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ASTM E1496-05(2010)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Neutron Radiographic Dimensional Measurements (Withdrawn 2012)

Standard Test Method for Neutron Radiographic Dimensional Measurements (Withdrawn 2012)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Many requirements exist for accurate dimensional information in industrial quality control. Frequently, this information cannot be measured directly, may be very uncertain, or is expensive to obtain. If a radiograph of the object in question displays a sufficient film density variation near the edge of interest, however, dimensional radiography methods may be applied. This test method provides a technique for extracting quantitative dimensional information from the neutron radiograph of an object. Guide E94 and Practices E748 are helpful for understanding the principles involved in obtaining a high-quality neutron radiograph.
Dimensional radiography appears to be particularly relevant in determination of the following: (1) diameters of spent radioactive fuel, (2) gap sizes in contact-circuit mechanisms of shielded components, and (3) prescribed spacings between distinct materials.
While this test method addresses dimensional measurements using neutron radiography, the methods and techniques of dimensional radiography are also equally applicable to various types of radiography, such as x-ray, γ-ray, and neutron.
A fundamental assumption of this test method is that the user will have access to a system that permits the attainment of data describing the density response of the radiograph. Although a system may include any digitization equipment capable of providing the spatial resolutions recommended in 6.1.1, a typical system will include a high-resolution traveling-stage microdensitometer and a neutron radiograph of the object.
An object with accurately known dimensions must be available to calibrate the equipment used to measure the radiographic response, that is, the traveling-stage microdensitometer (or other digitization system capable of spatial resolution comparable to that of the detector).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a technique for extracting quantitative dimensional information on an object from its neutron radiograph. The technique is based on the identification of changes in film density caused by material changes where a corresponding discontinuity in film density exists. This test method is designed to be used with neutron radiographs made with a well-collimated beam. The film densities in the vicinity of the edge must be in the linear portion of the density versus exposure curve. The accuracy of this test method may be affected adversely in installations with high-angular-divergence neutron beams or with large object-to-film distances.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method provides a technique for extracting quantitative dimensional information on an object from its neutron radiograph. The technique is based on the identification of changes in film density caused by material changes where a corresponding discontinuity in film density exists. This test method is designed to be used with neutron radiographs made with a well-collimated beam. The film densities in the vicinity of the edge must be in the linear portion of the density versus exposure curve. The accuracy of this test method may be affected adversely in installations with high-angular-divergence neutron beams or with large object-to-film distances.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing, this test method was withdrawn in June 2012. This standard is being withdrawn without replacement due to its limited use by industry.

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
31-May-2010
Withdrawal Date
14-Jun-2012
ICS
19.100 - Non-destructive testing
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.05 - Radiology (Neutron) Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Referred By
ASTM E543-21 - Standard Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010

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ASTM E1496-05(2010) - Standard Test Method for Neutron Radiographic Dimensional Measurements (Withdrawn 2012)ASTM E1496-05(2010) - Standard Test Method for Neutron Radiographic Dimensional Measurements (Withdrawn 2012)
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ASTM E1496-05(2010) - Standard Test Method for Neutron Radiographic Dimensional Measurements (Withdrawn 2012)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1496 – 05 (Reapproved 2010)
Standard Test Method for
1
Neutron Radiographic Dimensional Measurements
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1496; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
3
1. Scope Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
NAS-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualification
1.1 This test method provides a technique for extracting
4
and Certification
quantitative dimensional information on an object from its
neutron radiograph. The technique is based on the identifica-
tion of changes in film density caused by material changes
whereacorrespondingdiscontinuityinfilmdensityexists.This
test method is designed to be used with neutron radiographs
made with a well-collimated beam. The film densities in the
vicinity of the edge must be in the linear portion of the density
versus exposure curve. The accuracy of this test method may
be affected adversely in installations with high-angular-
divergence neutron beams or with large object-to-film dis-
tances.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
FIG. 1 Typical Microdensitometer Film Density Traces Associated
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
with Three Rectangular Material Discontinuities: (a) Edge of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Object, (b) Thickness Variation, and (c) Dissimilar Material
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Boundary
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3. Terminology
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of the many terms relative to
E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
radiography (for example, X, gamma, and neutron radiogra-
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestruc-
phy) can be found in Terminology E1316.
tive Testing
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
E748 Practices for Thermal Neutron Radiography of Mate-
3.2.1 extremum—the point on the linear response portion of
rials
the curve of smoothed density versus location at which the
E803 Test Method for Determining the L/D Ratio of Neu-
slope is a maximum.
tron Radiography Beams
3.2.2 extremum slope criterion—the criterion that specifies
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
the edge of a discontinuity or an object, located at the spatial
2.2 Other Documents:
position corresponding to the extremum as determined from
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Nondestructive
examination of a radiograph.
3
Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification
3.2.3 linear response—a radiographic response where the
ANSI/ASNT CP-189 ASNT Standard for Qualification and
filmdensityacrossanedgewithinanobjectiscontainedinthe
linear part of the density versus exposure curve.
3.2.4 traveling-stage microdensitometer—a densitometer
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on
withasmallaperture(typicallybetween10to25µmby200to
Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.05 on
Radiology (Neutron) Method. 300 µm) that has the capability of scanning a radiograph in a
Current edition approved June 1, 2010. Published November 2010. Originally
continuousorsteppedmannerandgeneratingeitheradigitalor
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E1496-05. DOI:
an analog mapping of the film density of the radiograph as a
10.1520/E1496-05R10.
2
function of position.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3 4
AvailablefromTheAmericanSocietyforNondestructiveTesting(ASNT),P.O. Available fromAerospace IndustriesAssociation ofAmerica, Inc. (AIA), 1250
Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518. Eye St., NW, Washington, DC 20005.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1496 – 05 (2010)
FIG. 2 Typical Microdensitometer Traces of Film Density for (a)
Rectangular Objects and (b) Cylindrical Objects; Note
Placements of Edges x and x on the Traces
+ −
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 All radiation used in radiography is attenuated in its
FIG. 3 Depiction of Various Slopes on a Smoothed
passage through an object according to its thickness and
Microdensitometer Trace; The Object Edge Coordinate, x ,
+
magnitude of the material attenuation properties appropriate to
Corresponds to the Extremum Slope
...

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3.1 The terms found in this standard are intended to be used uniformly and consistently in all nondestructive testing standards. The purpose of this standard is to promote a clear understanding and interpretation of the NDT standards in which they are used.
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Standard Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing for General Industry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Liquid penetrant testing methods indicate the presence, location, and to a limited extent, the nature and magnitude of the detected discontinuities. Each of the various penetrant methods has been designed for specific uses such as critical service items, volume of parts, portability, or localized areas of examination. The method selected will depend accordingly on the design and service requirements of the parts or materials being tested.
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1.2.1 By which a liquid penetrant examination process recommended or required by individual organizations can be reviewed to ascertain its applicability and completeness.  
1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specifications and procedures dealing with the liquid penetrant testing of parts and materials. Agreement by the customer requesting penetrant testing is strongly recommended. All areas of this practice may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization.  
1.2.3 For use in the organization of facilities and personnel concerned with liquid penetrant testing.  
1.3 This practice does not indicate or suggest criteria for evaluation of the indications obtained by penetrant testing. It should be pointed out, however, that after indications have been found, they must be interpreted or classified and then evaluated. For this purpose there must be a separate code, standard, or a specific agreement to define the type, size, location, and direction of indications considered acceptable, and those considered unacceptable.  
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5.1 The procedures described in this practice have proven utility in the inspecting (1) monolithic polymer matrix composites (laminates) for bulk defects, (2) metals for corrosion during the service life of the part of interest, (3) thickness checks, (4) adhesive bonding of metals, composites, and sandwich core constructions, (5) coatings, and (6) composite filament windings. Both unpressurized, and with suitable precautions, pressurized materials and components are inspected.  
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1.1 This practice covers procedures for matrix array ultrasonic testing (MAUT) of monolithic composites, composite sandwich constructions, and metallic test articles. These procedures can be used throughout the life cycle of a part during product and process design optimization, on line process control, post-manufacturing inspection, and in-service inspection.  
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1.3 Typical test articles include monolithic composite layups such as uniaxial, cross ply and angle ply laminates, sandwich constructions, bonded structures, and filament windings, as well as forged, wrought and cast metallic parts. Two techniques can be considered based on accessibility of the inspection surface: namely, pulse echo inspection for one-sided access and through-transmission for two-sided access. As used in this practice, both require the use of a pulsed straight-beam ultrasonic longitudinal wave followed by observing indications of either the reflected (pulse-echo) or received (through transmission) wave.  
1.4 This practice provides two ultrasonic test procedures. Each has its own merits and requirements for inspection and shall be selected as agreed upon in a contractual document.  
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6.1 This guide provides procedures for the application of contact straight-beam examination for the detection and quantitative evaluation of discontinuities in materials.  
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1.1 This guide covers procedures for the contact ultrasonic examination of bulk materials or parts by transmitting pulsed ultrasonic waves into the material and observing the indications of reflected waves. This guide covers only examinations in which one search unit is used as both transmitter and receiver (pulse-echo). This guide includes general requirements and procedures that may be used for detecting discontinuities, locating depth and distance from a point of reference and for making a relative or approximate evaluation of the size of discontinuities as compared to a reference standard.  
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Standard Practice for Probability of Detection Analysis for Hit/Miss Data

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The POD analysis method described herein is based on a well-known and well established statistical regression method. It shall be used to quantify the demonstrated POD for a specific set of examination parameters and known range of discontinuity sizes under the following conditions.  
5.1.1 The initial response from a nondestructive evaluation inspection system is ultimately binary in nature (that is, hit or miss).  
5.1.2 Discontinuity size is the predictor variable and can be accurately quantified.  
5.1.3 A relationship between discontinuity size and POD exists and is best described by a generalized linear model with the appropriate link function for binary outcomes.  
5.2 This practice does not limit the use of a generalized linear model with more than one predictor variable or other types of statistical models if justified as more appropriate for the hit/miss data.  
5.3 If the initial response from a nondestructive evaluation inspection system is measurable and can be classified as a continuous variable (for example, data collected from an Eddy Current inspection system), then Practice E3023 may be more appropriate.  
5.4 Prior to performing the analysis it is assumed that the discontinuity of interest is clearly defined; the number and distribution of induced discontinuity sizes in the POD specimen set is known and well-documented; discontinuities in the POD specimen set are unobstructed; and the POD examination administration procedure (including data collection method) is well-designed, well-defined, under control, and unbiased. The analysis results are only valid if convergence is achieved and the model adequately represents the data.  
5.5 The POD analysis method described herein is consistent with the analysis method for binary data described in MIL-HDBK-1823A, and is included in several widely utilized POD software packages to perform a POD analysis on hit/miss data. It is also found in statistical software packages that have generalized line...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for performing a statistical analysis on nondestructive testing hit/miss data to determine the demonstrated probability of detection (POD) for a specific set of examination parameters. Topics covered include the standard hit/miss POD curve formulation, validation techniques, and correct interpretation of results.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Ultrasonic Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of ultrasonic test results will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that, along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard, provides a standard means to organize ultrasonic test parameters and results. The ultrasonic test results may be displayed and analyzed on any device that conforms to this standard. Personnel wishing to view any ultrasonic inspection data stored in DICONDE format may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the interoperability of ultrasonic imaging equipment by specifying image data transfer and archival storage methods in commonly accepted terms. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339. Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052 (DICOM, see http://medical.nema.org), an international standard for image data acquisition, review, transfer, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE test results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules, and data dictionary that are specific to ultrasonic test methods.  
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from ultrasonic test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the ultrasonic technique parameters and test results are communicated and stored in a standard format regardless of changes in digital technology.  
1.3 This practice does not specify:  
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard.  
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance.  
1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.  
1.4 Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The SI units required by this practice are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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ASTM E2934-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Eddy Current (EC) Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of eddy current NDE test results will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that, along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard, provide a standard means to organize eddy current test parameters and results. The eddy current examination results may be displayed or analyzed on any device that conforms to the standard. Personnel wishing to view any eddy current examination data stored according to Practice E2339 may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the interoperability of eddy current imaging and data acquisition equipment by specifying the image data transfer and archival storage in commonly accepted terms. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339 on Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE). Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052, an international standard for image data acquisition, review, storage, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and a set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules, and a data dictionary that are specific to eddy current test methods.  
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from eddy current test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the eddy current technique parameters and inspection data are communicated and stored in a standard manner regardless of changes in digital technology.  
1.3 This practice does not specify:  
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard,  
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance, or  
1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.  
1.4 Units—Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2446-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Manufacturing Characterization of Computed Radiography Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 There are several factors affecting the quality of a CR image including the basic spatial resolution of the IP system, geometrical unsharpness, scatter and contrast sensitivity. There are several additional factors (for example, software and scanning parameters) that affect the accurate reading of images on exposed IPs using an optical scanner.  
4.2 This practice is to be used to establish a characterization of CR system by performance levels on the basis of a normalized SNR, interpolated basic spatial detector resolution and EPS. The CR system performance levels in this practice do not refer to any particular manufacturers’ imaging plates. A CR system performance level results from the use of a particular imaging plate together with the exposure conditions, standardized phantom, the scanner type, and software and the scanning parameters. This characterization system provides a means to compare differing CR technologies, as is common practice with film systems, which guides the user to the appropriate configuration, IP, and technique for the application at hand. The performance level selected may not match the imaging performance of a corresponding film class because of the difference in the spatial resolution and scatter sensitivity. Therefore, the user should always use IQIs for proof of contrast sensitivity and basic spatial resolution.  
4.3 The measured performance parameters are presented in a characterization chart. This enables users to select specific CR systems by the different characterization data to find the best system for his specific application.  
4.4 The quality factors can be determined most accurately by the tests described in this practice. Some of the system tests require special tools, which may not be available in user laboratories. Simpler tests are described for quality assurance and long term stability tests in Practice E2445.  
4.5 Manufacturers of industrial CR systems or certification agencies will use this practice. Users of i...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the manufacturing characterization of computed radiography (CR) systems, consisting of a particular phosphor imaging plate (IP), scanner, software, scanner operational parameters, and an image display monitor, in combination with specified metal screens for industrial radiography.  
1.2 The practice defines system tests to be used to characterize the systems of different suppliers and make them comparable for users.  
1.3 This practice is intended for use by manufacturers of CR systems or certification agencies to provide quantitative results of CR system characteristics for nondestructive testing (NDT) user or purchaser consumption. Some of these tests require specialized test phantoms to ensure consistency of results among suppliers or manufacturers. These tests are not intended for users to complete, nor are they intended for long term stability tracking and lifetime measurements. However, they may be used for this purpose, if so desired. Practice E2445 describes tests which are intended for users to observe the CR performance and test the long term stability.  
1.4 The CR system performance is described by the basic spatial resolution, contrast, signal and noise parameters, and the equivalent penetrameter sensitivity (EPS). Some of these parameters are used to compare with DDA characterization and film characterization data (see Practice E2597 and Test Method E1815).
Note 1: For film system characterization, the signal is represented by the optical density of 2 (above fog and base) and the noise as granularity. The signal-to-noise ratio is normalized by the aperture (similar to the basic spatial resolution) of the system and is part of characterization. This normalization is given by the scanning circular aperture of 100 µm of the micro-photometer, which is defined in Test Method E1815 for film system characterization.  
1.5 The measurement of CR systems in this practice is restricted ...

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ASTM
ASTM E3388-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determining Image Unsharpness and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radioscopy for High Energy Applications

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The gauge is intended to provide a means for measuring image or detector unsharpness and basic spatial image or detector resolution as independently as practicable from the imaging system and contrast sensitivity limitations. When the duplex plate gauge is positioned directly on the film or the digital detector instead on the test object, then the determined image unsharpness UIm corresponds to the inherent film or detector unsharpness (Udetector) and the determined basic spatial image resolution SRbimage corresponds to the basic spatial detector resolution SRbdetector. SRbimage provides a value which depends on the combined effect of detector unsharpness and geometric unsharpness.  
5.2 Basis of Application:  
5.2.1 The following items are subject to contractual agreement between the parties using or referencing this standard.
5.2.1.1 Personnel Qualification—Personnel performing examinations to this practice shall be qualified in accordance with NAS410, EN 4179, ANSI/ASNT CP 189, ISO 9712, or SNT-TC-1A and certified by the employer or certifying agency as applicable. Other equivalent qualification documents may be used when specified on the contract or purchase order. The applicable revision shall be the latest unless otherwise specified in the contractual agreement between parties.
5.2.1.2 If specified in the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualified and evaluated as described in Specification E543. The applicable edition of Specification E543 shall be specified in the contract.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the design and basic use of a gauge used to determine the image unsharpness and the basic spatial resolution of film radiographs or of digital images taken with CR imaging plates, digital detector arrays (DDA), or radioscopic systems (for example, with X-ray image intensifiers) for applications with Se-75, Ir-192, Co-60 and high energy sources with tube potentials ≥ 300 kV. The IQI may be used at lower tube potentials too, if the expected unsharpness is > 200 µm (SRbimage or SRbdetector > 100 µm). For the measurement of lower unsharpness values, the usage of the gauge described in Practice E2002 is recommended.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to radiographic and radioscopic imaging systems utilizing X-ray and gamma ray radiation sources.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 The gauge described can be used effectively if the duplex wire IQI of Practice E2002 does not provide sufficient contrast resolution.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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