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ASTM D7975-14

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of Vapor Pressure of Crude Oil: VPCRx-F(Tm°C)(Manual Expansion Field Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of Vapor Pressure of Crude Oil: <brk/>VPCR<inf >x</inf>-F(Tm&deg;C)(Manual Expansion Field Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Vapor pressure of crude oil at various vapor/liquid ratios is an important physical property for transport, storage, and refinery operations.  
5.2 Vapor pressure of crude oil is important to crude oil producers, regulators, transporters and refiners for general handling, transportation, and initial refinery treatment.  
5.3 The direct sample collection and subsequent, in place, vapor pressure measurement without the need for further sample handling eliminates the potential loss of light hydrocarbon material from the sample. The combination of sampling and testing may produce higher results than Test Method D323.  
5.4 Chilling and air saturation of the sample prior to the vapor pressure measurement (as required in Test Method D323) is not required in this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the use of manual vapor pressure instruments to determine the vapor pressure of crude oils exerted in a vacuum. This test method is suitable for testing samples that exert a vapor pressure between 25 kPa and 180 kPa at 37.8 °C at vapor/liquid ratios from 4:1 to 0.25:1 (X = 4 to 0.25, see 3.2.4).
Note 1: This test method is suitable for the determination of the vapor pressure of crude oils at temperatures from 0 °C to 60 °C and pressures up to 500 kPa, but the precision and bias statements (see Section 15) may not be applicable.  
1.2 This test method is meant primarily for use under field conditions for immediate evaluation of vapor pressure for storage, transport, or operational uses.  
1.3 This test method is not intended for use in custody transfer applications. Test Method D6377 shall be used for custody transfer applications.  
1.4 This test method provides a reasonable confirmation for the presence of light ends in the source material given that the partial pressure of low boiling components contribute significantly to total vapor pressure.  
1.5 This test method allows both sample collection and subsequent vapor pressure measurement of crude oil samples directly from the sample source. The collected sample may also be transferred to an automated vapor pressure instrument such as used for Test Method D6377. The field test apparatus is suitable for transportation provided suitable over-pack is used to meet the regulations for the transportation of dangerous goods in the transportation jurisdiction(s).  
1.6 This test method allows the determination of vapor pressure for crude oil samples having pour points below 0 °C and flow at the sampling conditions to allow inlet to the apparatus.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.7.1 Exception—Other units of measurement are included in this standard for ease of use in multiple jurisdictions.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2014
ICS
75.080 - Petroleum products in general
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.08 - Volatility
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D7975-14 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Vapor Pressure of Crude Oil: <brk/>VPCR<inf >x</inf>-F(Tm&deg;C)(Manual Expansion Field Method)ASTM D7975-14 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Vapor Pressure of Crude Oil: <brk/>VPCR<inf >x</inf>-F(Tm&deg;C)(Manual Expansion Field Method)
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ASTM D7975-14 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Vapor Pressure of Crude Oil: <brk/>VPCR<inf >x</inf>-F(Tm&deg;C)(Manual Expansion Field Method)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D7975 − 14
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Vapor Pressure of Crude Oil:
1
VPCR -F(Tm°C) (Manual Expansion Field Method)
x
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7975; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.7.1 Exception—Other units of measurement are included
in this standard for ease of use in multiple jurisdictions.
1.1 This test method covers the use of manual vapor
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
pressure instruments to determine the vapor pressure of crude
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
oilsexertedinavacuum.Thistestmethodissuitablefortesting
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
samples that exert a vapor pressure between 25 kPa and
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
180 kPa at 37.8 °C at vapor/liquid ratios from 4:1 to 0.25:1 (X
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
= 4 to 0.25, see 3.2.4).
NOTE 1—This test method is suitable for the determination of the vapor
pressure of crude oils at temperatures from 0 °C to 60 °C and pressures up
2. Referenced Documents
to 500 kPa, but the precision and bias statements (see Section 15) may not
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
be applicable.
D323 TestMethodforVaporPressureofPetroleumProducts
1.2 This test method is meant primarily for use under field
(Reid Method)
conditions for immediate evaluation of vapor pressure for
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
storage, transport, or operational uses.
D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
1.3 This test method is not intended for use in custody
ucts (Mini Method)
transfer applications. Test Method D6377 shall be used for
D5853 Test Method for Pour Point of Crude Oils
custody transfer applications.
D6377 Test Method for Determination of Vapor Pressure of
Crude Oil: VPCR (Expansion Method)
1.4 This test method provides a reasonable confirmation for
x
the presence of light ends in the source material given that the
3. Terminology
partial pressure of low boiling components contribute signifi-
cantly to total vapor pressure.
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 vapor/liquid ratio (V/L), n—the ratio of the vapor
1.5 This test method allows both sample collection and
volumetotheliquidvolumeofspecimen,inequilibrium,under
subsequent vapor pressure measurement of crude oil samples
specified conditions.
directly from the sample source. The collected sample may
also be transferred to an automated vapor pressure instrument
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
such as used for Test Method D6377. The field test apparatus
3.2.1 dead crude oil, n—a term usually employed for crude
is suitable for transportation provided suitable over-pack is
oils that, when exposed to normal atmospheric pressure at
usedtomeettheregulationsforthetransportationofdangerous
room temperature, will not result in actual boiling of the
goods in the transportation jurisdiction(s).
sample.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—These crudes will have vapor pressures
1.6 This test method allows the determination of vapor
below atmospheric pressure at room temperature.
pressure for crude oil samples having pour points below 0 °C
3.2.1.2 Discussion—This method will provide vapor pres-
and flow at the sampling conditions to allow inlet to the
sureinformationthatwillallowtheusertodetermineifacrude
apparatus.
oil is considered “dead” or “live.” A crude oil shall always be
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
considered “live” until the vapor pressure can be established.
standard.
Sampling and handling of dead crude oils can usually be done
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
2
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Subcommittee D02.08 on Volatility. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014. Published February 2015. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
D7975-14. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7975 − 14
without concern in normal, non-pressurized sample containers, 4.4 For the purpose of transportation, a lower V/L ratio is
such as cans and other atmospheric containers. desirable to simulate the vapor pressure in vessel with 20 %
outage. Filling the measurement
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The bromine number is useful as a measure of aliphatic unsaturation in petroleum samples. When used in conjunction with the calculation procedure described in Annex A2, it can be used to estimate the percentage of olefins in petroleum distillates boiling up to approximately 315 °C (600 °F).  
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Note 1: These limits are imposed since the precision of this test method has been determined only up to or within the range of these bromine numbers.  
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1.3 For petroleum hydrocarbon mixtures of bromine number less than 1.0, a more precise measure for bromine-reactive constituents can be obtained by using Test Method D2710. If the bromine number is less than 0.5, then Test Method D2710 or the comparable bromine index methods for industrial aromatic hydrocarbons, Test Methods D1492 or D5776 must be used in accordance with their respective scopes. The practice of using a factor of 1000 to convert bromine number to bromine index is not applicable for these lower values of bromine number.  
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5.1 The boiling range distribution of light and medium petroleum distillate fractions provides an insight into the composition of feed stocks and products related to petroleum refining process, This gas chromatographic determination of boiling range can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for control of refining operations. This test method can be used for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
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5.1 Heat capacities obtained by this method are those at atmospheric pressure. However, because the temperature range is low, the calculated values are similar to saturated liquid heat capacities in the temperature-pressure range required for most engineering design.
SCOPE
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of solvent extractables in petroleum waxes.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the color of refined oils such as undyed motor and aviation gasoline, jet propulsion fuels, naphthas and kerosine, and, in addition, petroleum waxes and pharmaceutical white oils.  
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1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units or in SI units and which are not in parentheses are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
Note 2: Oil tubes and apparatus used in this test method have traditionally been marked in inches, (the tube is required to be etched with 1/8 in. divisions.) The Saybolt Color Numbers are aligned with inch, 1/2 in., 1/4 in., and 1/8 in. changes in the depth of oil. These fractional inch changes do not readily correspond to SI equivalents and in view of the preponderance of apparatus already in use and marked in inches, the inch/pound unit is regarded as the standard. However the test method does use SI units of length when the length is not directly related to divisions on the oil tube and Saybolt Color Numbers. The test method uses SI units for temperature.  
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ASTM D7152-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Calculating Viscosity of a Blend of Petroleum Products

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5.1 Predicting the viscosity of a blend of components is a common problem. Both the Wright Blending Method and the ASTM Blending Method, described in this practice, may be used to solve this problem.  
5.2 The inverse problem, predicating the required blend fractions of components to meet a specified viscosity at a given temperature may also be solved using either the Inverse Wright Blending Method or the Inverse ASTM Blending Method.  
5.3 The Wright Blending Methods are generally preferred since they have a firmer basis in theory, and are more accurate. The Wright Blending Methods require component viscosities to be known at two temperatures. The ASTM Blending Methods are mathematically simpler and may be used when viscosities are known at a single temperature.  
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5.5 The calculations described in this practice have been computerized as a spreadsheet and are available as an adjunct.3
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for calculating the estimated kinematic viscosity of a blend of two or more petroleum products, such as lubricating oil base stocks, fuel components, residual fuel oil with kerosene, crude oils, and related products, from their kinematic viscosities and blend fractions.  
1.2 This practice allows for the estimation of the fraction of each of two petroleum products needed to prepare a blend meeting a specific viscosity.  
1.3 This practice may not be applicable to other types of products, or to materials which exhibit strong non-Newtonian properties, such as viscosity index improvers, additive packages, and products containing particulates.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 Logarithms may be either common logarithms or natural logarithms, as long as the same are used consistently. This practice uses common logarithms. If natural logarithms are used, the inverse function, exp(×), must be used in place of the base 10 exponential function, 10×, used herein.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D2887-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Petroleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The boiling range distribution of petroleum fractions provides an insight into the composition of feedstocks and products related to petroleum refining processes. The gas chromatographic simulation of this determination can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for control of refining operations. This test method can be used for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
5.2 Boiling range distributions obtained by this test method are essentially equivalent to those obtained by true boiling point (TBP) distillation (see Test Method D2892). They are not equivalent to results from low efficiency distillations such as those obtained with Test Method D86 or D1160.  
5.3 Procedure B was tested with biodiesel mixtures and reports the Boiling Point Distribution of FAME esters of vegetable and animal origin mixed with ultra low sulfur diesel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the boiling range distribution of petroleum products. The test method is applicable to petroleum products and fractions having a final boiling point of 538 °C (1000 °F) or lower at atmospheric pressure as measured by this test method. This test method is limited to samples having a boiling range greater than 55.5 °C (100 °F), and having a vapor pressure sufficiently low to permit sampling at ambient temperature.
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1.1.1 Procedure A (Sections 6 – 14)—Allows a larger selection of columns and analysis conditions such as packed and capillary columns as well as a Thermal Conductivity Detector in addition to the Flame Ionization Detector. Analysis times range from 14 min to 60 min.  
1.1.2 Procedure B (Sections 15 – 23)—Is restricted to only 3 capillary columns and requires no sample dilution. In addition, Procedure B is used not only for the sample types described in Procedure A but also for the analysis of samples containing biodiesel mixtures B5, B10, and B20. The analysis time, when using Procedure B (Accelerated D2887), is reduced to about 8 min.  
1.2 This test method is not to be used for the analysis of gasoline samples or gasoline components. These types of samples must be analyzed by Test Method D7096.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D4952-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Qualitative Analysis for Active Sulfur Species in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sulfur present as mercaptans or as hydrogen sulfide in distillate fuels and solvents can attack many metallic and non-metallic materials in fuel and other distribution systems. A negative result in the doctor test ensures that the concentration of these compounds is insufficient to cause such problems in normal use.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers and is intended primarily for the detection of mercaptans in motor fuel, kerosine, and similar petroleum products. This method may also provide information on hydrogen sulfide and elemental sulfur that may be present in these sample types.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  For specific warning statements, see 7.3.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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