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ASTM D3487-09

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Mineral Insulating Oil Used in Electrical Apparatus

Standard Specification for Mineral Insulating Oil Used in Electrical Apparatus

ABSTRACT
This specification covers two types of new mineral insulating oils of petroleum origin for use as an insulating and cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatus, such as transformers, regulators, reactors, circuit breakers, switchgear, and attendant equipment. It is the intension of this specification to define a mineral insulating oil that is functionally interchangeable and miscible with existing oils, is compatible with existing apparatus and with appropriate field maintenance, and will satisfactorily maintain its functional characteristics in its application in electrical equipment. Type I mineral oils are used for apparatus where normal oxidation resistance is required, where as, Type II mineral oils are used for apparatus where greater oxidation resistance is required. When examined with corresponding test methods, sampled specimens shall conform accordingly to physical (aniline point, color, flash point, interfacial tension, pour point, relative density or specific gravity, viscosity, and appearance), electrical (dielectric breakdown voltage, gassing tendency, and dissipation or power factor), and chemical (oxidation stability, oxidation inhibitor content, corrosive sulfur content, water content, neutralization number, and PCB content) property requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers new mineral insulating oil of petroleum origin for use as an insulating and cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatus, such as transformers, regulators, reactors, circuit breakers, switchgear, and attendant equipment.
1.2 This specification is intended to define a mineral insulating oil that is functionally interchangeable and miscible with existing oils, is compatible with existing apparatus and with appropriate field maintenance, and will satisfactorily maintain its functional characteristics in its application in electrical equipment. This specification applies only to new insulating oil as received prior to any processing.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2009
ICS
29.040.10 - Insulating oils
Technical Committee
D27 - Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases
Drafting Committee
D27.01 - Mineral
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D3487-08 - Standard Specification for Mineral Insulating Oil Used in Electrical Apparatus
Effective Date
01-Dec-2009
Replaced By
ASTM D3487-16 - Standard Specification for Mineral Insulating Oil Used in Electrical Apparatus
Effective Date
15-Jun-2016
Referred By
ASTM D5222-23 - Standard Specification for Less Flammable High Molecular Weight Hydrocarbon Mineral Electrical Insulating Liquids
Effective Date
01-Dec-2009
Referred By
ASTM D8086-20 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Methanol and Ethanol in Electrical Insulating Liquids of Petroleum Origin by Headspace (HS)-Gas Chromatography (GC) Using Mass Spectrometry (MS) or Flame Ionization Detection (FID)
Effective Date
01-Dec-2009
Referred By
ASTM D5837-15 - Standard Test Method for Furanic Compounds in Electrical Insulating Liquids by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
Effective Date
01-Dec-2009
Referred By
ASTM D4733-17 - Standard Test Methods for Solventless Electrical Insulating Varnishes
Effective Date
01-Dec-2009
Referred By
ASTM D4768-11(2019) - Standard Test Method for Analysis of 2,6-Ditertiary-Butyl Para-Cresol and 2,6-Ditertiary-Butyl Phenol in Insulating Liquids by Gas Chromatography
Effective Date
01-Dec-2009
Referred By
ASTM D3635-13(2021) - Standard Test Method for Dissolved Copper In Electrical Insulating Oil By Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
Effective Date
01-Dec-2009
Referred By
ASTM D229-19e1 - Standard Test Methods for Rigid Sheet and Plate Materials Used for Electrical Insulation
Effective Date
01-Dec-2009
Referred By
ASTM D2440-13(2021) - Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Mineral Insulating Oil
Effective Date
01-Dec-2009
Referred By
ASTM D1675-18 - Standard Test Methods for Polytetrafluoroethylene Tubing
Effective Date
01-Dec-2009
Referred By
ASTM D117-22 - Standard Guide for Sampling, Test Methods, and Specifications for Electrical Insulating Liquids
Effective Date
01-Dec-2009
Referred By
ASTM D3755-20 - Standard Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials Under Direct-Voltage Stress
Effective Date
01-Dec-2009
Referred By
ASTM D3394-16(2022) - Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Electrical Insulating Board
Effective Date
01-Dec-2009
Referred By
ASTM D1000-17 - Standard Test Methods for Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive-Coated Tapes Used for Electrical and Electronic Applications
Effective Date
01-Dec-2009

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ASTM D3487-09 - Standard Specification for Mineral Insulating Oil Used in Electrical ApparatusASTM D3487-09 - Standard Specification for Mineral Insulating Oil Used in Electrical Apparatus
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REDLINE ASTM D3487-09 - Standard Specification for Mineral Insulating Oil Used in Electrical ApparatusREDLINE ASTM D3487-09 - Standard Specification for Mineral Insulating Oil Used in Electrical Apparatus
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REDLINE ASTM D3487-09 - Standard Specification for Mineral Insulating Oil Used in Electrical Apparatus
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D3487 −09
StandardSpecification for
1
Mineral Insulating Oil Used in Electrical Apparatus
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3487; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope Insulating Liquids Using Disk Electrodes
D923Practices for Sampling Electrical Insulating Liquids
1.1 This specification covers new mineral insulating oil of
D924Test Method for Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor)
petroleum origin for use as an insulating and cooling medium
and Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Electri-
innewandexistingpoweranddistributionelectricalapparatus,
cal Insulating Liquids
such as transformers, regulators, reactors, circuit breakers,
D971Test Method for Interfacial Tension of Oil Against
switchgear, and attendant equipment.
Water by the Ring Method
1.2 This specification is intended to define a mineral insu-
D974Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-
latingoilthatisfunctionallyinterchangeableandmisciblewith
Indicator Titration
existing oils, is compatible with existing apparatus and with
D1275Test Method for Corrosive Sulfur in Electrical Insu-
2
appropriatefieldmaintenance, andwillsatisfactorilymaintain
lating Oils
its functional characteristics in its application in electrical
D1298Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
equipment.Thisspecificationappliesonlytonewinsulatingoil
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
as received prior to any processing.
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as D1500Test Method forASTM Color of Petroleum Products
(ASTM Color Scale)
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard. D1524Test Method for Visual Examination of Used Elec-
trical Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin in the Field
2. Referenced Documents
D1533Test Method for Water in Insulating Liquids by
3
Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1816Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of
D88Test Method for Saybolt Viscosity
Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin Using VDE Elec-
D92Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland
trodes
Open Cup Tester
D1903Practice for Determining the Coefficient of Thermal
D97Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
Expansion of Electrical Insulating Liquids of Petroleum
D445Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
Origin, and Askarels
andOpaqueLiquids(andCalculationofDynamicViscos-
D2112Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Inhibited
ity)
Mineral Insulating Oil by Pressure Vessel
D611Test Methods for Aniline Point and Mixed Aniline
D2300Test Method for Gassing of Electrical Insulating
Point of Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbon Solvents
Liquids Under Electrical Stress and Ionization (Modified
D877Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of
Pirelli Method)
D2440Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Mineral
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D27 on
Insulating Oil
Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gasesand is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
D2668Test Method for 2,6-di-tert-Butyl- p-Cresol and 2,6-
mittee D27.01 on Mineral.
di-tert-Butyl Phenol in Electrical Insulating Oil by Infra-
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2009. Published December 2009. Originally
approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D3487–08.
red Absorption
DOI:10.1520/D3487-09.
D2717Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Liquids
2
Refer to American National Standard C57.106. Guide for Acceptance and
D2766Test Method for Specific Heat of Liquids and Solids
Maintenance of Insulating Oil in Equipment (IEEE Standard64). Available from
D3300Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of
AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute(ANSI),25W.43rdSt.,4thFloor,NewYork,
NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin Under Impulse Con-
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
ditions
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
D4059Test Method for Analysis of Polychlorinated Biphe-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. nyls in Insulating Liquids by Gas Chromatography
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3487−09
inhibitor added as necessary to return inhibitor content to its initial value.
D4768Test Method for Analysis of
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately,ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D3487–08 Designation: D3487 – 09
Standard Specification for
1
Mineral Insulating Oil Used in Electrical Apparatus
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3487; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 Thisspecificationcoversnewmineralinsulatingoilofpetroleumoriginforuseasaninsulatingandcoolingmediuminnew
andexistingpoweranddistributionelectricalapparatus,suchastransformers,regulators,reactors,circuitbreakers,switchgear,and
attendant equipment.
1.2 Thisspecificationisintendedtodefineamineralinsulatingoilthatisfunctionallyinterchangeableandmisciblewithexisting
2
oils, is compatible with existing apparatus and with appropriate field maintenance, and will satisfactorily maintain its functional
characteristics in its application in electrical equipment. This specification applies only to new insulating oil as received prior to
any processing.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D88 Test Method for Saybolt Viscosity
D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup Tester
D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
D611 Test Methods for Aniline Point and Mixed Aniline Point of Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbon Solvents
D877 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of Insulating Liquids Using Disk Electrodes
D923 Practices for Sampling Electrical Insulating Liquids
D924 Test Method for Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor) and Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Electrical
Insulating Liquids
D971 Test Method for Interfacial Tension of Oil Against Water by the Ring Method
D974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-Indicator Titration
D1275 Test Method for Corrosive Sulfur in Electrical Insulating Oils
D1298 TestMethodforDensity,RelativeDensity(SpecificGravity),orAPIGravityofCrudePetroleumandLiquidPetroleum
Products by Hydrometer Method
D1500 Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Products (ASTM Color Scale)
D1524 Test Method for Visual Examination of Used Electrical Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin in the Field
D1533 Test Method for Water in Insulating Liquids by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration
D1816 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin Using VDE Electrodes
D1903 PracticeforDeterminingtheCoefficientofThermalExpansionofElectricalInsulatingLiquidsofPetroleumOrigin,and
Askarels
D2112 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Inhibited Mineral Insulating Oil by Pressure Vessel
D2300 Test Method for Gassing of Electrical Insulating Liquids Under Electrical Stress and Ionization (Modified Pirelli
Method)
D2440 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Mineral Insulating Oil
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D27 on Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D27.01
on Mineral.
Current edition approved Nov.Dec. 1, 2008.2009. Published December 2008.2009. Originally approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 20062008 as
D3487–00(2006). D3487–08.
2
Refer toAmerican National Standard C57.106. Guide forAcceptance and Maintenance of Insulating Oil in Equipment (IEEE Standard64).Available fromAmerican
National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
3
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3487 – 09
D2668 Test Method for 2,6-di-tert-Butyl- p-Cresol and 2,6-di-tert-Butyl Phenol in Electrical Insulating Oil by Infrared
Absorption
D2717 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Liquids
D2766 Test Method for Specific Heat of Liquids and Solids
D3300 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of Insulating
...

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ASTM D8180-23(Specification)
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SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers rerefined previously used mineral insulating liquid of petroleum origin for reuse as an insulating and cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatus, such as transformers, regulators, reactors, liquid filled circuit breakers, switchgear, and attendant equipment.  
1.2 This specification is intended to define a rerefined mineral insulating liquid that is functionally interchangeable and miscible with existing mineral insulating liquids, is compatible with existing apparatus, and with appropriate field maintenance2 will satisfactorily maintain its functional characteristics in its application in electrical equipment. This specification applies only to rerefined mineral insulating liquid as received prior to any processing. Liquids that undergo treatment in-situ are not covered by this specification.  
1.3 Formulated rerefined mineral insulating liquids may contain additives such as inhibitors, passivators, pour point depressants, flow modifiers, gassing tendency modifiers, and other compounds. This specification will address some of these but not all. It is the responsibility of the supplier to disclose information concerning the presence of all known additives and their concentration to the user.  
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This specification describes a high fire-point mineral oil based electrical insulating fluid, for use as a dielectric and cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatuses, such as transformers and switchgear. The material discussed here is miscible with other petroleum based insulating oils, and may not be miscible with electrical insulating liquids of non-petroleum origin. The insulating oils shall be compatible with typical material of construction of existing apparatus and will satisfactorily maintain its functional characteristic in its application. This specification applies only to new insulating material oil as received prior to any processing. Sampled specimens shall undergo appropriate tests, and shall conform correspondingly to specified physical (appearance upon visual examination, color in ASTM units, fire point, flash point, aniline point, interfacial tension, pour point, relative density, and kinematic viscosity), electrical (dielectric breakdown voltage, gassing tendency, and dissipation factor), and chemical (corrosion behavior against sulfur, inorganic chlorides and sulfates content, acid number, water content, oxidation stability, oxidation inhibitor content, and PCB content) property requirements.
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1.1 This specification describes a less flammable mineral electrical insulating liquid, for use as a dielectric and cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatus, such as transformers and switchgear.  
1.2 Less flammable insulating liquid differs from conventional mineral insulating liquid by possessing a fire-point of at least 300 °C. This property is necessary in order to comply with certain application requirements of the National Electrical Code (Article 450-23) or other agencies. The material discussed in this specification is miscible with other petroleum based insulating liquids. Mixing less flammable liquids with lower fire point hydrocarbon insulating liquids (for example, Specification D3487 mineral liquid) may result in fire points of less than 300 °C.  
1.3 This specification is intended to define a less flammable electrical mineral insulating liquid that is compatible with typical material of construction of existing apparatus and will satisfactorily maintain its functional characteristic in this application. The material described in this specification may not be miscible with electrical insulating liquids of non-petroleum origin. The user should contact the manufacturer of the less flammable insulating liquid for guidance in this respect.  
1.4 This specification applies only to new electrical insulating liquid as received prior to any processing. Information on in-service maintenance testing is available in appropriate guides.2 The user should contact the manufacturers of the equipment or liquid if questions of recommended characteristics or maintenance procedures arise.  
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1.2 Synthetic ester insulating liquids differ from conventional mineral oil and other less-flammable (high fire point) liquids in that they are products derived from the chemical reaction, processing, and physical treatments of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.  
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ASTM D1524-15(2022)(Test Method)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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SCOPE
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ASTM D117-22(Guide)
Standard Guide for Sampling, Test Methods, and Specifications for Electrical Insulating Liquids

ABSTRACT
This guide describes methods of testing and specifications for electrical insulating oils of petroleum origin intended for use in electrical cables, transformers, oil circuit breakers, and other electrical apparatus where the oils are used as insulating, or heat transfer media, or both. This guide is classified into the following categories: sampling practices, physical tests, electrical tests, chemical tests, and specifications. The test methods shall be as follows: aniline point; coefficient of thermal expansion; color; examination; flash and fire point; interfacial tension; pour point of petroleum products; refractive index; relative density; specific heat; thermal conductivity; turbidity; viscosity; dielectric breakdown voltage; dissipation factor and relative permittivity; gassing tendency; resistivity; stability under electrical discharge; acidity; carbon-type composition; compatibility with construction material; copper content; furanic compounds; gas analysis; gas content; inorganic chlorides and sulfates; neutralization numbers; oxidation inhibitor content; oxidation stability; polychlorinated biphenyl content; sediment and soluble sludge; sulfur; water content; mineral insulating oil for electrical apparatus; and high firepoint electrical insulating oils.
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1.3 This guide is classified into the following categories: Sampling Practices, Physical Tests, Electrical Tests, Chemical Tests, and Specifications. Within each test category, the test methods are listed alphabetically by property measured. A list of standards follows:    
Category  
Section  
ASTM Standard  
Sampling:  
3  
D923  
Physical Tests:  
Aniline Point  
4  
D611  
Coefficient of Thermal Ex-
pansion  
5  
D1903  
Color  
6  
D1500  
Examination: Visual Infrared  
7  
D1524, D2144, D2129  
Flash and Fire Point  
8  
D92  
Interfacial Tension  
9  
D971  
Pour Point of Petroleum
Products  
10  
D97, D5949, D5950  
Particle Count in Mineral
Insulating Oil  
11  
D6786  
Refractive Index and Specific
Optical Dispersion  
12  
D1218  
Relative Density (Specific
Gravity)  
13  
D287, D1217, D1298, D1481, D4052  
Specific Heat  
14  
D2766  
Thermal Conductivity  
15  
D2717  
Viscosity  
16  
D445, D2161, D7042  
Electrical Tests:  
Dielectric Breakdown Voltage  
17  
D877, D1816, D3300  
Dissipation Factor and Rela-
tive Permittivity (Dielectric
Constant)  
18  
D924  
Gassing Characteristic
Under Thermal Stress  
19  
D7150  
Gassing Tendency  
20  
D2300  
Resistivity  
21  
D1169  
Chemical Tests:  
Acidity, Approximate  
22  
D1534  
Carbon-Type Composition  
23  
D2140  
Compatibility with Construc-
tion Material  
24  
D3455  
Copper Content  
25  
D3635  
Elements by Inductively
Coupled Plasma (ICP-AES)  
26  
D7151  
Furanic Compounds in
Electrical Insulating Liquids  
27  
D5837  
Dissolved Gas Analysis  
28  
D3612  
Gas Content of Cable and
Capacitor Liquids  
29  
D831, D1827, D2945  
Neutralization (Acid and
Base) Numbers  
30  
D664, D974  
Oxidation Inhibitor Content  
31  
D2668, D4768  
Oxidation Stability  
32  
D1934, D2112, D2440  
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ASTM D3635-13(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Dissolved Copper In Electrical Insulating Oil By Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Electrical insulating oil may contain small amounts of dissolved metals derived either directly from the base oil or from contact with metals during refining or service. When copper is present, it acts as a catalyst in promoting oxidation of the oil. This test method is useful for research for new oils and to assess the condition of service-aged oils. Consideration should be given to the limits of detection outlined in the scope.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of copper in new or used electrical insulating oil of petroleum origin by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.  
1.2 The lowest limit of detectability is primarily dependent upon the method of atomization, but also upon the energy source, the fuel and oxidant, and the degree of electrical expansion of the output signal. The lowest detectable concentration is usually considered to be equal to twice the maximum variation of the background. For flame atomization, the lower limit of detectability is generally in the order of 0.1 ppm or 0.1 mg/kg. For non-flame atomization, the lower limit of detectability is less than 0.01 ppm.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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ASTM D2668-07(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for 2,6-di-tert-Butyl- p-Cresol and 2,6-di-tert-Butyl Phenol in Electrical Insulating Oil by Infrared Absorption

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The quantitative determination of 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol and 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol in a new electrical insulating oil measures the amount of this material that has been added to the oil as protection against oxidation. In a used oil it measures the amount remaining after oxidation has reduced its concentration. The test is also suitable for manufacturing control and specification acceptance.  
3.2 When an infrared spectrum is obtained of an electrical insulating oil inhibited with either of these compounds there is an increase in absorbance of the spectrum at several wavelengths (or wavenumbers). 2,6 ditertiary-butyl paracresol produces pronounced increases in absorbance at 2.72 μm (3650 cm−1), and 11.63 μm (860 cm−1 ). 2,6 ditertiary-butyl phenol produces pronounced increases in absorbance at 2.72 μm (3650 cm−1) and 13.42 μm (745 cm −1).  
3.3 When making this test on other than a highly oxidized oil or when using a double-beam spectrophotometer, it has been found convenient to obtain the spectrum between 2.5 μm (4000 cm−1) and 2.9 μm (3450 cm−1) because the instrument is compensated for the presence of moisture and the band is not influenced by intermolecular forces (associations). However, when testing a highly oxidized oil or when using a single-beam instrument better results may be obtained if the scan is made between 10.90 μm (918 cm−1) and 14.00 μm (714 cm−1).  
3.4 Increased absorption at 11.63 μm (860 cm −1) or 13.42 μm (745 cm−1) or both, will identify the inhibitor as 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol or 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol respectively (Note 1).
Note 1: The absorbance at 745 cm−1 for 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol and at 860 cm−1 for 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol for equal concentrations will be in the approximate ratio of 2.6 to 1.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the weight percent of 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol (DBPC) and 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol (DBP) in new or used electrical insulating oil in concentrations up to 0.5 % by measuring its absorbance at the specified wavelengths in the infrared spectrum.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2144-07(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practices for Examination of Electrical Insulating Oils by Infrared Absorption

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The infrared spectrum of an electrical insulating oil is a record of the absorption of infrared energy over a range of wavelengths. The spectrum indicates the general chemical composition of the test specimen.  
Note 2: The infrared spectrum of a pure chemical compound is probably the most characteristic property of that compound. However, in the case of oils, multicomponent systems are being examined whose spectra are the sum total of all the spectra of the individual components. Because the absorption bands of the components may overlap, the spectrum of the oil is not as sharply defined as that for a single compound. For these reasons, these practices may not in every case be suitable for the quantitative estimation of the components of such a complex mixture as mineral oil.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices are to be used for the recording and interpretation of infrared absorption spectra of electrical insulating oils from 4000 cm−1 to 400 cm−1 (2.5 μm to 25 μm).  
Note 1: While these practices are specific to ratio recording or optical null double-beam dispersive spectrophotometers, single-beam and HATR (horizontal attenuated total reflectance), Fourier-transform rapid scan infrared spectrophotometers may also be used. By computerized subtraction techniques, ratio methods can be used. Any of these types of equipment may be suitable if they comply with the specifications described in Practice E932.  
1.2 Two practices are covered, a Reference Standard Practice and a Differential Practice.  
1.3 These practices are designed primarily for use as rapid continuity tests for identifying a shipment of oil from a supplier by comparing its spectrum with that obtained from previous shipments, or with the sample on which approval tests were made. They also may be used for the detection of certain types of contamination in oils, and for the identification of oils in storage or service, by comparison of the spectra of the unknown and known oils. The practices are not intended for the determination of the various constituents of an oil.  
1.4 Warning—Infrared absorption is a tool of high resolving power. Conclusions as to continuity of oil quality should not be drawn until sufficient data have been accumulated so that the shipment-to-shipment variation is clearly established, for example.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2440-13(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Mineral Insulating Oil

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The oxidation stability test of mineral transformer oils is a method for assessing the amount of sludge and acid products formed in a transformer oil when the oil is tested under prescribed conditions. Good oxidation stability is necessary in order to maximize the service life of the oil by minimizing the formation of sludge and acid. Oils that meet the requirements specified for this test in Specification D3487 tend to minimize electrical conduction, ensure acceptable heat transfer, and preserve system life. There is no proven correlation between performance in this test and performance in service, since the test does not model the whole insulation system (oil, paper, enamel, wire). However, the test can be used as a control test for evaluating oxidation inhibitors and to check the consistency of oxidation stability of production oils.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the resistance of mineral transformer oils to oxidation under prescribed accelerated aging conditions. Oxidation stability is measured by the propensity of oils to form sludge and acid products during oxidation. This test method is applicable to new oils, both uninhibited and inhibited, but is not well defined for used or reclaimed oils.  
Note 1: A shorter duration oxidation test for evaluation of inhibited oils is available in Test Method D2112.
Note 2: For those interested in the measurement of volatile acidity, reference is made to IEC Method 61125. 2  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8086-20(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Methanol and Ethanol in Electrical Insulating Liquids of Petroleum Origin by Headspace (HS)-Gas Chromatography (GC) Using Mass Spectrometry (MS) or Flame Ionization Detection (FID)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Methanol and ethanol are generated by the degradation of cellulosic materials used in the solid insulation systems of electrical equipment. More particularly, methanol comes from the depolymerization of cellulosic materials.3, 4, 5, 6  
5.2 Methanol and ethanol, which are soluble in an insulating liquid to an appreciable degree, will proportionally migrate to that liquid after being produced from the cellulose.  
5.3 High concentrations or unusual increases in the concentrations of methanol or ethanol, or both, in an insulating liquid may indicate cellulose degradation from aging or incipient fault conditions. Testing for these alcohols may be used to complement dissolved gas-in-oil analysis and furanic compounds as performed in accordance with Test Methods D3612 and D5837 respectively.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the determination of by-products of cellulosic materials degradation found in electrical insulation systems that are immersed in insulating liquid. Such materials include paper, pressboard, wood and cotton materials. This test method allows the analysis of methanol and ethanol from the sample matrix by headspace GC-MS or GC-FID.  
1.2 This test method has been used to test for methanol and ethanol in mineral insulating liquids and less flammable electrical insulating liquids of mineral origin as defined in D3487 and D5222 respectively. Currently, this method is not a practical application for ester liquids.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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