ASTM F869-01(2007)
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Athletic Shoes and Biomechanics (Withdrawn 2013)
Standard Terminology Relating to Athletic Shoes and Biomechanics (Withdrawn 2013)
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology defines biomechanical and shoe-related terms for use in the development of standard test methods and specifications for athletic footwear.
1.2 The terms defined in this terminology are appropriate for use by the athletic footwear manufacturers and by biomechanicists in matters concerning athletic shoe technology, test methods, and specifications.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This terminology defines biomechanical and shoe-related terms for use in the development of standard test methods and specifications for athletic footwear.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee F08 on Sports Equipment and Facilities, this terminology was withdrawn without replacement in May 2013 due to limited use by industry.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: F869 − 01(Reapproved 2007) An American National Standard
Standard Terminology Relating to
Athletic Shoes and Biomechanics
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationF869;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope arch support—a device of leather, metal, or other material
shaped to the contour of the longitudinal arch of the foot and
1.1 This terminology defines biomechanical and shoe-
inserted or built in a shoe.
related terms for use in the development of standard test
methods and specifications for athletic footwear. backpart molding—a preparatory shaping operation to heel
seat prior to lasting, usually performed on the thermoplastic
1.2 The terms defined in this terminology are appropriate
counters where backpart components are heated on a metal
for use by the athletic footwear manufacturers and by biome-
heel form and molded into the backpart heel shape combin-
chanicists in matters concerning athletic shoe technology, test
ing counter, upper and lining before the actual lasting
methods, and specifications.
operation is performed on the backpart of the shoe.
ball measurement—the line running completely around the
2. Terminology
foot or last coplanar to the joints of large and small toes.
2.1 Definitions:
bench test—a modified service test in which the service
abduction—the movement of a body part from the longitudi-
conditions are approximated, but the equipment is laboratory
nal (midline) of the body or in reference to fingers and toes,
equipment and not necessarily identical with that in which
movement away from the midline of hand or foot.
the product will be employed.
abrasion tester—a machine for determining the quantity of
bottoms—the underface of the shoe sole which extends from
material lost by friction wear under specified conditions.
the toe to the heel breast.The heel is not a part of the bottom.
accelerated aging—the deterioration of a material faster than
california process—this process requires the accurate drafting
normal by subjecting the material to conditions specified by
of patterns, cutting, and stitching of the upper, sock lining,
the test method being followed.
and platform cover. The upper and sock lining are stitched
together.The platform cover is stitched to the other two parts
accelerated life test—method designed to approximate, in a
in a separate operation. The last is then inserted into the
short time, the deteriorating effect of normal, long-term
upper. After the last is inserted, the platform is accurately
service conditions. (D1566, D-11)
pressed into place.
aging—(1) the effect on materials of exposure to an environ-
cast—an impression or mold taken from a person or thing.
ment for an interval of time. (2) the process of exposing
materials to an environment for an interval of time. (D883, cellular plastic—a plastic containing numerous cells, inten-
D-20) tionally introduced, interconnecting or not, distributed
throughout the mass. (D883, D-20)
anteroposterior—extending from the front to the rear.
cement construction—a process in which the outsole is
anthropometry—the science of the measurement of the hu-
attached to the upper by cementing instead of sewing or by
man body and its parts.
other methods. Also known as the compo process, after
Compo Industries, Inc., which introduced this method com-
arch-footwear—the bottom curve of a shoe last from heel to
mercially into the U.S. about 1930; also known as cement
ball.
process and as cemented process.
cinematography—an instrumentation system for filming,
measuring, and analyzing movements of the athlete, usually
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports
including a computerized digitizor for data analysis.
Equipment and Facilitiesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F08.54 on
Athletic Footwear.
circumduction—the movement of a body part about an axis so
Current edition approved May 1, 2007. Published August 2007. Originally
as to describe a cone or the conical movement of a body part
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as F869 – 01. DOI:
10.1520/F0869-01R07. about an axis.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F869 − 01 (2007)
combination last (or shoe)—designed to provide a proper fit energy absorption—the dissipation or transfer of energy due
for the individual with thinner than normal instep or heel. to motion into heat energy.
Length and width will be of standard measurements, but
epicondyles—the bony prominence above the condyles where
narrower fitting qualities will prevail through instep, waist,
the ligaments attach.
and heel.
ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA)—copolymers from these two
composition—materials composed of granulated fillers, such
monomers form a class of plastic materials.
ascork,leather,fibers,minerals,inaresinousmatrix,usually
an elastomer. Compressed and molded into sheet materials,
eversion—a turning outward, eversion of the foot; turning the
compositions are used for insoles, heel bases, etc.
sole away from the mid-line of the body.
compound—a mixture of a polymer with other ingredients
extension—movement by which the angle at the joint is
such as fillers, stabilizers, catalysts, processing aids,
increased in the sagittal plane; the opposite of flexion.
lubricants, modifiers, pigments, or curing agents. (F412,
fitting stool—a low stool, generally having a forward
F-17)
projection, the top of which recedes at an approximate angle
compression deflection—the amount of deformation of mate-
of 30° and is utilized for the fitting of shoes.
rial when being compressed.
flexion—the condition of decreasing the angle between two
compression mold—a mold which is open when the material
body segments; opposite of extension.
is introduced and which shapes the material by heat and by
flex life—the number of cycles required to produce a specified
the pressure of closing.
state of failure in a specimen that is flexed in a prescribed
counter—a piece of stiffening material inserted between the
method. (D1566, D-11)
lining and the outside of a shoe upper at the back of the shoe.
flex life test—a laboratory method used to determine the life of
The purpose of the counter is to strengthen the back part and
a product when subjected to dynamic bending stresses.
topreventitfromsaggingandlosingitsshape.Therearetwo
types of counter: flat and molded.
foxing—a shoe component that reinforces or covers the shoe at
a point of particular wear or stress, such as the heel area of
counter pocket—a piece of lining material attached to inside
the joint between sole and upper.
quarters of unlined shoes to conceal counter.
girth—distance around; circumference.
crepe rubber—originally unvulcanized natural rubber with
light color and knobbly surface for soles and heels. Most
(a) joint—around metatarso—phalangeal joint,
crepe rubber for shoes is now of synthetic elastomers.
(b) waist—smallest girth behind joint,
durometer—an instrument for measuring hardness, that is, the
(c) instep—smallest girth passing over prominence on
resistance to the penetration (without puncturing) of the
middle cuneiform,
indentor into the surface of rubber or other shoe material.
(d) long heel—seat to instep to give “pass line” in riding
boot,
durometer hardness—an arbitrary numerical value which
measures the resistance to indentation of the blunt indentor
(e) short heel—seat to lowest crease in front of ankle,
point of the durometer. The value may be taken immediately
(f) ankle—around and above ankle bones,
or after a very short specified time.
(g) calf, thigh as necessary. (manual of shoemaking: c. & k.
clark ltd. 1976, p. 44)
dutchman—a thin wedge of leather or fiberboard inserted
between the insole and outsole of a shoe, or between the lifts
gmax—themaximumvalueofaccelerationexperiencedduring
of a built-up heel, to throw the foot inward or outward and
impact expressed in units of g’s.
to correct foot posture.
ground reaction forces—the forces, both shearing and
dynamography—the instrumentation method for recording
normal, acting on the foot during contact with the ground.
forces.
indentation—1) the extent of deformation by the indentor
elastomer—a macromolecular material that at room tempera-
point of any one of a number of standard hardness testing
ture returns
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