ASTM D6651-01

Standard Test Method for Determining The Rate of Sorption and Sorptive Capacity Of Nonwoven Fabrics (Withdrawn 2008)

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the quantifying of the rate of sorption of textile fabrics.
1.2 This test method applies to all textile fabrics used as wiping materials for spill removal. For additional literature see the International Nonwovens Journal.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covers the quantifying of the rate of sorption of textile fabrics.
This test method is being withdrawn with no replacement because D13 no longer has the technical expertise to maintain.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D13 on Textiles, this test method was withdrawn in October 2008.

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 09-Apr-2001
• Withdrawal Date: 30-Sep-2008
• ICS: 59.080.30 - Textile fabrics
• Technical Committee: D13 - Textiles
• Drafting Committee: D13.90 - Executive

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D6651–01
Standard Test Method for
Determining The Rate of Sorption and Sorptive Capacity Of
Nonwoven Fabrics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6651; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
2 2
1. Scope mL whether is was part of a 50 g/m or a 200 g/m fabric. The
extrinsic sorptive capacity would, however, be four (4) times
1.1 This test method covers the quantifying of the rate of
higher for the 200 g/m fabric than for the lighter weight
sorption of textile fabrics.
material.
1.2 This test method applies to all textile fabrics used as
3.1.2 intrinsic rate of sorption, n—in textile fabrics, the rate
wiping materials for spill removal. For additional literature see
,
2 3 at which a specified liquid is sorbed by a fabric on a
the International Nonwovens Journal .
per-unit-mass basis under specified conditions.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
3.1.3 sorption, n—in textile fabrics, a process in which
are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text,
liquid molecules are taken up either by absorption or adsorp-
the inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values
tion, or both.
stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each
3.1.4 sorptive capacity, n—in textile fabrics, the maximum
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
amount of liquid absorbed and adsorbed under specified
values from the two systems may result in nonconformance
conditions.
with the specification.
3.1.5 wiper, n—in textile fabrics, fabric swatches used for
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
housekeeping, cleaning, polishing, spill clean-up or removal.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2 For definitions of terms used in this test method refer to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Terminology D 123.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Summary of Test Method
2. Referenced Documents 4.1 A stack of wiping material squares of known mass and
dimensions is placed on the surface of a thermostatically
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4 controlled tank of liquid.The time required for the stack to wet
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
out is recorded. From these measurements and from the mass
3. Terminology of the wetted stack of wipers, a rate of sorption through the
plane of the wiper can be calculated.
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 extrinsic rate of sorption, n—intextilefabrics,therate
5. Significance and Use
at which a specified liquid is sorbed by a fabric on a
5.1 This test method can be used for acceptance testing of
per-unit-area basis under specified conditions.
commercial shipments, but comparisons should be made with
3.1.1.1 Discussion—While extrinsic sorptive capacity is
caution because information on estimates of between-
expressed in terms of volume per unit area, intrinsic capacity
laboratory precision is limited as noted in the precision and
(below) has been used to describe capacity in terms of volume
bias section of this test method.
per unit mass. By way of example, if a fabric exhibited an
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance be-
intrinsic capacity of 5 mL/g, that mass of fabric would hold 5
tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),
comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles
a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.90 on Executive.
assistance. As a minimum, samples used for such comparative
Current edition approved April 10, 2001. Published July 2001.
2 tests should be as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the
C. F. Mattina and J. M. Oathout, “A New Method for Determining the Rate of
same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate
Sorption of Wiping Materials,” Cleanrooms, 8 (4), 18–24 (1994) and International
Nonwovens Journal, 7(1), 48 (1995).
results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal
J. M. Oathout and C. F. Mattina, “A Comparison of Selected Industrial and
numbers to each laboratory. Other fabrics with established test
Household Wiping Materials for Rate of Sorption, Sorptive Capacity and Strength,”
values may also be used for these comparative tests. The test
International Nonwovens Journal, 7(1), 58 (1995).
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01. results from the laboratories involved should be compared
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D6651–01
using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level 7. Sampling and Test Specimens
chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its
7.1 Primary Sampling Unit—Consider rolls, bolts, or pre-
cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must
packaged pieces of fabric to be the primary sampling unit, as
be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
applicable.
5.2 When the rate is calculated as a flux on a per-unit-area
7.2 Laboratory Sampling Unit—As a laboratory sampling
basis, it is termed the extrinsic rate of sorption, R [mL/m /s].
e unit, use the primary sampling unit, as a source of test
The rate calculated on a per-unit-mass basis is termed the
specimensandpreparethetestspecimensasdirectedin7.3and
intrinsic rate of sorption, R[mL/g/s]. If basis weight (mass per
i 7.4.
unit area) is given in units of grams per square meter, then the
7.2.1 For primary sampling units having narrow widths or
two rates of sorption are related via the equation
short lengths, use a sufficient number of pieces to prepare the
(R =R 3 basis weight).
e i test specimen stacks as described in 7.3 and 7.4.
5.3 This test method rests primarily on three hypotheses:
7.3 Test Specimen Size—From each laboratory sampling
that the rate of sorption is independent of the area of the
unit, cut square or rectangular test swatches, such that the
2 2
specimens, that the rate of sorption is independent of the
specimen area is no less than 25600 mm (39 in. ) and no
2 2
number of plies used to do the test, and that the sorptive
greater than 64500 mm (100 in. ) with no side less than 160
capacity of the wiper is independent of the number of plies
mm (6.3 in.) nor greater than 250 mm (10 in.).
used to do the test. These hypotheses have been shown to be
7.3.1 In any event, the specimen side length-width aspect
valid in most cases within the limits described in this test
ratio must not be greater than 2:1.
method. However, in certain cases, ply dependency on rate of
NOTE 1—Specimen swatches having smaller dimensions than specified
sorption may exist, in particular, for materials that are slow
in 7.3 may have an edge effect and may lead to erroneous results.
absorbers, which generally are not considered superior wipers.
Specimen swatches having larger dimensions than specified in 7.3 are
(See 10.11).
cumbersome to handle and may lead to erroneous results.
5.4 This test method is useful to select fabrics with superior
7.4 Number of Swatches Per Test Specimen Stack and
cleaning and drying properties that can minimize the costs for
Number of Test Specimen Stacks—The number of swatches
spill removal. It can also be used to research fabrics for
(fabric layers) can vary.As a minimum, prepare two specimen
improved spill removal and for production control.
stacks, each with 10 fabric layers, two specimen stacks, each
5.5 In addition to the measurement of rate of sorption and
with fewer layers, such as 5, and two specimen stacks, each
sorptivecapacity,thismethodalsopermitsthedeterminationof
with more layers, such as 15. This will help to establish
basis weight (mass per unit area).
whether there is any ply dependency on the rate of sorption.
7.4.1 Primary sampling units may consist of pre-packaged
6. Apparatus and Materials
wiping material that are nominally 229 mm by 229 mm (9.00
6.1 Balance, top loading, with a sensitivity of at least 0.01g.
in. by 9.00 in.) material squares. In those cases, use the entire
6.2 Water Bath, thermostatically controllable to 25 61°C
square as the test specimen.
(77 6 2 °F), having dimensions of at least 400 mm (16 in.) by
7.4.2 If prepackaged wiping material squares are quarter-
300 mm (12 in.) and deep enough so that the topmost ply of a
foldedorC-folded,unfoldthemandplaceinstacks.Ifthestack
stack of fully wetted wiper specimens is at least 25 mm (1.0
of material squares do not lie flat after stacking, apply modest
in.) below the surface of the liquid.
compression. When necessary, bend previously folded creases
6.2.1 Alternatively, any suitable container with dimensions
backward to flatten.
of at least 400 mm 3 300 mm 3 200 mm, (16 in. 3 12 in. 3
7.4.3 Prepare specimen stacks, such that the same fabric
8 in.) filled with liquid and fitted with a temperature controller
surfaceisfacingupforallstackssotheycanbeidentifiedwhen
can be used. The thermostat should be controllable to 25 6 1
testing.
°C (77 6 2 °F) and of sufficient depth that the topmost ply of
7.4.4 Ensure specimens are free of folds, creases, or
a stack of fully wetted wipers is at least 25 mm (1.0 in.) below
wrinkles.Avoid getting oil, grease, etc. on the specimens when
the surface of the liquid.
handling.
6.3 Liquid, usually tap water, or other liquid when specified.
7.5 Test Specimen Preparation—Select test specimens as
6.4 Measuring Rule, metal, graduated in 1 mm (0.05 in.). follows:
7.5.1 For Prepackaged Wipes, Nominal 229 by 229 mm
6.5 Stopwatch, digital electronic capable of reading to 0.01
(9.00 by 9.00 in.)—Open the package. Select a stack of wipes
s.
that is sufficient to provide the necessary number of layers
6.5.1 As an option, the stopwatch can be operated by a
needed for each test specimen set. Use the entire square as the
foot-switch, thereby allowing both hands to be free to handle
test specimen.
the test specimen during the test.
7.5.2 For Rolls or Bolts of Fabric, (Preferred)—Using a
6.6 Die Cutter, or equivalent, to meet the test specimen size
utility knife, cut a suitable number of plugs, approximately 300
r
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