ASTM F2651-10(2015)
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Soil and Turfgrass Characteristics of Natural Playing Surfaces (Withdrawn 2024)
Standard Terminology Relating to Soil and Turfgrass Characteristics of Natural Playing Surfaces (Withdrawn 2024)
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology defines characteristics of soils and turfgrass for use in the development of standards and specifications for natural playing surfaces. This standard includes terms that pertain to natural playing surfaces used for sports and may include those surfaces supporting the growth of turfgrass or unvegetated (bare soil) playing surfaces that are constructed with natural materials.
1.2 The terms defined in this terminology standard are appropriate for use by sports field development professionals, owners and institutions, installers and contractors and other practitioners in matters concerning natural surfaces evaluations, test methods, specifications, maintenance and construction.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This terminology defines characteristics of soils and turfgrass for use in the development of standards and specifications for natural playing surfaces. This standard includes terms that pertain to natural playing surfaces used for sports and may include those surfaces supporting the growth of turfgrass or unvegetated (bare soil) playing surfaces that are constructed with natural materials.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee F08 on Sports Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities, this terminology was withdrawn in January 2024 in accordance with section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F2651 − 10 (Reapproved 2015) An American National Standard
Standard Terminology Relating to
Soil and Turfgrass Characteristics of Natural Playing
Surfaces
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2651; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope clay, n—can be defined in terms of a particular size fraction of
a soil, a soil textural class, a soil particle size class, a soil
1.1 This terminology defines characteristics of soils and
textural group, soil mineralogy, or, in engineering terms, as
turfgrass for use in the development of standards and specifi-
materials that exhibit plastic soil properties when at appro-
cations for natural playing surfaces. This standard includes
priate water contents.
terms that pertain to natural playing surfaces used for sports
DISCUSSION—Ideally, the term “clay” should be appropriately defined
and may include those surfaces supporting the growth of
when used to describe soils or materials for rootzones. For example, a
turfgrass or unvegetated (bare soil) playing surfaces that are
90 % sand/10 % clay mixture could imply either 90 % sand/10 %
constructed with natural materials.
clayey soil (or other soils with textures containing enough clay (<0.002
mm) to exhibit plasticity) or 90 % sand (2 to 0.05 mm)/10 % clay
1.2 The terms defined in this terminology standard are
(<0.002 mm).
appropriate for use by sports field development professionals,
owners and institutions, installers and contractors and other clay, as a particular size fraction of a soil, n—soil separate
practitioners in matters concerning natural surfaces consisting of particles <0.002 mm (fine earth fraction) in
evaluations, test methods, specifications, maintenance and equivalent diameter.
construction.
clay, as a textural class, n—soil material that contains 40 %
or more clay, <45 % sand, and <40 % silt.
2. Terminology
clay, as a soil particle size class, n—soil material that
aeration, n—condition and sum of all processes affecting soil
contains 35 % or more clay (clayey soils).
pore-space gaseous composition, particularly with respect to
clay, as a soil textural group, n—soil material that falls
theamountandavailabilityofoxygenforusebysoilbiotaor
within the textural classes of “sandy clay,” “silty clay,” and
soil chemical oxidation reactions, or both.
“clay (clayey soils).”
aeration, v—practice to mechanically restore a soil to a
clay, in terms of mineralogy, n—soil particulates that are
condition where gas and water permeability rates are im-
commonly occurring but not restricted to the <0.002 mm
proved and bulk density is lowered (decompaction) by the
fraction (clay minerals). Commonly occurring in soil mineral-
useofdevices(spikes,cores,tines,air-jets,water-jets)which
ogy classes as smectitic, kaolinitic, illitic (micaceous),
penetrate into the soil profile. See also aerification, soil and
gibbsitic, ferritic, or mixed.
cultivation, turf.
DISCUSSION—Soil mineralogy classes are defined predominantly by
the type of soil mineral dominating (40 % or more) the fine earth
aerification, soil, n—mechanical process to relieve soil com-
fraction.
paction.Thistermisoftenusedsynonymouslywithaeration,
v (that is, mechanical aeration). See also aeration, v.
clay, in engineering terms, n—soils containing enough soil
material in the less than 0.4 mm fractions such that when moist
bulk density, n—mass of dry soil per unit bulk volume. The
–3 they exhibit consistence characteristics of “moderately plastic”
value is expressed as Mg per cubic metre (Mg m ) or gram
–3 or “very plastic” forming a roll 4 cm or longer and 4 mm or
per cubic centimetre (g cm ).
thinner that supports its own weight.
coefficient of uniformity, CU , irrigation , n—measure of
Irr
the efficiency of irrigation application (expressed as a
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports
Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of
percent) which was originally described by J.E. Chris-
Subcommittee F08.80 on Common Terminology, Methods and Laboratory Prac-
tiansen.
tices.
DISCUSSION—The original Christiansen’s CU was a computation
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015. Published December 2015. Originally
which could be determined without statistical analysis. In more precise
approved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as F2651 – 10. DOI:
10.1520/F2651-10R15. statistical terms, it can now be defined as the value obtained from
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2651 − 10 (2015)
subtracting the statistical coefficient of variability (CV) value from 1 techniques using updated equipment (so called “vertical,” “shatter-
(or 100 when expressed as a percentage): CU =1–CV. tine,” or “quaking” aerators) slice through the soil with offset knives
Irr
which create a wobbling or quaking effect which has shown to have
coefficient of uniformity, C (D), particle size, n—in describ-
u better results for compaction relief due to this soil-shattering action.
ing granular materials, it is a measure of the particle size
spiking, n—process in which a solid spike (solid tine) is
range of the granules.
inserted more or less vertically into the soil. Solid tines can
DISCUSSION—Uniformity coefficients must be described as to the
include round bar stock, knives, or bayonets.
particle size range for which it is describing the uniformity. For
example,aC valuewhichdescribestheparticlesizerangebetweenthe
u
D number, n—on a logarithmic cumulative percent (%)
particle size for the D to D (D /D ) will produce a different
60 10 60 10
passing particle size distribution curve, the D number (D or
X
numberthantheC whichdescribestheparticlesizerangebetweenD
u 85
DX) is the particle size that correlates with point on the
and D (D /D ). Traditionally, the C value used in engineering and
15 85 15 u
curve in whichX%ofthe particles pass or are finer.
soil mechanics has been the D /D relationship which is also
60 10
sometimes termed as the ‘Hazen Coefficient.’ DISCUSSION—For example, a D (D60) value is the point on the
curve in which 60 % of the particles are finer than that diameter.AD
coefficient of variability (CV),n—ratioofthesamplestandard
(D20) value can be viewed as a particle size diameter where 20 % of
deviation to the sample mean (s/x¯).
the sand would be less than and 80 % would be greater than that size.
DISCUSSION—The coefficient of variation measures the spread of a set
dethatching, n—mechanical process used to remove and
ofdataasaproportiontoitsmean.Itisoftenexpressedasapercentage.
reduce the amount of thatch in a turfgrass installation. This
cool season turfgrasses, n—grass species widely adapted to
could include a mechanical “verticutter,” power rake, spike
cool climates.
drag, or even shallow-depth core cultivation. See also
DISCUSSION—Some species persist and are used in warm temperate
verticutting.
climates either for the specific turf qualities or to provide an actively
growing turf system during a period when warm season turfgrasses
gravel, n—commonly used to denote spherical, cube-like, or
exhibit winter dormancy.
equiaxial aggregate materials with an equivalent diameter >
2.0 mm and < 7.6 mm. More correctly used, this classifica-
cultivation, turf, n—practice of disrupting the soil by me-
tion refers to “rock fragments” classed as pebbles in the
chanical means without turning or excessively disrupting the
Glossary of Soil Science Terms (1997).
sod.
DISCUSSION—This may include such practices as spiking or solid-tine
interseeding, n—an overseeding practice whereby the purpose
aeration, coring or hollow-tine aeration, grooving or slicing, or drilling.
or intention of the practice is not simply to increase plant
Itmightalsoincludemethodstoinjectwaterorairintothesoiltocreate
density or for winter overseeding of warm season turfgrass,
channels, holes, or fissures or break up the soil structure, or a
combination thereof. but rather to change the species or cultivar composition of
the resultant turfgrass stand. See also overseeding.
coring, n—process in which a hollow spike (pipe) tine is
inserted more or less vertically into the soil using a mechanical
matric potential (soil water potential, or pressure, head),
aerator machine.
n—amount of work that must be done per unit of a specified
DISCUSSION—Hollow tines are normally cylindrical and have a
quantity of pure water in order to transport reversibly and
sidewall cutout which allows for the soil core to eject the previous soil
isothermally an infinitesimal quantity of water from a
core in a continuous process as the core is pushed into the soil.The end
specified source to a specified destination.
result is that the turf surface is littered with soil cores having a plug of
DISCUSSION—If the specified quantity is volume, the potential is
turf attached to the one end. These cores can be removed or left to dry
referred to as pressure (Pa). If the specified quantity is weight, the
andthenbrokenupusingsometypeofdrag.Asubsequentmowingmay
potential is referred to as head (m). If the specified quantity is mass, the
also break up the cores but caution should be used to limit the hazard
–1
energy potential is the term used (J kg ).
from flying debris.
drilling, n—practice which combines principles of both
organic matter, n—in context with soils and turfgrass systems,
spiking and coring. Instead of pushing a solid or hollow tine
thecarbon-basedresidueofplantoranimalresidues,orboth.
into the soil a specially modified drill bit is drilled into the soil
DISCUSSION—In a well-decomposed stable form within the soil it
to create a hole and also to remove the soil from the rootzone often referred to as ‘humus’or as ‘soil organic matter.’Organic matter
is often discussed in terms of its level of decomposition. Less
in the process.
decomposed organic forms when incorporated into the soil do not
DISCUSSION—Drilling is sometimes used to eliminate the propensity
technically become part of the soil organic matter until they are broken
to create a somewhat compacted layer at the bottom of the tine
down into a stable form of humus. It is simply organic “debris” (part of
penetration depth or to reach greater soil profile depths than is typically
the organic fraction but not technically “soil organic matter”) until such
possible with standard-tine aeration machines.
decompositionoccurs.Compostsarealsocommonlymarketedandsold
grooving, n—see slicing.
as organic matter (often for the intent to use as a soil amendment) but
it may not broken down to a degree so as to technically be classified as
punching, n—see spiking.
soilorganicmatter(orhumus)ormanytimesthecompost-materialmay
slicing,n—processwhichusesmechanicallydrivenbladesto
be preblended with soil mineral matter such that it is really just an
slice vertically into the soil which will create a series of
organic-rich soil material. See also soil organic matter.
grooves or channels.
overseeding, n—practice of seeding a turfgrass into a turf area
DISCUSSION—Historically, slicing practices cut through the sod layer
that has an established turfgrass.
to limited shallow depths in the soil and created little soil disturbance
other than the actual creating of the groove and were not very effective DISCUSSION—Overseeding is normally practiced to increase plant
at compaction relief or improving soil aeration. More modern slicing density of a pre-established turfgrass stand or to seed a cool season
F2651 − 10 (2015)
turfgrass into a warm season turfgrass for the purpose of providing
sand, as a textural class, n—soil material that contains 85 %
green color or an actively growing turfgrass, or both, during a winter
or more sand, and not more than 10 % clay.
dormancy period. See also interseeding.
sand, as a soil particle size class, n—soil material that
particle density, n—density of the soil particles, the dry mass
contains 70 % or more sand, and not more than 15 % clay
of the particles being divided by the solid (not bulk) volume
(sandy soils).
of the particles, in contrast with bulk density. Units are Mg
sand, as a soil textural group, n—soil material that falls
–3 –3
m orgcm .
within the textural classes of “sand” and “loamy sand” (sandy
soils).
permeability, soil, n—property of a porous soil medium that
expresses the ease with which gases, liquids, or other
saturated hydraulic conductivity, n—under saturated
substances can flow through it.
conditions, it is the proportionality factor in Darcy’s law as
applied to the viscous flow of water in soil.
playing surface, n—surface of contact with a player, ball, or
DISCUSSION—Thesaturatedhydraulicconductivityisthefluxofwater
any other object or animal utilizing the surface.
per unit gradient of hydraulic potential. When a head (height) of water
DISCUSSION—A natural playing surface may be turfgrass or other
is placed (ponded) over a saturated soil column, the quantity of water
vegetation, soil, sand, other natural organic and inorganic materials, or
collected at the bottom of the column is defined as the “flux.” The soil
combinations of these types of surfaces.
flux changes for a given soil material depending upon the height of the
soil column and upon the height of water ponded upon the top of the
playing surface system, n—composite that includes the con-
soil column. The saturated hydraulic conductivity is a calculated value
tact surface, energy-absorbing materials, if any, and the
that “adjusts” the flux value to the soil to determine its water
substrates.
transmission (permeability) properties by mathematically adjusting the
hydraulicpotentialsuchthatiftheoreticallypossible,thewaterponding
porosity, n—volume of pores in a soil sample (non-solid
depth would be immediately at the soil surface. That is, all soil
volume) divided by the bulk volume of the sample.
conductivity values are adjusted such that the reference point for
renovation, field, n—process to improve or restore the perfor- permeability is the soil surface and not for the depth of water ponded
on the surface.
mance of an existing athletic field.
DISCUSSION—Renovation practices may be extensive such as removal
skinned area, n—area on sports fields that, by design, is
and replacement of the rootzone profile, or more basic such as
devoid of turfgrasses or other vegetation; may be entire
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: F2651 − 10 (Reapproved 2015) An American National Standard
Standard Terminology Relating to
Soil and Turfgrass Characteristics of Natural Playing
Surfaces
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2651; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope clay, n—can be defined in terms of a particular size fraction of
a soil, a soil textural class, a soil particle size class, a soil
1.1 This terminology defines characteristics of soils and
textural group, soil mineralogy, or, in engineering terms, as
turfgrass for use in the development of standards and specifi-
materials that exhibit plastic soil properties when at appro-
cations for natural playing surfaces. This standard includes
priate water contents.
terms that pertain to natural playing surfaces used for sports
DISCUSSION—Ideally, the term “clay” should be appropriately defined
and may include those surfaces supporting the growth of
when used to describe soils or materials for rootzones. For example, a
turfgrass or unvegetated (bare soil) playing surfaces that are
90 % sand/10 % clay mixture could imply either 90 % sand/10 %
constructed with natural materials.
clayey soil (or other soils with textures containing enough clay (<0.002
mm) to exhibit plasticity) or 90 % sand (2 to 0.05 mm)/10 % clay
1.2 The terms defined in this terminology standard are
(<0.002 mm).
appropriate for use by sports field development professionals,
owners and institutions, installers and contractors and other clay, as a particular size fraction of a soil, n—soil separate
practitioners in matters concerning natural surfaces consisting of particles <0.002 mm (fine earth fraction) in
evaluations, test methods, specifications, maintenance and equivalent diameter.
construction.
clay, as a textural class, n—soil material that contains 40 %
or more clay, <45 % sand, and <40 % silt.
2. Terminology
clay, as a soil particle size class, n—soil material that
aeration, n—condition and sum of all processes affecting soil
contains 35 % or more clay (clayey soils).
pore-space gaseous composition, particularly with respect to
clay, as a soil textural group, n—soil material that falls
the amount and availability of oxygen for use by soil biota or
within the textural classes of “sandy clay,” “silty clay,” and
soil chemical oxidation reactions, or both.
“clay (clayey soils).”
aeration, v—practice to mechanically restore a soil to a
clay, in terms of mineralogy, n—soil particulates that are
condition where gas and water permeability rates are im-
commonly occurring but not restricted to the <0.002 mm
proved and bulk density is lowered (decompaction) by the
fraction (clay minerals). Commonly occurring in soil mineral-
use of devices (spikes, cores, tines, air-jets, water-jets) which
ogy classes as smectitic, kaolinitic, illitic (micaceous),
penetrate into the soil profile. See also aerification, soil and
gibbsitic, ferritic, or mixed.
cultivation, turf.
DISCUSSION—Soil mineralogy classes are defined predominantly by
the type of soil mineral dominating (40 % or more) the fine earth
aerification, soil, n—mechanical process to relieve soil com-
fraction.
paction. This term is often used synonymously with aeration,
v (that is, mechanical aeration). See also aeration, v.
clay, in engineering terms, n—soils containing enough soil
material in the less than 0.4 mm fractions such that when moist
bulk density, n—mass of dry soil per unit bulk volume. The
–3 they exhibit consistence characteristics of “moderately plastic”
value is expressed as Mg per cubic metre (Mg m ) or gram
or “very plastic” forming a roll 4 cm or longer and 4 mm or
–3
per cubic centimetre (g cm ).
thinner that supports its own weight.
coefficient of uniformity, CU , irrigation , n—measure of
Irr
the efficiency of irrigation application (expressed as a
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports
Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of
percent) which was originally described by J.E. Chris-
Subcommittee F08.80 on Common Terminology, Methods and Laboratory Prac-
tiansen.
tices.
DISCUSSION—The original Christiansen’s CU was a computation
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015. Published December 2015. Originally
which could be determined without statistical analysis. In more precise
approved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as F2651 – 10. DOI:
10.1520/F2651-10R15. statistical terms, it can now be defined as the value obtained from
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2651 − 10 (2015)
subtracting the statistical coefficient of variability (CV) value from 1 techniques using updated equipment (so called “vertical,” “shatter-
(or 100 when expressed as a percentage): CU = 1 – CV. tine,” or “quaking” aerators) slice through the soil with offset knives
Irr
which create a wobbling or quaking effect which has shown to have
coefficient of uniformity, C (D), particle size, n—in describ-
u
better results for compaction relief due to this soil-shattering action.
ing granular materials, it is a measure of the particle size
spiking, n—process in which a solid spike (solid tine) is
range of the granules.
inserted more or less vertically into the soil. Solid tines can
DISCUSSION—Uniformity coefficients must be described as to the
include round bar stock, knives, or bayonets.
particle size range for which it is describing the uniformity. For
example, a C value which describes the particle size range between the
u
D number, n—on a logarithmic cumulative percent (%)
particle size for the D to D (D /D ) will produce a different
60 10 60 10
passing particle size distribution curve, the D number (D or
X
number than the C which describes the particle size range between D
u 85
DX) is the particle size that correlates with point on the
and D (D /D ). Traditionally, the C value used in engineering and
15 85 15 u
curve in which X % of the particles pass or are finer.
soil mechanics has been the D /D relationship which is also
60 10
sometimes termed as the ‘Hazen Coefficient.’ DISCUSSION—For example, a D (D60) value is the point on the
curve in which 60 % of the particles are finer than that diameter. A D
coefficient of variability (CV), n—ratio of the sample standard
(D20) value can be viewed as a particle size diameter where 20 % of
deviation to the sample mean (s / x¯).
the sand would be less than and 80 % would be greater than that size.
DISCUSSION—The coefficient of variation measures the spread of a set
dethatching, n—mechanical process used to remove and
of data as a proportion to its mean. It is often expressed as a percentage.
reduce the amount of thatch in a turfgrass installation. This
cool season turfgrasses, n—grass species widely adapted to
could include a mechanical “verticutter,” power rake, spike
cool climates.
drag, or even shallow-depth core cultivation. See also
DISCUSSION—Some species persist and are used in warm temperate
verticutting.
climates either for the specific turf qualities or to provide an actively
growing turf system during a period when warm season turfgrasses
gravel, n—commonly used to denote spherical, cube-like, or
exhibit winter dormancy.
equiaxial aggregate materials with an equivalent diameter >
2.0 mm and < 7.6 mm. More correctly used, this classifica-
cultivation, turf, n—practice of disrupting the soil by me-
tion refers to “rock fragments” classed as pebbles in the
chanical means without turning or excessively disrupting the
Glossary of Soil Science Terms (1997).
sod.
DISCUSSION—This may include such practices as spiking or solid-tine
interseeding, n—an overseeding practice whereby the purpose
aeration, coring or hollow-tine aeration, grooving or slicing, or drilling.
or intention of the practice is not simply to increase plant
It might also include methods to inject water or air into the soil to create
density or for winter overseeding of warm season turfgrass,
channels, holes, or fissures or break up the soil structure, or a
combination thereof. but rather to change the species or cultivar composition of
the resultant turfgrass stand. See also overseeding.
coring, n—process in which a hollow spike (pipe) tine is
inserted more or less vertically into the soil using a mechanical
matric potential (soil water potential, or pressure, head),
aerator machine.
n—amount of work that must be done per unit of a specified
DISCUSSION—Hollow tines are normally cylindrical and have a
quantity of pure water in order to transport reversibly and
sidewall cutout which allows for the soil core to eject the previous soil
isothermally an infinitesimal quantity of water from a
core in a continuous process as the core is pushed into the soil. The end
specified source to a specified destination.
result is that the turf surface is littered with soil cores having a plug of
DISCUSSION—If the specified quantity is volume, the potential is
turf attached to the one end. These cores can be removed or left to dry
referred to as pressure (Pa). If the specified quantity is weight, the
and then broken up using some type of drag. A subsequent mowing may
potential is referred to as head (m). If the specified quantity is mass, the
also break up the cores but caution should be used to limit the hazard
–1
energy potential is the term used (J kg ).
from flying debris.
drilling, n—practice which combines principles of both
organic matter, n—in context with soils and turfgrass systems,
spiking and coring. Instead of pushing a solid or hollow tine
the carbon-based residue of plant or animal residues, or both.
into the soil a specially modified drill bit is drilled into the soil
DISCUSSION—In a well-decomposed stable form within the soil it
to create a hole and also to remove the soil from the rootzone often referred to as ‘humus’ or as ‘soil organic matter.’ Organic matter
is often discussed in terms of its level of decomposition. Less
in the process.
decomposed organic forms when incorporated into the soil do not
DISCUSSION—Drilling is sometimes used to eliminate the propensity
technically become part of the soil organic matter until they are broken
to create a somewhat compacted layer at the bottom of the tine
down into a stable form of humus. It is simply organic “debris” (part of
penetration depth or to reach greater soil profile depths than is typically
the organic fraction but not technically “soil organic matter”) until such
possible with standard-tine aeration machines.
decomposition occurs. Composts are also commonly marketed and sold
grooving, n—see slicing.
as organic matter (often for the intent to use as a soil amendment) but
it may not broken down to a degree so as to technically be classified as
punching, n—see spiking.
soil organic matter (or humus) or many times the compost-material may
slicing, n—process which uses mechanically driven blades to
be preblended with soil mineral matter such that it is really just an
slice vertically into the soil which will create a series of
organic-rich soil material. See also soil organic matter.
grooves or channels.
overseeding, n—practice of seeding a turfgrass into a turf area
DISCUSSION—Historically, slicing practices cut through the sod layer
that has an established turfgrass.
to limited shallow depths in the soil and created little soil disturbance
other than the actual creating of the groove and were not very effective DISCUSSION—Overseeding is normally practiced to increase plant
at compaction relief or improving soil aeration. More modern slicing density of a pre-established turfgrass stand or to seed a cool season
F2651 − 10 (2015)
turfgrass into a warm season turfgrass for the purpose of providing
sand, as a textural class, n—soil material that contains 85 %
green color or an actively growing turfgrass, or both, during a winter
or more sand, and not more than 10 % clay.
dormancy period. See also interseeding.
sand, as a soil particle size class, n—soil material that
particle density, n—density of the soil particles, the dry mass
contains 70 % or more sand, and not more than 15 % clay
of the particles being divided by the solid (not bulk) volume
(sandy soils).
of the particles, in contrast with bulk density. Units are Mg
sand, as a soil textural group, n—soil material that falls
–3 –3
m or g cm .
within the textural classes of “sand” and “loamy sand” (sandy
soils).
permeability, soil, n—property of a porous soil medium that
expresses the ease with which gases, liquids, or other
saturated hydraulic conductivity, n—under saturated
substances can flow through it.
conditions, it is the proportionality factor in Darcy’s law as
applied to the viscous flow of water in soil.
playing surface, n—surface of contact with a player, ball, or
DISCUSSION—The saturated hydraulic conductivity is the flux of water
any other object or animal utilizing the surface.
per unit gradient of hydraulic potential. When a head (height) of water
DISCUSSION—A natural playing surface may be turfgrass or other
is placed (ponded) over a saturated soil column, the quantity of water
vegetation, soil, sand, other natural organic and inorganic materials, or
collected at the bottom of the column is defined as the “flux.” The soil
combinations of these types of surfaces.
flux changes for a given soil material depending upon the height of the
soil column and upon the height of water ponded upon the top of the
playing surface system, n—composite that includes the con-
soil column. The saturated hydraulic conductivity is a calculated value
tact surface, energy-absorbing materials, if any, and the
that “adjusts” the flux value to the soil to determine its water
substrates.
transmission (permeability) properties by mathematically adjusting the
hydraulic potential such that if theoretically possible, the water ponding
porosity, n—volume of pores in a soil sample (non-solid
depth would be immediately at the soil surface. That is, all soil
volume) divided by the bulk volume of the sample.
conductivity values are adjusted such that the reference point for
permeability is the soil surface and not for the depth of water ponded
renovation, field, n—process to improve or restore the perfor-
on the surface.
mance of an existing athletic field.
DISCUSSION—Renovation practices may be extensive such as removal
skinned area, n—area on sports fields that, by design, is
and replacement of the rootzone profile, or more basic such as
devoid of
...
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