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ASTM D8011-17

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Natural Gasoline as a Blendstock in Ethanol Fuel Blends or as a Denaturant for Fuel Ethanol

Standard Specification for Natural Gasoline as a Blendstock in Ethanol Fuel Blends or as a Denaturant for Fuel Ethanol

ABSTRACT
This specification prescribes performance and regulatory requirements as well as the corresponding test methods for natural gasoline to be used as a hydrocarbon blendstock in ethanol fuel blends for flexible-fuel automotive spark-ignition engines. In the United States, these blends are known commercially as Ethanol Flex Fuel.
This specification also covers natural gasoline intended for use as a denaturant in denatured fuel ethanol for blending with gasoline to be used as automotive spark-ignition engine fuel. The products shall conform to specified requirements for workmanship, distillation, corrosion (for silver), sulfur, vapor pressure, solvent-washed gum content, and benzene.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2016
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.A0 - Gasoline and Oxygenated Fuels
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D8011-16 - Standard Specification for Natural Gasoline as a Blendstock in Ethanol Fuel Blends or as a Denaturant for Fuel Ethanol
Effective Date
01-Jan-2017
Replaced By
ASTM D8011-18 - Standard Specification for Natural Gasoline as a Blendstock in Ethanol Fuel Blends or as a Denaturant for Fuel Ethanol
Effective Date
01-Oct-2018

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ASTM D8011-17 - Standard Specification for Natural Gasoline as a Blendstock in Ethanol Fuel Blends or as a Denaturant for Fuel EthanolASTM D8011-17 - Standard Specification for Natural Gasoline as a Blendstock in Ethanol Fuel Blends or as a Denaturant for Fuel Ethanol
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REDLINE ASTM D8011-17 - Standard Specification for Natural Gasoline as a Blendstock in Ethanol Fuel Blends or as a Denaturant for Fuel EthanolREDLINE ASTM D8011-17 - Standard Specification for Natural Gasoline as a Blendstock in Ethanol Fuel Blends or as a Denaturant for Fuel Ethanol
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D8011 −17
Standard Specification for
Natural Gasoline as a Blendstock in Ethanol Fuel Blends or
1
as a Denaturant for Fuel Ethanol
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8011; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
1.1 This specification covers natural gasoline to be used as
D3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light
a hydrocarbon blendstock in ethanol fuel blends for flexible-
Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-
fuel automotive spark-ignition engines (Specification D5798).
lometry
In the United States, these blends are referred to commercially
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
as Ethanol Flex Fuel.
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
1.2 Thisspecificationalsocoversnaturalgasolinetobeused
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
as a denaturant in denatured fuel ethanol for blending with
Petroleum Products
gasolines for use as automotive spark-ignition engine fuel
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid
(Specification D4806).
Fuels, and Lubricants
1.3 Specific regulatory requirements for the intended uses
D4176 Test Method for FreeWater and Particulate Contami-
from various jurisdictions are given in appendixes for infor-
nation in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures)
mation.
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
1.4 This specification is not intended to provide a market
Petroleum Products
specification nor a regulatory reference for natural gasoline for
D4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for
any use other than as a hydrocarbon blendstock in ethanol fuel
Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
blends or as a denaturant in denatured fuel ethanol.
D4806 Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blend-
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
ing with Gasolines for Use as Automotive Spark-Ignition
standard.
Engine Fuel
1.5.1 Exception—Values given in parentheses are provided
D4814 Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine
for information only.
Fuel
D4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline and
2. Referenced Documents
Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and
ucts (Mini Method)
Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure
D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in
D287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and
Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel
Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)
Engine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapo-
D5482 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
ration
ucts (Mini Method—Atmospheric)
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp
D5580 Test Method for Determination of Benzene, Toluene,
Method)
Ethylbenzene, p/m-Xylene, o-Xylene, C and Heavier
9
Aromatics, and Total Aromatics in Finished Gasoline by
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Gas Chromatography
Subcommittee D02.A0 on Gasoline and Oxygenated Fuels.
D5798 Specification for Ethanol Fuel Blends for Flexible-
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2017. Published February 2017. Originally
Fuel Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines
approved in 2016. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D8011 – 16. DOI:
10.1520/D8011-17. D5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels for
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Volatility Measurement
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
D5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samples
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D8011−17
D6378 Test Method for Determination of Vapor Pressure CFR Title 40, Part 80 Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Addi-
4
(VP ) of Petroleum Products, Hydrocarbons, and tives
X
4
Hydrocarbon-Oxygenate Mixtures (Triple Expansion CFR Title 27, Part 19 Distilled Spirits Plants
Method) CFR Title 27, Part
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D8011 − 16 D8011 − 17
Standard Specification for
Natural Gasoline as a Blendstock in Ethanol Fuel Blends or
1
as a Denaturant for Fuel Ethanol
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8011; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This specification covers natural gasoline to be used as a hydrocarbon blendstock in ethanol fuel blends for flexible-fuel
automotive spark-ignition engines (Specification D5798). In the United States, these blends are referred to commercially as
Ethanol Flex Fuel.
1.2 This specification also covers natural gasoline to be used as a denaturant in denatured fuel ethanol for blending with
gasolines for use as automotive spark-ignition engine fuel (Specification D4806).
1.3 Specific regulatory requirements for the intended uses from various jurisdictions are given in appendixes for information.
1.4 This specification is not intended to provide a market specification nor a regulatory reference for natural gasoline for any
use other than as a hydrocarbon blendstock in ethanol fuel blends or as a denaturant in denatured fuel ethanol.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.5.1 Exception—Values given in parentheses are provided for information only.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure
D287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)
D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcoulometry
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
D4176 Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contamination in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures)
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
D4806 Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blending with Gasolines for Use as Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
D4814 Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
D4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)
D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini Method)
D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel Engine Fuel,
and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
D5482 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini Method—Atmospheric)
D5580 Test Method for Determination of Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, p/m-Xylene, o-Xylene, C and Heavier Aromatics,
9
and Total Aromatics in Finished Gasoline by Gas Chromatography
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.A0 on Gasoline and Oxygenated Fuels.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2016Jan. 1, 2017. Published February 2016February 2017. Originally approved in 2016. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as
D8011 – 16. DOI: 10.1520/D8011-16.10.1520/D8011-17.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D8011 − 17
D5798 Specification for Ethanol Fuel Blends for Flexible-Fuel Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines
D5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels for Volatility Measurement
D5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid S
...

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1.4 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents  
7  
Preparation of Apparatus  
8  
Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-Reference Oil Tests  
9  
Test Procedure  
10  
Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity  
11  
Report  
12  
Precision and Bias  
13  
Annexes  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A1  
Intake Air Aftercooler  
Annex A2  
The Cummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit  
Annex A3  
Sensor Locations and Special Hardware  
Annex A4  
External Oil System  
Annex A5  
Cummins Service Publications  
Annex A6  
Specified Units and Formats  
Annex A7  
Oil Analyses  
Annex A8  
Alternate Fuel Approval Process  
Annex A9  
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5.1 Wear due to excessive friction resulting in shortened life of engine components such as fuel pumps and fuel controls has sometimes been ascribed to lack of lubricity in an aviation fuel.  
5.2 The relationship of test results to aviation fuel system component distress due to wear has been demonstrated for some fuel/hardware combinations where boundary lubrication is a factor in the operation of the component.  
5.3 The wear scar generated in the ball-on-cylinder lubricity evaluator (BOCLE) test is sensitive to contamination of the fluids and test materials, the presence of oxygen and water in the atmosphere, and the temperature of the test. Lubricity measurements are also sensitive to trace materials acquired during sampling and storage. Containers specified in Practice D4306 shall be used.  
5.4 The BOCLE test method may not directly reflect operating conditions of engine hardware. For example, some fuels that contain a high content of certain sulfur compounds can give anomalous test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers assessment of the wear aspects of the boundary lubrication properties of aviation turbine fuels on rubbing steel surfaces.  
1.1.1 This test method incorporates two procedures, one using a semi-automated instrument and the second a fully automated instrument. Either of the two instruments may be used to carry out the test.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4808-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Hydrogen Content of Light Distillates, Middle Distillates, Gas Oils, and Residua by Low-Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The hydrogen content represents a fundamental quality of a petroleum product that has been correlated with many of the performance characteristics of that product.  
5.2 This test method provides a simple and more precise alternative to existing test methods, specifically combustion techniques (Test Methods D5291) for determining the hydrogen content on a range of petroleum products.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the hydrogen content of petroleum products ranging from atmospheric distillates to vacuum residua using a continuous wave, low-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer. (Test Method D3701 is the preferred method for determining the hydrogen content of aviation turbine fuels using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.)  
1.2 Three test methods are included here that account for the special characteristics of different petroleum products and apply to the following distillation ranges:    
Test Method  
Petroleum Products  
Boiling Range, °C (°F)
(approximate)  
A  
Light Distillates  
15–260 (60–500)  
B  
Middle Distillates  
200–370 (400–700)  
Gas Oils  
370–510 (700–950)  
C  
Residua  
510+ (950+ )  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. The preferred units are mass %.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Sections 7.2 and 7.4.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8252-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Vanadium and Nickel in Crude and Residual Oil by X-ray Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a rapid and precise elemental measurement with simple sample preparation. Typical analysis times are approximately 4 min to 5 min per sample with a preparation time of approximately 1 min to 3 min per sample.  
5.2 The quality of crude oil is related to the amount of sulfur present. Knowledge of the vanadium and nickel concentration is necessary for processing purposes as well as contractual agreements.  
5.3 The presence of vanadium and nickel presents significant risks for contamination of the cracking catalysts in the refining process.  
5.4 This test method provides a means of determining whether the vanadium and nickel content of crude meets the operational limits of the refinery and whether the metal content will have a deleterious effect on the refining process or when used as a fuel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the quantitative determination of total vanadium and nickel in crude and residual oil in the concentration ranges shown in Table 1 using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry.  
1.2 Sulfur is measured for analytical purposes only for the compensation of X-ray absorption matrix effects affecting the vanadium and nickel X-rays. For measurement of sulfur by standard test method use Test Methods D4294, D2622 or other suitable standard test method for sulfur in crude and residual oils.  
1.3 This test method is limited to the use of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometers employing an X-ray tube for excitation in conjunction with wavelength dispersive detection system or energy dispersive high resolution semiconductor detector with the ability to separate signals of adjacent and near-adjacent elements.  
1.4 This test method uses inter-element correction factors calculated from XRF theory, the fundamental parameters (FP) approach, or best fit regression.  
1.5 Samples containing higher concentrations than shown in Table 1 must be diluted to bring the elemental concentration of the diluted material within the scope of this test method.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6.1 The preferred concentrations units are mg/kg for vanadium and nickel.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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