ASTM E1971-05(2011)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Stewardship for the Cleaning of Commercial and Institutional Buildings
Standard Guide for Stewardship for the Cleaning of Commercial and Institutional Buildings
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Cleaning provides well documented benefits in terms of creating cleaner, safer, and healthier surroundings by extracting harmful pollutants from the indoor environment (see Ref (3)). An improperly maintained indoor environment could give rise to biological contaminants, and buildup of particulate matter and gases which can have serious health effects. These negative impacts may have adverse affects on worker productivity affecting both cleaning personnel and tenants through increased complaints, absenteeism, injuries, asthmatic incidents, or other symptoms. Inappropriate or improper use or selection of cleaning products and processes, along with failure to follow label directions could result in injury or illness to cleaning personnel or building occupants. In addition, it may be detrimental to the physical structure and systems of the building, or to the environment. Moreover, owners and operators maintain the liability for the proper function of the building and its impacts on the occupants and cleaning personnel.
This guide provides a basic reference for the development and preservation of a building environment that is considered safe and healthy for occupants, while reducing the stress on the overall environment as a result of routine maintenance. The anticipated users of this guide include building managers, cleaning personnel, product suppliers and distributors, union representatives, and building occupants who serve together in a stewardship role regarding the maintenance of the building. This guide is intended to raise pertinent questions regarding specific building environments in order that an appropriate stewardship strategy may be developed, for example:
How is the building used?
Are there any special cleaning requirements?
Are there any at-risk populations that need to be considered, such as children, asthmatics, or pregnant woman?
How are cleaning materials used?
Are there any special issues relevant to construction and furnishings?
Are ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers a procedure to assist owners and operators of commercial and institutional buildings in the stewardship of cleaning and housekeeping operations. The focus of this guide is to address appropriate cleaning activities and processes, to promote eco-efficiency and sustainability, and to avoid adverse impacts on the building occupants, cleaning personnel, the building structure itself, and the environment. Adherence to the principles set forth in this guide can lead to greater tenant/occupant satisfaction, reduced operational costs and greater productivity (of occupants and cleaning personnel).
1.2 This guide will focus on the development of a stewardship plan and will include the assessment of cleaning processes, product selection, storage, usage, disposal, equipment, training of cleaning personnel and communication throughout the chain-of-commerce.
1.3 This guide addresses issues relating to the operation and maintenance of the heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems which can have a major impact on indoor air quality (IAQ) only to the extent that the HVAC system provides adequate ventilation to lower risk to cleaning personnel, building occupants and the environment during or as a result of the cleaning process.
1.4 This guide is for use in a building that is maintained by either in-house cleaning personnel or an outside cleaning contractor.
1.5 This guide is not intended for construction related activities, but may be appropriate for post construction clean-up.
1.6 This guide is not intended as a procedural guide for cleaning personnel.
1.7 This guide is not intended for use in residential buildings.
1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.9 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. Th...
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Designation: E1971 − 05 (Reapproved 2011)
Standard Guide for
Stewardship for the Cleaning of Commercial and
Institutional Buildings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1971; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
1.1 This guide covers a procedure to assist owners and
standard.
operators of commercial and institutional buildings in the
1.9 This guide offers an organized collection of information
stewardship of cleaning and housekeeping operations. The
focus of this guide is to address appropriate cleaning activities or a series of options and does not recommend a specific
course of action. This document cannot replace education or
andprocesses,topromoteeco-efficiencyandsustainability,and
to avoid adverse impacts on the building occupants, cleaning experienceandshouldbeusedinconjunctionwithprofessional
judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all
personnel, the building structure itself, and the environment.
Adherence to the principles set forth in this guide can lead to circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-
sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of
greater tenant/occupant satisfaction, reduced operational costs
andgreaterproductivity(ofoccupantsandcleaningpersonnel). a given professional service must be judged, nor should this
document be applied without consideration of a project’s many
1.2 This guide will focus on the development of a steward-
unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this
ship plan and will include the assessment of cleaning
document means only that the document has been approved
processes, product selection, storage, usage, disposal,
through the ASTM consensus process.
equipment, training of cleaning personnel and communication
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the
throughout the chain-of-commerce.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.3 This guide addresses issues relating to the operation and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
maintenance of the heating, ventilating and air conditioning
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
(HVAC) systems which can have a major impact on indoor air
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
quality (IAQ) only to the extent that the HVAC system
provides adequate ventilation to lower risk to cleaning
2. Referenced Documents
personnel, building occupants and the environment during or
2.1 ASTM Standards:
as a result of the cleaning process.
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
1.4 This guide is for use in a building that is maintained by
E833 Terminology of Building Economics
either in-house cleaning personnel or an outside cleaning
E2114 Terminology for Sustainability Relative to the Perfor-
contractor.
mance of Buildings
1.5 This guide is not intended for construction related
2.2 Other Standards:
activities, but may be appropriate for post construction clean-
ISO 14040 Life Cycle Assessment
up.
3. Terminology
1.6 This guide is not intended as a procedural guide for
cleaning personnel.
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For terms related to building construction, refer to
1.7 This guide is not intended for use in residential build-
Terminology E631.
ings.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E60 on Sustainability contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E60.01 on Buildings and Construc- Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
tion. the ASTM website.
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2011. Published December 2011. Originally Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de
approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E1971 – 05. DOI: la Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://
10.1520/E1971-05R11. www.iso.ch.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1971 − 05 (2011)
3.1.2 For terms related to sustainability relative to the 3.2.2 commercial and institutional buildings—indoor or en-
performance of buildings, refer to Terminology E2114. Some closed workspaces such as office buildings, educational
of these terms are reprinted here for ease of use. facilities, health care facilities, retail establishments, and other
3.1.3 life-cycle, n—(1) the length of time over which an similar facilities, but not including manufacturing and produc-
investment is analyzed; and E833 tion facilities, warehouses, residences, and agricultural opera-
(2) consecutive and interlinked stages of a product system, tions.
from raw material acquisition or generation of natural re-
3.2.3 eco-effıciency—the delivery of competitively priced
sources to the final disposal. ISO 14040
goods and services that satisfy human needs and bring quality
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Refer to the distinction between LCA
of life, while progressively reducing negative ecological im-
and LCC. through which vapors are released from materials.
pactsandnaturalresourceintensitythroughoutthelifecycle,to
3.1.4 2 life-cycle assessment (LCA), n—a method of evalu- a level at least in line with the Earth’s carrying capacity.
atingaproductbyreviewingtheecologicalimpactoverthelife
3.2.4 hazard—the potential health or physical effect(s) at-
of the product.
tributable to a specific chemical, mixture, or physical agent.
3.1.4.1 Discussion—At each stage, the product and its
3.2.5 material safety data sheet (MSDS)—a written or
components are evaluated based upon materials and energy
printed material concerning a hazardous chemical which con-
consumed, and the pollution and waste produced. Life stages
tains the information set forth in the OSHA Hazard Commu-
include extraction of raw materials, processing and fabrication,
nication Standard (see paragraph (g) of 29 CFR 1910.1200)
transportation, installation, use and maintenance, and reuse/
(1).
recycling/disposal. ISO 14040 defines LCAas the compilation
3.2.6 pollutant—any substance that directly or indirectly
and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environ-
creates an adverse human health or environmental effect when
mental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle.
introduced into any environmental media.
3.1.5 life-cycle cost (LCC) method, n—a technique of eco-
3.2.7 pollution prevention—the act of reducing or eliminat-
nomic evaluation that sums over a given study period the costs
ing the use, release, or generation of a pollutant or potential
of initial investment (less resale value), replacements, opera-
pollutant through source reduction, recycling, reuse,
tions (including energy use), and maintenance and repair of an
reclamation, or modification of operating practices.
investment decision (expressed in present or annual value
terms).
3.2.8 risk—the probability of deleterious health or environ-
3.1.5.1 Discussion—LCC is distinct from LCAin that LCA
mental effects, (2).
is an environmental review methodology and LCC is an
3.2.9 stewardship—careful and responsible management,
economic review methodology.
especially with respect to avoiding negative environmental
3.1.6 non-renewable resource, n—a resource that exists in a
impacts and to promoting sustainability.
fixed amount in various places in the earth’s crust and that
3.2.10 worker participation—the involvement of cleaning
cannot be replenished on a human time scale.
personnel or their representatives, or both, in all aspects of the
3.1.6.1 Discussion—Non-renewable resources have the po-
cleaning process; including product selection, evaluation and
tential for renewal only by geological, physical, and chemical
appropriate work practices, training, and communication of
processes taking place over hundreds of millions of years.
hazards, and “the process of work.”
Non-renewable resources exist in various places in earth’s
crust. Examples include: iron ore, coal, and oil.
4. Significance and Use
3.1.7 perpetual resource, n—a resource that is virtually
4.1 Cleaning provides well documented benefits in terms of
inexhaustible on a human time scale.
creatingcleaner,safer,andhealthiersurroundingsbyextracting
3.1.7.1 Discussion—Examples include solar energy, tidal
harmful pollutants from the indoor environment (see Ref (3)).
energy, and wind energy.
An improperly maintained indoor environment could give rise
3.1.8 renewable resource, n—a resource that is grown, to biological contaminants, and buildup of particulate matter
naturally replenished, or cleansed, at a rate which exceeds andgaseswhichcanhaveserioushealtheffects.Thesenegative
impacts may have adverse affects on worker productivity
depletion of the usable supply of that resource.
3.1.8.1 Discussion—Arenewable resource can be exhausted affecting both cleaning personnel and tenants through in-
creased complaints, absenteeism, injuries, asthmatic incidents,
if improperly managed. However, a renewable resource can
last indefinitely with proper stewardship. Examples include: or other symptoms. Inappropriate or improper use or selection
ofcleaningproductsandprocesses,alongwithfailuretofollow
trees in forests, grasses in grasslands, and fertile soil.
label directions could result in injury or illness to cleaning
3.1.9 sustainability, n—the maintenance of ecosystem com-
personnel or building occupants. In addition, it may be
ponents and functions for future generations.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 chain-of-commerce—manufacturers and suppliers of
The boldface numbers given in parentheses refer to the list of references at the
end of this standard.
raw materials; manufacturers, marketers, and distributors of
It should be noted that ASTM’s definition of Pollution Prevention is different
building cleaning products (and systems/equipment); building
from some definitions used by the Environmental Protection Agency. See, for
owners and managers; building cleaning contractors; and
example, 58Fed.Reg.6478 (Jan. 29, 1993, Council on Environmental Quality), and
cleaning personnel. 58Fed.Reg.41,981 (Aug. 6, 1993, Executive Order).
E1971 − 05 (2011)
detrimental to the physical structure and systems of the 5.1.1 Take a comprehensive process approach to cleaning.
building, or to the environment. Moreover, owners and opera- This includes:
tors maintain the liability for the proper function of the
5.1.1.1 Identifying the cleaning task and performance
building and its impacts on the occupants and cleaning requirements,
personnel.
5.1.1.2 Defining or outlining steps of the cleaning
4.1.1 This guide provides a basic reference for the develop-
procedure,
ment and preservation of a building environment that is
5.1.1.3 Selecting the correct products and equipment,
considered safe and healthy for occupants, while reducing the
5.1.1.4 Training cleaning personnel to use correct proce-
stress on the overall environment as a result of routine
dures and to understand the potential health, safety, and
maintenance. The anticipated users of this guide include
environmental impacts of the cleaning products and processes,
building managers, cleaning personnel, product suppliers and
5.1.1.5 Ongoing inspection and monitoring programs,
distributors,unionrepresentatives,andbuildingoccupantswho
5.1.1.6 Communicating clearly with building occupants,
serve together in a stewardship role regarding the maintenance
and
of the building. This guide is intended to raise pertinent
5.1.1.7 Practicingappropriatestorageanddisposalmethods.
questions regarding specific building environments in order
5.1.2 Focusing on only a single area can create unantici-
that an appropriate stewardship strategy may be developed, for
pated adverse impacts in other areas.
example:
5.1.3 Foster participation of cleaning personnel and build-
4.1.1.1 How is the building used?
ing occupants. A successful cleaning program should encour-
4.1.1.2 Are there any special cleaning requirements?
age participation and input along the entire chain-of-
4.1.1.3 Are there any at-risk populations that need to be
commerce. Cleaning personnel need to participate in the
considered, such as children, asthmatics, or pregnant woman?
planning, implementation, and continual improvement of the
4.1.1.4 How are cleaning materials used?
cleaning program. Building occupants should be given the
4.1.1.5 Are there any special issues relevant to construction
opportunity to participate.
and furnishings?
5.1.4 Clean to protect health and safety. Appearances may
4.1.1.6 Are there any issues relating to building age/
be deceptive. Even buildings that appear to be clean can be
architectural, such as historic preservation requirements?
unhealthy. Focus on cleaning for health and safety by control-
4.1.1.7 are there any engineering concerns, such as HVAC
ling microorganisms, spills, gases, dust particles, and so forth.
systems and natural ventilation?
In most cases the appearance will be addressed at the same
4.1.1.8 How is the quality of cleaning being evaluated or
time.
measured?
5.1.5 Clean and maintain the building as a whole, not just
4.1.2 Regardlessofthespecificrequirements,thisguidewill
separate components. Cleaning and maintenance in one area of
help in the formulation of a comprehensive plan resulting in
a building can have a major impact on other areas.Appropriate
reduced risk to cleaning personnel, building occupants, and the
actions should take place to ensure the health and safety
environment.
throughouttheentirebuilding,inadditiontotheareawherethe
4.2 This guide will help the building owner and operator
work is being performed.
understand the cleaning process through the following:
5.1.6 Recognize occupant impacts on the indoor environ-
4.2.1 The development of a stewardship plan (see Section
ment. Occupants should share responsibility for maintaining
6), will clarify the level of cleanliness that is required or
health and safety. Occupants should quickly and clearly com-
expected, and will ensure that the cleaning process is carried
municate with cleaning personnel to facilitate the rapid solu-
out in a consistent manner with adequate communication
tion to problems. Furthermore, occupants should recognize
feedback to promo
...
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