, human exposure to chemical-affected environmental media at
residential, commercial, or industrial properties could occur via various exposure pathways, including
but not limited to (1) surface soil direct contact, (2) ambient or indoor air vapor exposure, or (3)
affected groundwater impact on subsurface structures or utilities. Other pathways or exposure
mechanisms may exist, and if so, should be addressed in a similar manner to those addressed in the
guide.
1. Scope parties, environmental consultants, and other persons con-
cerned with residential, commercial, or industrial development
1.1 This guide presents general considerations for applica-
of real properties where chemical-affected environmental me-
tion of engineering controls to facilitate continued use or
dia are present. The design process should involve the indi-
redevelopment of properties containing chemical-affected soil,
viduals and firms working on various aspects of the specifica-
groundwater, or other environmental media, due either to
tionsforconstruction,operation,andmaintenance.Ifthesiteis
chemicalreleasesornaturally-occurringconditions.Thisguide
located on public property, then public participation should be
is not meant to be prescriptive but rather to present consider-
ations for evaluating technologies capable of addressing po- considered during the design process.
tential human exposures associated with chemical-affected
1.4 This guide is directed toward properties where
environmental media.
chemical-affected environmental media, associated with either
1.2 Table 1 lists the considerations that should be taken into
human-influenced activities or naturally-occurring conditions,
accountwhendevelopinganengineeringcontrolinaccordance
will remain in place and where active or passive engineering
with this guide.
controlswillbeusedtoreduceoreliminateexposuresthatmay
1.3 This guide is intended for use by real estate developers,
otherwise pose an unacceptable risk to property users.
civil/structural designers, environmental regulators, industrial
1.5 This guide identifies the exposure concerns associated
with chemical-affected properties that may affect the property
development plan, both in the construction phase and during
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE50onEnvironmental
Assessment, Risk Management and CorrectiveAction and is the direct responsibil- the proposed use of the property; defines performance stan-
ity of Subcommittee E50.04 on Corrective Action.
dards for control of applicable exposure pathways; and, for
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2020. Published November 2020. Originally
each exposure pathway, provides examples of engineering
approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as E2435 – 05(2015).
DOI: 10.1520/E2435-05R20. controls that may be applied for new or existing construction.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2435 − 05 (2020)
A
TABLE 1 Design Considerations for Engineering Controls
Check
When If Not
B
Task/Description Reference Complete Applicable
SITE CHARACTERIZATION
1. Regulatory Framework
Regulations: Identify federal, state, and local laws, rules, and ordinances applicable to 6.3.9 hh
site characterization and engineering controls. Ensure design and installation conform to
technical standards specified in regulations.
Guidance: Identify relevant guidance documents. 4.6,6.3.9 hh
Risk Limits: Define unacceptable risk per regulatory framework or other process. 5.2 hh
Permitting: Complete permitting, notification, and activity and use limitations per 6.3.9 hh
regulatory requirements.
2. Site Conceptual Model
Delineation: Define extent of chemical-affected environmental media: soil, groundwater, 5.2.1 hh
air, other.
Chemicals of Concern: Identify COCs, toxicity, concentrations, locations, migration 5.2.1 hh
potential.
Receptors: Identify potential receptors, complete exposure pathways, define 5.2.1 hh
anticipated property use during design life of engineering control.
SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN
1. Considerations for Site Development Plan
Human Contact: Reduce or eliminate human contact with chemical-affected 5.3.1 hh
environmental media.
Waste: Limit generation of hazardous waste materials. 5.3.1 hh
COC Migration: Prevent off-site migration of COCs. 5.3.1 hh
Plume Expansion: Prevent expansion of affected soil and groundwater zones. 5.3.1 hh
2. Limitations on Site Development Plan
Subsurface Construction: Consider locations of structures and subsurface penetrations, 5.3.2 hh
consider direct contact with chemical-affected groundwater during construction.
Existing Facilities: Consider need to maintain existing engineering controls. 5.3.2 hh
DESIGN OF ENGINEERING CONTROLS
1. Achievement of Performance Standard
Risk Limits: Reduce or eliminate unacceptable risk by either or both of the following: 6.1.1 hh
a. By preventing direct contact with chemical-affected environmental media.
b. By preventing migration of COCs from chemical-affected environmental media to
point of exposure.
Design Life: Set design life of engineering control equal to lesser of the following: 6.1.2 hh
a. Expected duration of the exposure hazard.
b. Expected duration of the site or structure for the specified property use.
2. Application of Engineering Controls to Specific Exposure Pathways
Direct Contact: Prevent surface soil direct contact by either or both of the following 6.2.1 hh
a. Obstructing human contact with chemical-affected soil.
b. Impeding the release of wind-driven soil particulates into the air.
Soil or Groundwater Vapors: Prevent inhalation of vapors at concentrations exceeding 6.2.2 hh
unacceptable risk levels by inhibiting migration of vapors to ambient or indoor air.
Groundwater Impacts: Prevent impact of affected groundwater on subsurface structures 6.2.3 hh
or utilities by installing a barrier to flow.
3. Design Specifications
Qualifications: Prepare design specification by qualified persons having required 4.5,6.3 hh
professional or regulatory certifications.
Participation: Solicit, consider, and incorporate input from individuals and firms working 1.3 hh
on various aspects of the design, construction, operation, and maintenance
specifications.
Documentation: Document design specifications in sufficient detail to evaluate 6.3 hh
compliance with performance criteria.
Design Basis Information: Develop design basis information sufficient to support 6.3.1 hh
engineering design of components of the engineering control.
Effective Area: Define effective area to address the full area or volume, or both, of the 6.3.2 hh
chemical-affected environmental media requiring exposure control.
Defining Boundary: Specify defining boundary to physically demarcate or document 6.3.2 hh
engineering control or area of chemical-affected media, or both.
Components: Specify design components of engineering control, including details of 6.3.3 hh
design, installation, and operation and maintenance.
Dimensions and Material Specifications: Evaluate the properties of each design 6.3.4 hh
component (e.g., material strength, durability, corrosion resistance, chemical
compatibility) for capability to achieve the specified performance standard for the
duration of the design life under anticipated site conditions.
Treatment System: Specify design for construction or installation of treatment system 6.3.5 hh
for soil or groundwater, including removal efficiency or required concentrations
after treatment.
Documentation: Prepare record drawings, drawings conforming to construction records, 6.3.7 hh
or other written records to document installation of engineering control.
INSTALLATION OF ENGINEERING CONTROLS
QA/QC Program: Set up system of inspections, monitoring, or testing, or combination 7.1 hh
thereof, to confirm installation in accordance with design specifications.
Qualifications: Specify installation by persons qualified to complete work by reason of 7.2 hh
professional or regulatory certifications.
E2435 − 05 (2020)
TABLE 1 Continued
Check
When If Not
B
Task/Description Reference Complete Applicable
MONITORING AND MAINTENANCE OF ENGINEERING CONTROLS
Obligatory Requirements: Ensure monitoring requirements comply with enforcement 8.1 hh
instruments for site (e.g., consent agreement, consent order, order, permit, etc.).
Periodic Monitoring: Specify type (e.g., visual inspection, physical measurements, 8.2 hh
sampling and testing) and frequency, of monitoring programs needed to assess
performance of engineering control and fulfill regulatory requirements. Include triggers
for non-routine monitoring.
Maintenance: Describe schedule and procedures for conducting repairs or 8.3 hh
replacements indicated by periodic monitoring.
Assessment: Describe procedures for assessing the performance of the engineering 8.4 hh
control and implementing changes as needed to address results of the periodic
monitoring.
Re-Evaluation: Describe procedures for re-evaluating the performance of the 4.4,5.4,8.4 hh
engineering control and implementing changes as needed to address (1) a change
in land use, regulatory criteria, or site development plan; or (2) a newly identified risk.
USE OF ACTIVITY AND USE LIMITATIONS
Need for Activity and Use Limitations: Identify the activity and use limitations to be 9.1 hh
implemented along with engineering controls in order to control risk.
Recordation: File activity and use limitations in real property records of governmental 9.2 hh
entities having jurisdiction over the site in order to notify future owners and users of
the site about the presence of engineering controls.
A
Table presents design issues to be considered to demonstrate that the design of an engineering control for chemical-affected property has been developed in accordance
with this guide. Consideration of the issues should be documented in accordance with the identified regulatory framework for the site.
B
References indicate sections of this guide.
1.6 This guide will assist in identification of the optimal responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
property development plan for a property with chemical- priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
affected environmental media. Such a plan will address both mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
short-term construction issues and long-term exposures of 1.12 This international standard was developed in accor-
property users. dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1.7 This guide does not address the broader range of
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
environmental concerns that are not directly affected by con-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
structionmeasuresandengineeringcontrols(e.g.,protectionof
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
water resources or ecological receptors).
1.8 Detailed specifications for site-specific application of
2. Referenced Documents
engineering controls are not addressed in this guide. The user
2.1 The pertinent ASTM standards for development of
is referred to other related ASTM standards and technical
engineering controls at chemical-affected properties are listed
guidelines regarding the implementation of the site evaluation
below. Additional standards and other non-ASTM references
and corrective action process, as well as the detailed design,
relatedtothedevelopmentofengineeringcontrolsatchemical-
installation, operation, and maintenance of these engineering
affected properties are provided in Appendix X6.
controls.
2.2 ASTM Standards:
1.9 The overall strategy for addressing unacceptable risks
C1193 Guide for Use of Joint Sealants
may employ either remedial actions or activity and use
C1299 Guide for Use in Selection of Liquid-Applied Seal-
limitations, or both. Engineering controls are a subset of
ants (Withdrawn 2012)
remedialactionsgiventhat(1)remedialactionsinvolvecutting
E1689 Guide for Developing Conceptual Site Models for
off the exposure pathway or reducing the concentration of
Contaminated Sites
COCs, or both and (2) that engineering controls only involve
E1745 Specification for Plastic Water Vapor Retarders Used
cutting off the exposure pathway. Engineering controls are
inContactwithSoilorGranularFillunderConcreteSlabs
briefly described in Guide E2091, which describes a broad
E1984 Guide for Brownfields Redevelopment (Withdrawn
range of options for managing risk. This guide covers imple-
2012)
mentationofengineeringcontrolsinadetailedmanner,thereby
E2081 Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action
providing a needed complement to the information provided in
Guide E2091.
1.10 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
standard. No other units of meas
...
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