ASTM D2582-21

Standard Test Method for Puncture-Propagation Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The puncture-propagation of tear test measures the resistance of a material to snagging, or more precisely, to dynamic puncture and propagation of that puncture resulting in a tear. Failures due to snagging occur in a variety of end uses, including industrial bags, liners, and tarpaulins. The units reported in this test method are Newtons (tear resistance).  
4.2 Experience has shown that for many materials puncture does not contribute significantly to the force value determined, due to the sharpness of the propagating probe used. However, comparing the results of prepunctured test specimens with normal nonpunctured specimens will give an indication of the extent of any puncture resistance in the reported result.  
4.3 For many materials, there may be a specification that requires the use of this test method, but with some procedural modifications that take precedence when adhering to the specification. Therefore, it is advisable to refer to that material specification before using this test method. Table 1 of Classification System D4000 lists the current ASTM materials standards.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the dynamic tear resistance of plastic film and thin sheeting subjected to end-use snagging-type hazards.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: Film has been arbitrarily defined as sheeting having nominal thickness not greater than 0.25 mm (0.010 in.).
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Apr-2021
• ICS: 83.140.10 - Films and sheets
• Technical Committee: D20 - Plastics
• Drafting Committee: D20.19 - Film, Sheeting, and Molded Products

Relations

• Refers: ASTM D883-24 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2024
• Refers: ASTM D883-23 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2023
• Refers: ASTM D883-20 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2020
• Refers: ASTM D883-19c - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2019
• Refers: ASTM D883-19a - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2019
• Refers: ASTM D883-19 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2019
• Refers: ASTM D883-18a - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2018
• Refers: ASTM D883-18 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2018
• Refers: ASTM D883-17 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
• Effective Date: 15-Aug-2017
• Refers: ASTM E691-13 - Standard Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
• Effective Date: 01-May-2013
• Refers: ASTM D883-12e1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
• Effective Date: 15-Nov-2012
• Refers: ASTM D4000-12 - Standard Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materials
• Effective Date: 01-May-2012
• Refers: ASTM E691-11 - Standard Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2011
• Refers: ASTM D883-11 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
• Effective Date: 15-May-2011
• Refers: ASTM D4000-11 - Standard Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2011

Overview

ASTM D2582-21 is the Standard Test Method for Puncture-Propagation Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting. Developed by ASTM International, this standard defines procedures for evaluating the dynamic tear resistance of plastic films and thin plastic sheets when exposed to snagging hazards. Such hazards are common in a range of end-use scenarios, including liners, tarpaulins, and industrial bags. The test measures how a puncture initiates and then propagates into a tear, expressing the material’s tear resistance in Newtons.

This standardized test guides manufacturers, quality assurance professionals, and researchers in characterizing and comparing the durability of plastic films and sheeting materials intended for applications where snagging or puncture could lead to failure.

Key Topics

• Puncture-Propagation Tear Test: This method focuses on determining a material's resistance to dynamic puncture and the subsequent growth (propagation) of that puncture into a tear.
• Test Specimen and Direction: Specimens are cut to specified dimensions, and tests are performed parallel to both the machine and transverse directions to characterize material anisotropy.
• Procedures and Apparatus: The method uses a specialized drop-weight apparatus with a calibrated pointed probe to deliver a controlled puncture and propagate a tear along the specimen. Precise alignment, probe sharpness, and standardized conditioning/humidity are critical for reliable results.
• Tear Type Reporting: Results are categorized by tear type (“V” tear and slit tear), and values are always reported in SI units as Newtons.
• Test Conditions: Standard laboratory conditions are prescribed for specimen conditioning, ensuring comparability across laboratories and production batches.
• Calculation and Reporting: Data analysis includes average tear resistance values, standard deviation, and clear reporting of specimen identification, test configuration, and observed tear types.

Applications

ASTM D2582-21 is widely applied in industries that use plastic film and thin plastic sheet materials, such as:

• Packaging: Evaluating and specifying films for industrial bags, food packaging, and liners, where snag and puncture resistance are critical for product protection.
• Construction: Assessing materials for tarpaulins, temporary sheeting, or protective wraps used in construction and agriculture.
• Materials Development: Comparing tear propagation resistance across film formulations, additives, or novel polymer blends.
• Quality Assurance: Establishing benchmarks and acceptance criteria for manufactured lots to maintain consistent performance.
• Regulatory Compliance: Supporting claims for durability and end-use suitability, particularly in applications where safety and product integrity are paramount.

Standardized testing according to ASTM D2582-21 ensures the reliability and usefulness of plastic films in demanding applications, helping manufacturers meet stringent requirements and avoid costly product failures due to snagging and tearing.

Related Standards

For comprehensive characterization of plastic film and sheeting, ASTM D2582-21 often works in conjunction with the following ASTM standards:

• ASTM D618: Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
• ASTM D883: Terminology Relating to Plastics
• ASTM D4000: Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materials
• ASTM D5947: Test Methods for Physical Dimensions of Solid Plastics Specimens
• ASTM D6988: Guide for Determination of Thickness of Plastic Film Test Specimens
• ASTM E691: Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method

There is currently no ISO equivalent for this standard, making ASTM D2582-21 particularly important for organizations seeking best practices in puncture-propagation tear resistance testing of thin films and sheets.

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Keywords: ASTM D2582-21, puncture-propagation tear resistance, plastic film tear test, snagging resistance, thin plastic sheeting, dynamic tear resistance, quality control, packaging material testing, industrial plastics testing, standardized tear resistance methods.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D2582 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Puncture-Propagation Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and
Thin Sheeting
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2582; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* D6988GuideforDeterminationofThicknessofPlasticFilm
Test Specimens
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the dy-
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
namictearresistanceofplasticfilmandthinsheetingsubjected
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
to end-use snagging-type hazards.
3. Terminology
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
only.
3.1.1 slit tear—a single tear parallel to the direction of the
falling carriage.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.2 “V” tear—a tear that has two individual tear legs (not
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
necessarily of equal length) radiating approximately 645°
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
from the point the tear was initiated.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Significance and Use
NOTE 1—Film has been arbitrarily defined as sheeting having nominal
4.1 The puncture-propagation of tear test measures the
thickness not greater than 0.25 mm (0.010 in.).
resistance of a material to snagging, or more precisely, to
NOTE 2—There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
dynamicpunctureandpropagationofthatpunctureresultingin
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
a tear. Failures due to snagging occur in a variety of end uses,
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
including industrial bags, liners, and tarpaulins. The units
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
reported in this test method are Newtons (tear resistance).
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
4.2 Experience has shown that for many materials puncture
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
does not contribute significantly to the force value determined,
due to the sharpness of the propagating probe used. However,
2. Referenced Documents
comparing the results of prepunctured test specimens with
normal nonpunctured specimens will give an indication of the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
extent of any puncture resistance in the reported result.
D618Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
D883Terminology Relating to Plastics
4.3 For many materials, there may be a specification that
D4000Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materi-
requires the use of this test method, but with some procedural
als
modifications that take precedence when adhering to the
D5947Test Methods for Physical Dimensions of Solid
specification.Therefore, it is advisable to refer to that material
Plastics Specimens
specification before using this test method. Table1 of Classi-
fication System D4000 lists the current ASTM materials
standards.
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD20onPlastics
5. Apparatus
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.19 on Film, Sheeting, and
Molded Products.
5.1 As shown in Fig. 1, the instrument consists of:
Current edition approved May 1, 2021. Published May 2021. Originally
approved in 1967. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D2582–16. DOI:
10.1520/D2582-21. The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or is Testing Machines, Inc., 2910 Expressway Drive, South, Islandia, NY 11749. If
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM anyone is aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a
the ASTM website. meeting of the responsible technical committee , which you may attend.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2582 − 21
FIG. 2 Short Base Probe
tears can be made on a single sheet provided a minimum
separation of 25 mm (1 in.) is maintained between tears.
6.2 Two sets of specimens shall be cut from each sample
such that the direction of tear, during the test, will be parallel
to (1) MD, the machine direction and (2) TD, the transverse
direction, respectively, of the material being tested. Enough
specimens shall be cut in each direction to provide for a
H—drop height, mm
L—tear length, mm minimum of five tears.
F—force required to produce L, kgf
W—weight of carriage, kg
7. Preparation and Calibration of Apparatus
FIG. 1 Puncture-Propagation of Tear Tester 7.1 Level the base of the tester by centering the spirit level
bubble by adjustment of the leveling legs.
7.2 Check “sharpness” of probes by visual observation
5.1.1 Carriages of different weight, each with a pointed
under a magnifying glass. If the short base end is not 0.40 mm
probe. Each carriage weight shall have a tolerance of 61%of
(0.016 in.) in diameter or any burrs, nicks, or distortions are
the weight desired.
noted, or both, replace the probe.
5.1.2 A test stand including:
5.1.2.1 Carriage release mechanism,
7.3 Check the length of the probes by inserting each
5.1.2.2 Scale marked in millimetres,
carriage in turn in the guide channel and lowering to the
5.1.2.3 Curved specimen holder with a tear slot and five
alignment mark on the curved specimen holder. The point of
clamps,
the probe should be aligned with this mark.
5.1.2.4 Dropbasewithaguidechanneltoaccommodatethe
7.4 Measure the vertical drop height from the specimen
carriage wheels, and
holder mark, located near the tear slot, to the horizontal mark
5.1.2.5 Bubble level to level the base.
on the carriage release mechanism. Adjust the selected height
5.2 Thestandarddropheightis508mm(20.0in.);however, tothenearest2mm(0.078in.).Thestandarddropheightis508
it can be varied to suit the desired end-use-rate condition. See
6 2 mm.
10.3 for an alternative method for calculating tear resistance
7.5 Check the alignment of the specimen holder receiving
for heights other than 508 mm.
slot by lowering a carriage with its probe extending into the
5.3 The probe is a 3.18-mm (0.125-in.) diameter drill rod slot, up and down the slot length. The probe should be
having one end a truncated cone, the short base 0.40 mm
centered, that is, not touching either edge of the slot.
(0.016 in.) in diameter, with a 30° included angle so that most
8. Conditioning
of the tear is propagated against the body of the rod. See Fig.
2.
8.1 Conditioning—Condition the test specimens at 23 6
2°C (73.4 6 3.6°F) and 50 6 10% relative humidity for not
5.4 Thickness Gauge— a dead-weight micrometer as de-
less than 40 h prior to test in accordance with Procedure A of
scribed in Test Method C of Test Method D5947,oran
Practice D618 unless otherwise specified by agreement or the
equivalent measuring device, reading to 0.0025 mm (0.0001
relevant ASTM material specification. In cases of
in.) or less.
disagreement, the tolerances shall be 61°C (61.8°F) and
6. Test Specimen 65% relative humidity.
6.1 Specimens are typically cut in any rectangular shape so 8.2 TestConditions—Conductthetestsatthesametempera-
long as they are approximately 200 mm (8.0 in.) long in the ture and humidity used for conditioning with tolerances in
direction of tear and can be held by all five clamps. Multiple accordance with Section 7 of Practice D618, unless otherwise
D2582 − 21
TABLE 1 Normalized Equations for Each Carriage Weight Using
specified by contract or the relevantASTM material specifica-
the Standard Drop Height
tion. In cases of disagreement, the tolerances shall be 61°C
Carriage Weight
(61.8°F) and 65% relative humidity.
Carriage
kg ± 1% lb ± 1% Equations
No.
9. Procedure
No. 1 0.1134 0.250 F = (564.93 ⁄L) + 11.670
No. 2 0.2268 0.500 F = (1129.85 ⁄ L) + 9.179
9.1 Measure and record the thickness of each specimen
No. 3 0.3402 0.750 F = (1694.78 ⁄ L) + 6.953
tested in accordance with Test Methods D5947 or Guide
No. 4 0.4536 1.00 F = (2259.70 ⁄ L) + 4.452
No. 5 0.6804 1.50 F = (3389.55 ⁄ L) − 0.284
D6988, as appropriate for the specimen thickness.
No. 6 0.9072 2.00 F = (4519.40 ⁄ L) − 4.727
9.2 Securethespecimenintheholderbyplacingitunderthe
No. 7 1.1340 2.50 F = (5649.24 ⁄ L) − 9.541
No. 8 1.3608 3.00 F = (6779.10 ⁄ L) − 14.234
clamps and setting the clamp lever to the down position. The
specimen should drape against the holder contour. Stiffer
materials should be loosely held adjacent to the holder. Each
clamp needs to apply sufficient pressure to prevent any
9.8065 = conversion factor for Newtons.
specimen slippage.
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D2582 − 16 D2582 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Puncture-Propagation Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and
Thin Sheeting
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2582; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the dynamic tear resistance of plastic film and thin sheeting subjected to end-use
snagging-type hazards.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
NOTE 1—Film has been arbitrarily defined as sheeting having nominal thickness not greater than 0.25 μmmm (0.010 in.).
NOTE 2—There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materials
D5947 Test Methods for Physical Dimensions of Solid Plastics Specimens
D6988 Guide for Determination of Thickness of Plastic Film Test Specimens
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.19 on Film, Sheeting, and Molded
Products.
Current edition approved April 1, 2016May 1, 2021. Published April 2016May 2021. Originally approved in 1967. Last previous edition approved in 20092016 as
D2582 – 09.D2582 – 16. DOI: 10.1520/D2582-16.10.1520/D2582-21.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2582 − 21
H—drop height, mm
L—tear length, mm
F—force required to produce L, kgf
W—weight of carriage, kg
FIG. 1 Puncture-Propagation of Tear Tester
3.1.1 slit tear—a single tear parallel to the direction of the falling carriage.
3.1.2 “V” tear—a tear that has two individual tear legs (not necessarily of equal length) radiating approximately 645° from the
point the tear was initiated.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The puncture-propagation of tear test measures the resistance of a material to snagging, or more precisely, to dynamic puncture
and propagation of that puncture resulting in a tear. Failures due to snagging occur in a variety of end uses, including industrial
bags, liners, and tarpaulins. The units reported in this test method are Newtons (tear resistance).
4.2 Experience has shown that for many materials puncture does not contribute significantly to the force value determined, due
to the sharpness of the propagating probe used. However, comparing the results of prepunctured test specimens with normal
nonpunctured specimens will give an indication of the extent of any puncture resistance in the reported result.
4.3 For many materials, there may be a specification that requires the use of this test method, but with some procedural
modifications that take precedence when adhering to the specification. Therefore, it is advisable to refer to that material
specification before using this test method. Table 1 of Classification System D4000 lists the current ASTM materials standards.
5. Apparatus
5.1 As shown in Fig. 1, the instrument consists of:
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time is Testing Machines, Inc., 2910 Expressway Drive, South, Islandia, NY 11749. If anyone
is aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee , which you may attend.
D2582 − 21
FIG. 2 Short Base Probe
5.1.1 Carriages of different weight, each with a pointed probe. Each carriage weight shall have a tolerance of 61 % of the weight
desired.
5.1.2 A test stand including:
5.1.2.1 Carriage release mechanism,
5.1.2.2 Scale marked in millimetres,
5.1.2.3 Curved specimen holder with a tear slot and five clamps,
5.1.2.4 Drop base with a guide channel to accommodate the carriage wheels, and
5.1.2.5 Bubble level to level the base.
5.2 The standard drop height is 508 mm (20.0 in.); however, it can be varied to suit the desired end-use-rate condition. See 10.3
for an alternative method for calculating tear resistance for heights other than 508 mm.
5.3 The probe is a 3.18-mm (0.125-in.) diameter drill rod having one end a truncated cone, the short base 0.40 mm (0.016 in.)
in diameter, with a 30° included angle so that most of the tear is propagated against the body of the rod. See Fig. 2.
5.4 Thickness Gauge— a dead-weight micrometer as described in Test Method C of Test Method D5947, or an equivalent
measuring device, reading to 0.0025 mm (0.0001 in.) or less.
6. Test Specimen
6.1 Specimens are typically cut in any rectangular shape so long as they are approximately 200 mm (8.0 in.) long in the direction
of tear and can be held by all five clamps. Multiple tears can be made on a single sheet provided a minimum separation of 25 mm
(1 in.) is maintained between tears.
6.2 Two sets of specimens shall be cut from each sample such that the direction of tear, during the test, will be parallel to (1) MD,
the machine direction and (2) TD, the transverse direction, respectively, of the material being tested. Enough specimens shall be
cut in each direction to provide for a minimum of five tears.
7. Preparation and Calibration of Apparatus
7.1 Level the base of the tester by centering the spirit level bubble by adjustment of the leveling legs.
7.2 Check “sharpness” of probes by visual observation under a magnifying glass. If the short base end is not 0.40 mm (0.016 in.)
in diameter or any burrs, nicks, or distortions are noted, or both, replace the probe.
D2582 − 21
7.3 Check the length of the probes by inserting each carriage in turn in the guide channel and lowering to the alignment mark on
the curved specimen holder. The point of the probe should be aligned with this mark.
7.4 Measure the vertical drop height from the specimen holder mark, located near the tear slot, to the horizontal mark on the
carriage release mechanism. Adjust the selected height to the nearest 2 mm (0.078 in.). The standard drop height is 508 6 2 mm.
7.5 Check the alignment of the specimen holder receiving slot by lowering a carriage with its probe extending into the slot, up
and down the slot length. The probe should be centered, that is, not touching either edge of the slot.
8. Conditioning
8.1 Conditioning—Condition the test specimens at 23 6 2°C (73.4 6 3.6°F) and 50 6 10 % relative humidity for not less than
40 h prior to test in accordance with Procedure A of Practice D618 unless otherwise specified by agreement or the relevant ASTM
material specification. In cases of disagreement, the tolerances shall be 61°C (61.8°F) and 65 % relative humidity.
8.2 Test Conditions—Conduct the tests at the same temperature and humidity used for conditioning with tolerances in accordance
with Section 7 of Practice D618, unless otherwise specified by contract or the relevant ASTM material specification. In cases of
disagreement, the tolerances shall be 61°C (61.8°F) and 65 % relative humidity.
9. Procedure
9.1 Measure and record the thickness of each specimen tested in accordance with Test Methods D5947 or Guide D6988, as
appropriate for the specimen thickness.
9.2 Secure the specimen in the holder by placing it under the clamps and setting the clamp lever to the down position. The
specimen should drape against the holder contour. Stiffer materials should be loosely held adjacent to the holder. Each clamp needs
to apply sufficient pressure to prevent any specimen slippage.
9.3 By trial and error, select the carriage that produces a minimum tear length of 40 mm and does not bottom-out against the drop
base. Lower selected carriage until the probe point touches but does not indent the specimen. Adjust the tear length indicating rod
to “0” on the scale located on the guide channel.
9.4 Place the selected carriage in the release mechanism.
9.5 Cock the release mechanism on the left side and release the carriage by pushing the button on the front of the release
mechanism.
9.6 Read the tear length to the nearest 0.5 mm.
9.7 Raise
...