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ASTM C1580-09e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Water-Soluble Sulfate in Soil

Standard Test Method for Water-Soluble Sulfate in Soil

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method can be used to determine if soils could have an adverse reaction with hydraulic cement concrete.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is for the determination of water-soluble sulfate in soils.
1.2 This test method was developed for concentrations of water-soluble sulfate in soils between 0.02 and 3.33 % sulfate by mass.
1.3 This test method does not determine sulfur in any form except as sulfate.
1.4 Some governing bodies regulate the movement of soils from one area to another. It is up to the sampler and laboratory to comply with all regulations.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Mar-2009
ICS
13.080.10 - Chemical characteristics of soils
Technical Committee
C09 - Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
Drafting Committee
C09.69 - Miscellaneous Tests
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C1580-09 - Standard Test Method for Water-Soluble Sulfate in Soil
Effective Date
01-Apr-2009
Referred By
ASTM C1797-23 - Standard Specification for Ground Calcium Carbonate and Aggregate Mineral Fillers for use in Hydraulic Cement Concrete
Effective Date
01-Apr-2009

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ASTM C1580-09e1 - Standard Test Method for Water-Soluble Sulfate in Soil
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation: C1580 − 09
StandardTest Method for
1
Water-Soluble Sulfate in Soil
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1580; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Added research report information to Section 11 editorially in September 2010.
1. Scope* E60 Practice for Analysis of Metals, Ores, and Related
Materials by Spectrophotometry
1.1 This test method is for the determination of water-
E275 Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of
soluble sulfate in soils.
Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometers
1.2 This test method was developed for concentrations of
3. Significance and Use
water-soluble sulfate in soils between 0.02 and 3.33 % sulfate
by mass.
3.1 This test method can be used to determine if soils could
have an adverse reaction with hydraulic cement concrete.
1.3 This test method does not determine sulfur in any form
except as sulfate.
4. Apparatus
1.4 Some governing bodies regulate the movement of soils
4.1 Photometer—One of the following, given in order of
from one area to another. It is up to the sampler and laboratory
preference:
to comply with all regulations.
4.1.1 Nephelometer or turbidimeter,
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as 4.1.2 Spectrophotometerforuseat420nmwithlightpathof
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this 4 to 5 cm, and
standard. 4.1.3 Filter photometer with a violet filter having a maxi-
mum near 420 nm and a light path of 4 to 5 cm. Filter
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
photometers and photometric practices prescribed in this test
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
method shall conform to Practice E60; spectrophotometer
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
practices shall conform to Practice E275.
priate safety and health practices and to determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.2 Stopwatch, readable to 0.1 minutes.
4.3 Measuring Spoon, capacity 0.2 to 0.3 mL.
2. Referenced Documents
4.4 Drying oven, capable of continuously heating at 110 6
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5 ºC.
C114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic
4.5 Balance, shall be capable of reproducing results within
Cement
0.0002 g with an accuracy of 60.0002 g. Direct-reading
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
balances shall have a sensitivity not exceeding 0.0001 g.
Conventional two-pan balances shall have a maximum sensi-
1 bility reciprocal of 0.0003 g. Any rapid weighing device that
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on
may be provided, such as a chain, damped motion, or heavy
Concrete and ConcreteAggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
C09.69 on Miscellaneous Tests.
riders, shall not increase the basic inaccuracy by more than
Current edition approved April 1, 2009. Published May 2009. Originally
0.0001 g at any reading and with any load within the rated
approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as C1580 – 05. DOI:
capacity of the balance.
10.1520/C1580-09E01.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
4.6 Stirrer, magnetic variable speed, with a TFE-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
fluorocarboncoatedmagneticstirringrodoranoverheadstirrer
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. with a propeller.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
´1
C1580 − 09
5. Reagents and Materials series of tests by running two or more solutions of known
sulfate concentrations in the range of 5 to 40 mg SO /L.
4
5.1 Purity of Reagents—All reagents shall conform to the
specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the
NOTE 2—The slope of the curve may not be linear below 5 or above 40
3
mg SO /L for this method.
American Chemical Society.
4
5.2 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise indicated, reference
8. Procedure
to water shall be understood to mean reagent water conforming
8.1 Collect at least 100 g of representative soil for analysis.
to Specification D1193, Type I. Other reagent water types (See
Dry the sample for 18 to 24 h at 110 °C. Crush to pass a 600
Note 1) may be used, provided it is first ascertained that the
µm sieve. In a 400 mL beaker labeled SampleA, put a sample
water is of sufficiently high purity to permit its use wit
...

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ASTM C1580-20(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Water-Soluble Sulfate in Soil

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method can be used to determine if soils could have an adverse reaction with hydraulic cement concrete.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is for the determination of water-soluble sulfate in soils.  
1.2 This test method was developed for concentrations of water-soluble sulfate in soils between 0.02 and 3.33 % sulfate by mass.  
1.3 This test method does not determine sulfur in any form except as sulfate.  
1.4 Some governing bodies regulate the movement of soils from one area to another. It is up to the sampler and laboratory to comply with all regulations.  
1.5 The text of this test method refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D5831-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Screening Fuels in Soils

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is a screening procedure for determining the presence of fuels containing aromatic compounds in soils. If a sample of the contaminant fuel is available for use in calibration, the approximate concentration of the fuel in the soil can be calculated. If the fuel type is known but a sample of the contaminant fuel is not available for calibration, an estimate of the contaminant fuel concentration can be calculated using average response factors based on composition of the fuel in the soil. If the composition of the contaminant fuel is unknown, a contaminant concentration cannot be calculated, and this practice can only be used only to indicate the presence or absence of fuel contamination.  
5.2 Fuels containing aromatic compounds, such as diesel fuel and gasoline, as well as other aromatic-containing hydrocarbon materials, such as crude oil, coal oil, and motor oil, can be determined by this practice. The quantitation limit for diesel fuel is about 75 mg/kg. Approximate quantitation limits for other aromatic-containing hydrocarbon materials that can be determined by this screening practice are given in Table 1. Quantitation limits for highly aliphatic materials, such as aviation gasoline and synthetic motor oil, are much higher than those for more aromatic materials, such as coal oil and diesel fuel.  
Note 1: The quantitation limits listed in Table 1 are estimated values because in this practice, the quantitation limit can be influenced by the particular fuel type and soil background. For information on how the values given in Table 1 were determined, see Appendix X1. Data generated during the development of this screening practice and other information pertaining to this practice can be found in the referenced research reports (1, 2).3  
5.3 When applying this practice to sites contaminated by diesel fuel, care should be taken in selecting the appropriate response factor from the list given in Table 2, with consideration given to whether or not t...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is a screening procedure for assessing the presence of fuels containing aromatic compounds in soils. If a sample of the contaminant fuel is available, the concentration of the fuel in the soil can be determined. If the contaminant fuel type is known but a sample of the contaminant fuel is not available, an estimate of the concentration of the fuel in the soil can be made using average response factors based on composition of the fuel in the soil. If the kind of contaminant fuel is unknown, this screening method can be used to identify the presence of contamination.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D7968-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Polyfluorinated Compounds in Soil by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method has been developed by the U.S. EPA Region 5 Chicago Regional Laboratory (CRL).  
5.2 PFAS are widely used in various industrial and commercial products; they are persistent, bio-accumulative, and ubiquitous in the environment. PFAS have been reported to exhibit developmental toxicity, hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and hormone disturbance. A draft Toxicological Profile for Perfluoroalkyls from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services is available.7 PFAS have been detected in soils, sludges, and surface and drinking waters. Hence, there is a need for a quick, easy, and robust method to determine these compounds at trace levels in various soil matrices for understanding of the sources and pathways of exposure.  
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1.1 This procedure covers the determination of selected polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in a soil matrix using solvent extraction, filtration, followed by liquid chromatography (LC) and detection with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). These analytes are qualitatively and quantitatively determined by this method. This method adheres to multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mass spectrometry. This procedure utilizes a quick extraction and is not intended to generate an exhaustive accounting of the content of PFAS in difficult soil matrices. An exhaustive extraction procedure for PFAS, such as published by Washington et al.,2 for difficult matrices should be considered when analyzing PFAS. The approach from this standard was utilized to screen laboratory coats (textiles) to identify if PFAS would be leached from the materials.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 The method of detection limit3 and reporting range4 for the target analytes are listed in Table 1.    
1.3.1 The reporting limit in this test method is the minimum value below which data are documented as non-detects. Analyte detections between the method detection limit and the reporting limit are estimated concentrations and are not reported following this test method. In most cases, the reporting limit is calculated from the concentration of the Level 1 calibration standard as shown in Table 2 for the PFAS after taking into account a 2 g sample weight and a final extract volume of 10 mL, 50 % water/50 % MeOH with 0.1 % acetic acid. The final extract volume is assumed to be 10 mL because 10 mL of 50 % water/50 % MeOH with 0.1 % acetic acid was added to each soil sample and only the liquid layer after extraction is filtered, leaving the solid and any residual solvent behind. It is raised above the Level 1 calibration concentration for PFOS, PFHxA, FHEA, and FOEA; these compounds can be identified at the Level 1 concentration but the standard deviation among replicates at this lower spike level resulted in a higher reporting limit.  
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Standard Test Method for Measuring pH of Soil for Use in Corrosion Evaluations

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Information on pH of soil is used as an aid in evaluating the corrosivity of a soil environment. Some metals are more sensitive to the pH of their environment than others, and information on the stability of a metal as a function of pH and potential is available in the literature.3
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the pH of a soil in corrosion evaluations. The principle use of the test is to supplement soil resistivity measurements and thereby identify conditions under which the corrosion of metals in soil may be accentuated (see G57 – 78 (2012)).  
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Standard Test Methods for Detecting Water Soluble Sulfates in Construction Soils

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5.1 Where sulfates are suspected, subgrade soils should be tested as an integral part of a geotechnical evaluation because the possibility that sulfate induced heave may occur if calcium containing stabilizers are used to improve the soils and sulfate reactions may also cause deterioration in concrete structures. When planning to treat a soil used in construction with lime, testing the soil for water soluble sulfates prior to treatment becomes very important (Note 2).  
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Note 2: For more information on the effect of treating soils containing water soluble sulfates, refer to the following publication: Little, D.N., Stabilization of Pavement Subgrades and Base Course with Lime, Kendal/Hunt Publishing Co., Dubuque, IA, 1995.
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1.1 These methods determine the water soluble sulfate content of cohesive soils used in construction by using the colorimetric technique. Two methods are presented in this standard. Method A is for use in the field and Method B is for use in the laboratory. The colorimetric technique involves measuring the scattering of a light beam through a solution that contains suspended particulate matter. Measurements of sulfate concentrations in construction soils can be used to guide professionals in the selection of appropriate stabilization methods and to assist in assessment of potential deterioration in concrete structures.
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Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Gas Pycnometer

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5.1 The specific gravity value is used in many phase relation equations to determine relative volumes of particle, water, and gas mixtures.  
5.2 The term soil particle typically refers to a naturally occurring mineral grain that is not readily soluble in water. Therefore, the specific gravity of soils that contain extraneous matter (such as cement, lime, and the like) or water-soluble material (such as salt) must be corrected for the precipitate that forms on the test specimen after drying. If the precipitate has a specific gravity less than the parent soil grains, the uncorrected test result will be too low. If the precipitate has a higher specific gravity, then the uncorrected test value will be too high.  
5.3 Heating during drying may diagenetically alter the structure of some clay minerals.3 Therefore caution should be exercised if the mineral composition of a clay test specimen is going to be determined after drying. It is possible to dry the test specimen at a lower temperature. However, the effect on water content4 and hence specific gravity should be investigated. In addition, some materials other than clay may be affected by drying at 110°C, such as gypsum, soils containing organics, fly ash containing residual coal, island sands. Test Method D2216 includes recommendations for drying gypsum using a lower temperature, such as 60°C.
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the specific gravity of soil solids by means of a gas pycnometer. Particle size is limited by the dimensions of the test specimen container of the particular pycnometer being used.  
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1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
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1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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5.1 This guide offers several options for the determination of 99Tc in soil samples. Sample sizes of up to 200 g are possible, depending on the method chosen to extract Tc from the soil matrix. It is up to the user to determine if it is appropriate for the intended use of the final data.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to serve as a reference for laboratories wishing to perform 99Tc analyses in soil. Several options are given for selection of a tracer and for the method of extracting the Tc from the soil matrix. Separation of Tc from the sample matrix is performed using an extraction chromatography resin. Options are then given for the determination of the 99Tc activity in the original sample. It is up to the user to determine which options are appropriate for use, and to generate acceptance data to support the chosen procedure.  
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1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard, except where the non-SI unit of molar, M, is used for the concentration of chemicals and reagents. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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Standard Test Methods for Pore Water Extraction and Determination of the Soluble Salt Content of Soils by Refractometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The soluble salt content may be used to correct the index properties of soils such as water content, void ratio, specific gravity, degree of saturation, and dry density.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover a rapid procedure for squeezing pore water from fine-grained soils for the purpose of determining the amount of soluble salts present in the extracted pore water.  
1.2 These test methods were developed for soils having a water content equal to or greater than approximately 14 %, for example, marine soils. An extensive summary of procedures for extracting pore water from soils has been presented by Kriukov and Manheim (1).2  
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1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026 unless superseded by these test methods.  
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4.5 This guide provides current information on research trends in PFAS determination techniques applied to environmental media.  
4.6 This guide provides an integrated framework that results in efficient, cost-effective decision-making for timely, appropriate response actions for PFAS-impacted environmental media.  
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Standard Practice for Acid-Extraction of Elements from Sediments Using Closed Vessel Microwave Heating

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Partial extraction of soils and sediments can provide information on the availability of elements to leeching, water quality changes, or other site conditions.  
4.2 Rapid heating, in combination with temperatures in excess of the atmospheric boiling point of nitric acid, reduces sample preparation or reaction times.  
4.3 Little or no acids are lost to boiling or evaporation in the closed digestion vessel so additional portions of acid may not be required. Increased blank corrections from trace impurities in acid are minimized.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the digestion of soils and sediments for subsequent determination of acid-extractable concentrations of certain elements by such techniques as atomic absorption and atomic emission spectroscopy.  
1.1.1 Concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, magnesium, manganese, nickel, and zinc can be extracted from the preceding materials. Other elements may be determined using this practice.  
1.2 The analytical sample is arbitrarily defined as that which passes a 10-mesh (approximately 2 mm openings) screen and is prepared according to Practice D3974.  
1.3 Actual element quantitation can be accomplished by following the various test methods under other appropriate ASTM standards for element(s) of interest.  
1.4 The detection limit and linear concentration range for each element is dependent on the atomic absorption or emission spectrophotometric technique employed and may be found in the manual accompanying the instrument used.  
1.5 Before selecting a digestion technique, the user should consult the appropriate quantitation standard(s) for any special analytical considerations, and Practice D3974 for any special preparatory considerations.  
1.6 The extent of extraction of elements from soils and sediments by this method is dependent upon the physical and mineralogic characteristics of the prepared sample.  
1.7 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information purposes only.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 8.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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