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ASTM D1448-11

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Micronaire Reading of Cotton Fibers (Withdrawn 2020)

Standard Test Method for Micronaire Reading of Cotton Fibers (Withdrawn 2020)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing when the levels of the laboratories are controlled by the use of the same reference standard cotton samples because the current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable under these conditions. If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, ensure the test samples to be used are as homogeneous as possible, are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
The micronaire reading of cotton fibers is a function of both fineness and maturity and is related to mill processing performance and to the quality of the end products. Factors correlated with micronaire reading include cleaning efficiency, neppiness, and the strength and uniformity of the yarn.
Note 2—A modification of this test method is used in commercial trading to select bales which will conform to contract guarantees for specified micronaire readings (refer to D5867). For this purpose, it is usual practice to test only one specimen per sample.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the micronaire reading of loose cotton fibers by measuring the resistance of a specific mass (plug) of cotton fibers to air flow under prescribed conditions.
Note 1—For other methods for determining the fineness of fibers based on the air-flow principle, refer to Test Method D1449, Test Method for Specific Area and Immaturity Ratio of Cotton Fibers (Arealometer Method), and to Test Method D1282, Test Method for Resistance to Air Flow as an Indication of Average Fiber Diameter of Wool Top, Card Sliver, and Scoured Wool.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covers the determination of the micronaire reading of loose cotton fibers by measuring the resistance of a specific mass (plug) of cotton fibers to air flow under prescribed conditions.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D13 on Textiles, this test method was withdrawn in January 2020 in accordance with section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
31-Dec-2010
Withdrawal Date
08-Jan-2020
ICS
59.060.10 - Natural fibres
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.11 - Cotton Fibers
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Referred By
ASTM D3025-07(2021) - Standard Practice for Standardizing Cotton Fiber Test Results by Use of Calibration Cotton Standards
Effective Date
01-Jan-2011
Referred By
ASTM D7139-20 - Standard Terminology for Cotton Fibers
Effective Date
01-Jan-2011
Referred By
ASTM D1282-18 - Standard Test Method for Resistance to Airflow as an Indication of Average Fiber Diameter of Wool Top, Card Sliver, and Scoured Wool
Effective Date
01-Jan-2011
Referred By
ASTM D1441-12(2020) - Standard Practice for Sampling Cotton Fibers for Testing
Effective Date
01-Jan-2011

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ASTM D1448-11 - Standard Test Method for Micronaire Reading of Cotton Fibers (Withdrawn 2020)ASTM D1448-11 - Standard Test Method for Micronaire Reading of Cotton Fibers (Withdrawn 2020)
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ASTM D1448-11 - Standard Test Method for Micronaire Reading of Cotton Fibers (Withdrawn 2020)
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D1448 − 11
Standard Test Method for
1
Micronaire Reading of Cotton Fibers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1448; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
3.1 For all terminology related to D13.11, refer to Termi-
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the
nology D7139.
micronaire reading of loose cotton fibers by measuring the
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
resistance of a specific mass (plug) of cotton fibers to air flow
calibration cotton standards, fineness, micronaire reading.
under prescribed conditions.
3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to
NOTE 1—For other methods for determining the fineness of fibers based
Terminology D123.
on the air-flow principle, refer to Test Method D1449, Test Method for
Specific Area and Immaturity Ratio of Cotton Fibers (Arealometer
2
Method), and to Test Method D1282, Test Method for Resistance to Air
4. Summary of Test Method
Flow as an Indication of Average Fiber Diameter of Wool Top, Card
4.1 The resistance a specific mass (plug) of cotton fibers
Sliver, and Scoured Wool.
offers to the flow of air is measured as an approximate
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
indication of the fineness of fiber. A predetermined mass of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
loose cotton fibers is placed in the specimen holder and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
compressed to a fixed volume. The resistance to air flow is
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
measured and expressed as a micronaire reading.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5. Significance and Use
2. Referenced Documents
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for accep-
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tance testing when the levels of the laboratories are controlled
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
by the use of the same reference standard cotton samples
D1282 Test Method for Resistance to Airflow as an Indica-
because the current estimates of between-laboratory precision
tion ofAverage Fiber Diameter of Wool Top, Card Sliver,
are acceptable under these conditions. If there are differences
and Scoured Wool
of practical significance between reported test results for two
D1441 Practice for Sampling Cotton Fibers for Testing
laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed
D1449 Method of Test for Specific Area and Immaturity
to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using
Ratio of Cotton Fibers (Arealometer Method) (Withdrawn
competent statistical assistance.As a minimum, ensure the test
3
1977)
samples to be used are as homogeneous as possible, are drawn
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
from the material from which the disparate test results were
D5867 Test Methods for Measurement of Physical Proper-
obtained, and are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each
ties of Raw Cotton by Cotton Classification Instruments
laboratoryfortesting.Thetestfromthetwolaboratoriesshould
D7139 Terminology for Cotton Fibers
be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a
probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is
found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles
test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.11 on Cotton Fibers.
of the known bias.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2011. Published January 2011. Originally
approved in 1954 to replace portions of D414. Last previous edition approved in
5.2 The micronaire reading of cotton fibers is a function of
2005 as D1448–05. DOI: 10.1520/D1448-11.
both fineness and maturity and is related to mill processing
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
performance and to the quality of the end products. Factors
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
correlated with micronaire reading include cleaning efficiency,
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
neppiness, and the strength and uniformity of the yarn.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. NOTE 2—A modification of this test method is used in commercial
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, Wes
...

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ASTM D1294-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength and Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fiber Bundles 1-in. (25.4 mm) Gage Length

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5.1 Test Method D1294 for the determination of tensile strength may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of wool, but caution is advised since technicians may fail to get good agreement between results. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking force (or load) and estimation of the tensile strength and tenacity of wool fiber bundles with a 1-in. (25.4 mm) gage length. A procedure for preparation of the fiber bundle is included.  
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Note 1: For other methods of measuring breaking tenacity of fiber bundles, refer to Test Methods D1445 and D2524.
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ASTM D1576-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Moisture in Wool by Oven-Drying

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D2462 for the determination of the moisture in wool by distillation with toluene is the preferred method for testing wool for moisture for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments. If, however, the purchaser and the supplier agree, Test Method D1576 for the determination of the moisture in wool by oven drying may be used instead. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1, may be advisable.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of moisture present in ordinary commercial and industrial samples of wool in all forms except grease wool, using the oven-drying technique.  
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Standard Test Method for Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fibers, Flat Bundle Method— 18 in. (3.2 mm) Gage Length

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D2524 for testing wool fibers for tenacity is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing when the participating laboratories, using a reference wool, have shown acceptable between-laboratory precision. It is recommended that any program of acceptance testing be preceded by an interlaboratory check in the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the seller on replicate specimens of samples of the material to be evaluated. In cases of dispute, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the seller should be determined with each comparison being based on testing randomized specimens from one sample of material of the type being evaluated.  
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ASTM D2462-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Moisture in Wool by Distillation With Toluene

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D2462 for testing for moisture in wool is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of moisture present in grease wool, scoured wool, carded wool, garnetted wool, wool top and intermediate wool products, and rovings, by distillation with toluene.  
1.2 Equations are given for calculating the amount of water present as moisture content (as-received basis) and moisture regain (dry fiber) basis. The term that corresponds to the basis used in the calculation and report must always be stated.  
1.3 This test method is not applicable to material known to contain any steam-distillable, water-soluble matter. If it is suspected that such matter is present, the method should be used with caution.  
1.4 Xylene or other solvents should not be substituted for toluene as no other solvents have been evaluated for use in this standard.  
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ASTM D2525-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling Wool for Moisture

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This recommended practice furnishes directions for the sampling of wool of the various forms indicated in Section 1, in order that correct probability statements may be made about the relationship between the sample mean and the population mean. If these statements are to be correct, certain conditions, which are stated, must hold.  
5.2 This recommended practice requires that a deliberate act of randomization be performed so that all potential sampling units have approximately the same chance of being taken and no sampling unit is deprived of its chance of being taken.  
5.3 In any case where insufficient information about the variability of the sampling units within the lot is available, directions are given for calculating confidence limits for the sample mean so that a correct probability statement can still be made.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the design of a sampling plan to be used to obtain samples for the determination of the moisture content of grease wool, scoured wool, carded wool, garnetted wool, wool top and intermediate products, and rovings.  
1.2 Directions are given for the designation of sampling units, calculation of the number of sampling units required to achieve a preselected precision and confidence level or, alternatively, for calculating the confidence limits for the mean based on the variability of the sample tested.  
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Standard Test Method for Extractable Matter in Wool and Other Animal Fibers

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5.1 Test Method D1574 is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing since the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D1574 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.  
5.2 This test method may be used to estimate the quantity of oil, grease, and waxy materials remaining on or in wool fibers after scouring, or the quantity of lubricant added before carding or remaining after carding, or the quantity of such materials added or removed in subsequent processing operations.  
5.3 The residues obtained in this test may be subjected to chemical analysis for identification and assay of the component materials, if desired.  
5.4 The specified solvent in this test method does not remove some materials, such as soaps, that may be present in wool and hence in some cases may reflect more closely the added content of some extractables in wool such as oils. When such materials are present and an estimate of their quantity is desired, some other solvent or combination of solvents should be used as spec...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of extractable matter in samples of all forms of wool, except grease wool, that is extractable with a non-flammable vapor degreasing and cleaning solvent.  
1.2 This test method does not cover the determination of the amounts of different components in the extracted matter nor their identification.  
1.3 This test method is suitable for use with other animal fibers.  
Note 1: The determination of extractable matter in yarns and in felts is covered in Test Methods D2257 and D461. For the determination of alcohol-extractable matter in oven-dry scoured wool, refer to Test Methods D584 and D1334.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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SCOPE
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1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Test Method for Color Measurement of Flax Fiber

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Few standards exist to objectively judge flax quality. Color is an important factor in the quality of flax fiber. Natural variations in raw flax fiber, various processing steps, fiber blending, and a wide range of end uses contribute to the need for a standard method of objectively measuring the color of flax fiber. Spectrophotometic data provide an accurate, precise determination of the color of flax fiber. Colorimetric data are obtained through specimen measurement by combining specimen spectral data with data representing a CIE standard observer and a CIE standard illuminant, as described in Practice E308.  
5.2 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two (or more) laboratories, comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that fiber sample type must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the instrumental color measurement of flax fiber.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8394-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Automated Measurement of Maturity, Fineness, Ribbon Width, and Micronaire of Cotton Fibers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Cotton fiber that is on average finer and more mature is more desirable than coarse or immature fiber, although distinction between these qualities cannot be made quickly and accurately using current test methods. Immature fibers break more easily during processing and have a tendency to form into neps (small entanglements) during processing in the spinning mill. These consequences adversely affect yarn and fabric quality and appearance. Yarn and fabric produced from immature fiber is typically also less lustrous and does not take up dye consistently so yarn and fabric appearance may be different after dyeing.  
5.2 Maturity has a high positive correlation with fiber length and strength but genetic differences and differences in fiber wall thickness caused by plant diseases, soil, and water conditions during the growing season interfere with this relationship.  
5.2.1 Fine fibers are required for fine count yarn manufacture and fiber fineness affects yarn count, evenness and strength. Both fineness and ribbon width are strong genetic traits evident between species and affected by growing conditions within species.  
5.2.2 Micronaire has traditionally been used as a measure of fiber fineness although the value actually measures fiber specific surface area or surface area per unit weight. As a result, micronaire varies concomitantly with both maturity and fineness (see Fig. 2). Maturity and fineness are related to micronaire via Lord’s equation.4
FIG. 2 Relationship Between Micronaire (X), Fineness (H), and Maturity (M)  
5.3 Cottonscope values have been judged against fineness, maturity and ribbon width values produced by examination of thousands of individual, magnified fiber cross-sections. Relationships with equivalent values by these and other older test methods are highly significant5,6 particularly if the number of cross-sections analyzed is high (>3000) and the cross-sections are carefully prepared and measured. Cottonscope measures approximately 20,...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of linear density (gravimetric fineness hereafter stated as fineness), maturity, micronaire, and ribbon width of cotton fibers from a loose, chemically untreated sample taken before harvest, during ginning, during mill processing or unraveled from raw (undyed) yarn or fabric.  
1.2 This test method requires the use of an integrated instrument, for example, the Cottonscope (see Fig. 1), that measures the maturity, fineness, ribbon width, and micronaire of cotton fiber.2
FIG. 1 Cottonscope Instrument
Note 1: For another test method to determine the maturity of cotton fibers, refer to Test Method D1442.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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